Many interesting lists of correspondances follow with the ideas of well-known men who have breathed music, heard perfumes, experienced the noises and tastes of colors, seen sounds, heard colors and odors, etc. In explanation, M. Laures inclines to the physiological theory for the first class of colorists and to the psychological for the emotional colorists, while admitting that many cases may demand both theories. He discards the embryonic and anatomic theories of their etiology, thus agreeing with Dr. A. Marie.

While Max Nordau denounces audito-colorists as degenerate, Laures holds that an aptitude to establish correspondances between sensations resembling each other in emotional character, is an index of superior mental power of synthesis. That this power is developed in proportion to education and cultivation in children who commence as simple colorists; though, on the contrary, if commencing after infancy, it is a sign of some morbid condition. Artists may legitimately call on another sense than the one ordinarily accepted as the appropriate one, to express difficult or abstruse ideas. The frescos of Puvis de Chavannes when properly placed amount to music, poetry and painting.

A small bibliography is appended, the editor not wishing to repeat the voluminous one on this subject given in volume 2 of the series.

ROBERT KINGMAN.

LA PATHOLOGIE DE L'ATTENTION. Par N. VASCHIDE ET RAYMOND MEUNIER. Paris, Bloud & Cie., 1908. 115 pp., 12mo. Price: Paper, francs 1.50 net.

The authors launch their subject with a review of the work of Pillsbury, Nayrac, Roehrich and Ribot; criticising the first three, while holding that Ribot, the oldest, 1889, with his classification of disorders of attention into hypertrophies and atrophies, is of most value, although he unfortunately complicates his second class with dreams and hypnotism. This present work reviews all the experimental and laboratory tests upon the psycho-pathology of attention up to the time of its publication. Later on Meunier intends to bring out a work on attention considered from the psycho-physiological aspect.

A chapter is devoted to the early experiment work of Sancte de Sanctis, Obersteiner and Buccola on reaction time to auditive impressions and to induced thoughts; these were made on normal subjects, in various mental disorders, and before, under and after taking hasheesh. The general conclusions of these authors as to the difference in time reaction under normal and abnormal conditions are quoted. Next are given the valuable figures obtained at Nancy, in 1888, under the direction of Rémond upon tactile time reaction in its relation to the attention. Tests were made before, during and after bad weather, under conditions of distraction, with sensory nerve compressed and on soldiers, students, the aged, and mentally disordered.. Six different points in the relations of the time of sensory transmission, motor transmission and of internal psychic operations, were kept in view. Rémond's tables are given in full, showing that the time increase is for the psychic element in all nervous disorders investigated, with the exception of epilepsy where the centripetal conduction appears increased instead.

The work of M. Raymond and P. Janet at La Salpetrière is most interestingly traced. First, tests on attention and mental work; Second, measuring the visual field for contraction in feeble and fatigued attention; Third, the classic time reaction tests, with a complete description of Marey's cylinder equipped with Despret's electric sounder and the written curves obtained thereby. In these tests the famous paradoxical curve left many results in perplexity, showing astonishing regularity and rapidity long after fatigue should have operated. The case of hysteria which was tested for two and a half hours before, during and after a crisis of religious ecstasy, and thereby established the fact of automatization and subconscious response to reaction investigation, thus explaining the paradoxical curve, is reported in full.

The concluding chapter reviews the more recent work. That of Wiersma, 1903, proving the fact of quicker reaction in exalted states, with increased power of attention and the opposite in depression; thus constituting oscillations of attention. Consoni's thirteen conclusions upon tests of dynamic and static attention made upon children follow. And especially interesting is de Tursac's work (1905), on disorders in writing, in which omissions, interpolations, repetitions, etc., in writing, copying, dictation and speaking are analyzed and classified in their relations to feeble and fatigued attention, both in normal and abnormal subjects. Dr. A. Marie's more recent work, 1906, upon time reaction, using the chronometer of Arsonoval, concludes that the more a psychic disorder becomes grave, the slower and more irregular becomes the reaction and the quicker does fatigue manifest itself. A remarkably comprehensive table, 1875 to 1908, of authors, their cases and their conclusions bearing on the subject in hand, ends the volume. ROBERT KINGMAN.

L'AUDITION MORBIDE. Par le DR. A. MARIE. Paris, Bloud & Cie., 1908. iv, 146 pp., 12mo. Price: Paper, francs 1.50 net.

Under the two classes of Hypoacusia and Hypercusia Dr. A. Marie discusses the abnormalities of diminished and increased hearing, confining himself more to functional anomalies than to central or peripheral lesions. The steps of speech organization in the child are discussed in detail as an introduction and resemblance traced between speech of infancy and idiocy. The dependency of idiocy on poor peripheral audition, association of hearing with tactile sense in infants, and stages of development for different forms of sound are sketched.

Under Hypoacusia is taken up primitive perception of sound or the recognition of sound as mere sound and part played therein by tactile sense of skin of ear and by ear muscles,, and angle of insertion of ear, as well as by movements of the head in adjusting the ear to the axis of sound. Secondly, Acquired perception of sound or the recognition of the qualities of sound, a knowledge built up by education and the use of other special senses. Cases are quoted showing the co-existence of hysterical deafness and insensibility of the skin of the external ear, and an interesting series showing the relation of complete and incomplete hemi-deafness in cases of hemi-anesthesia of the body.

As the iris contracts under strong light the muscles of the hammer of the ear react by accommodation to adjust the tympanic membrane in receiving an intense sound. Following this simile, by testing with tuning forks, central and peripheral auditory scotoma of the tympanum may be found in hysteria and in idiots. Paracusia, also, may be explained often by errors of tension and accommodation as the result of stiffening in the tympanum.

In the chapter on Hyperacusia we find the particular research work done by Dr. Marie. Hyperacusia is not greater acuity of the sense organ, but a disproportionate cerebral reaction to sound like the phenomenon of photophobia. Different forms, such as hearing sounds closer than they are, louder than they are, of a wrong character, reduplications, etc., are described. Auditory hallucinations, the voices heard in manias, those heard by mystics and by musicians reciting the music they are to compose are next taken up. The new views on the forms of aphasia and its reclassification are also treated in full. His general conclusions are that imperfect audition is more to be looked for in insufficiency of the association centers than in peripheral defects; that among defectives, the training of voluntary attention, at the same time making appeal by other sense routes, may greatly improve hearing, and secondarily, the mental status; and that apparent hyperesthesias of hearing are in reality states of irritable feebleness.

A large part of the data given treats of the peculiar condition known as colored audition. Individual cases are described and series of investigations tabulated on

the seeing or hearing of different colors on hearing certain words or letters. The colors always seen on hearing names of abstract qualities, the days of week and months, for different musical -instruments, for perfumes, etc. are taken from the statements of well-known literary and other prominent men. Colored audition is found in from twelve to thiry per cent. of normal children, disappearing with age, and this condition has given rise to four possible explanations as to its etiology, the embryonic, anatomic, physiological and psychological or association, the latter being most plausible. ROBERT KINGMAN.

LE SPIRITISME DANS SES RAPPORTS AVEC LA FOLIE Essai de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique. Par le DR. MARCEL VIOLLET. Paris, Bloud & Cie., 1908. 120 pp., 12mo. Price: Paper, francs 1.50 net.

In this second of the Raymond Meunier series, Dr. Viollet treats of spiritism in its relation to mental deficiency and disease. First are sketched the phenomena of levitation, tappings, materializations, etc., as presented to the public by spiritists and the description of a typical seance is quoted from Flammarion's "Unknown Natural Forces." An admirable analysis of the characteristics of the audience follows from the credulous neurasthenic to the impartial scientific observer; including those also of pronounced religious tendencies who do not, now-a-days, find sufficiently satisfying mysteries in the churches. A chapter is devoted to the doctrine of spiritism with its theory of seven spirits in the body; the three chief of which are the body itself, which goes back to the earth, the soul, which ascends to the heavens and the peri-spirit, which at death wanders about the astral world. It is the peri-spirit only over which the mediums claim to have power, calling it back to interrogate its memories of the earthly body. An hallucination may be defined as a sensation without an object, and thus spirit phenomena may be termed sensations with an object of unknown nature, origin and essence. The cause of spirit hallucinations is automatization of a center (visual or auditory), which then externalizes its activity. Thus mediums under "control" have isolated one or two centers which functionate alone and they write or talk too fast to think, i. e., automatically, a condition often met also in dements. As delusions have point of departure in a false idea, and the individual believes that he sees the basis of his delusion and believes that others see it, but deny it, so it may be also with spiritism. Logically speaking, one could not consider spiritism a delusion, without also considering by extension all religions and philosophies which border upon it, as delusions also. At least, however, it may be stated that spiritism contains elements analogous to those entering into the constitution of delusions.

A classification of spirit manias is made as follows: 1. External Mediumopathies-found among the predisposed and due to spirit doctrine per se; including those of feeble intelligence, neurasthenics and degenerates. 2. Internal Mediumopathies-found among those who would have been subject to other manias, but have accidentally adopted the spirit form. In the latter, as Mediumomanias, we may find dementia præcox in its four regular forms, toxæmias, internal and external, general paralysis, manic depressive insanity, senility and the pre-senile melancholy. A minute and interesting description of all these forms in general and of typical examples follows; the latter includes an historical list of famous assassins.

The conclusion contains a pertinent warning to the predisposed to beware of spiritism and seances. Also a warning to participants against conscious and unconscious frauds and absurdities. The danger to the audience is imitation,-attempting to become mediums and thus spreading automatization. The danger from spirit manifestations is that of hallucinations; and from the spirit doctrine itself, that of mania. A bibliography is appended. ROBERT KINGMAN.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

LES PRÉJUGES SUR LA FOLIE. Par la PRINCESSE LUBOMIRSKA. Avec une Préface de M. le DR. JULES VOISIN. Paris, Bloud & Cie., 1908: xv, 87 pp., 12mo. Price: Paper, francs 1.50 net.

This monograph by the Princess Lubomirska on the misconceptions about insanity is the fourth of the Raymond Meunier series. It is dedicated by the author to her teacher, Dr. A. Marie, and contains a preface by Dr. J. Voisin, hoping that a lay opinion may be of value in correcting the prejudices of the public toward this affliction. First, as to the supernatural origin of insanity. This idea is traced through early mythological, Roman and early Christian, down to our present epoch, with a description of the Roman regulations for the insane, the theories of the early fathers of medicine and the relation of insanity to the Christ theory of divine punishment for earthly evil. The epidemics of insanity in early ages were probably due to intermarriage; to isolation of villages, and to a universally spread fear of such things as leprosy, poisonings, pest, invasions and the fear of divine terror collectively felt. Only in the 17th century were those troubles classed with other forms of disease. Second, The external appearance of the insane.. Discipline and hygienic industry in place of irons, torture and execution have reduced noises, cries and furious ravings to a minimum in our modern asylums. Third, The contagiousness of insanity. Contagion in its general aspects is first discussed and brought down to its modern status of always postulating a microbe. We may have insanity in the course of infectious disease, but there is no known microbe acting to specifically cause any insanity. Hereditary and other predisposing causes may act, and a weak intellect may fall under the spell of the hallucinations of a powerful mind. Neuropathics also by imitation and auto-suggestion may give rise to apparent epidemics. Fourth, The incurability of insanity. The advice in this chapter may be taken to heart by laity and profession alike, both of whom are apt to see little further than the diagnosis in these disorders. Early classifications confused transitory states with incurable conditions, and so perpetuated a confusion hardly yet recovered from. A table of curable, incurable and intermittent insanities is quoted in full from Dr. A. Marie and followed by a most valuable reference description of the minute physical, mental and moral signs of the beginnings of convalescence in nearly all recognized forms of insanity and psychoses. special consideration follows of the various forms of relapses, the latter being partially responsible for the idea of incurability. Unavoidable relapses are to be found in the course of the evolution of chronic maladies; avoidable relapses are brought on by subjecting patient to the original cause of the trouble again. Fifth, The danger of Insanity. Press reports of insane crimes and its tendency to call all criminals insane play a great part here. A discussion of what forms the danger takes in various insanities and at what period of their course it may be expected is given; such as the sudden destruction in manias; the planned crimes, in troubles of slow onset; and suicide and killing of loved ones in melancholy, to save them from misery. Alcohol is stated to cause the most danger for the public and family and laws to commit such cases to working asylums for long periods are advised. ROBERT KINGMAN.

A

LES HALLUCINATIONS TÉLÉPATHIQUES. Par N. VASCHILDE. Paris, Bloud & Cie., 1908. x, 97 pp., 12mo. Price: Paper, francs 1.50 net.

This is the first number of an attractively bound series in paper: The Library of Experimental Psychology and Metaphysics, under the direction of Raymond Meunier. Six volumes have been issued and a number of others are under way, all intended to fall into three general groups, as follows: First, Historical, treating of the precursors of this line of investigation; Second, The general questions of psychology, and Third, The special problems of psychology and metaphysics. Worth

noting is the definition given of metaphysics, namely: A generic term for phenomena upon which the psychological sciences have not yet furnished definite conclusions.

The matter in this monograph was taken by Meunier with little alteration from the papers and notes of Vaschilde after his death. The opening chapter suggests Metchnikov's idea of all lines of human thought leading to the blank wall of death and man's endeavor to form a belief in something beyond. And as the miracle of one century becomes the triviality of the next, we are justified in at least discussing the following problems: The reappearance of the dead; photography of these appearances, and the traversing of space by the thoughts of the living. The Societies for Psychological Research have established to their own satisfaction that the mind of one can act upon the mind of another without word or sign; that persons in crisis or near death appear to others, and that apparitions are the action of a supra-sensible mind on another. Podmore, Gurney and Meyers have even invoked the mathematics of probability, in the same manner that the chances in roulette have been calculated, to uphold these beliefs. Vaschilde proceeds to discuss and dissect these methods, as well as their accepting written testimony of unknown persons in these matters, likewise administering a rap at Camille Flammarion, "the sentimentalist who reasons well," but who overlook errors because of enthusiasm for the mysterious. Vaschilde insists on knowing the vagaries and idiosyncrasies of subjects of investigation in order to make proper allowances, and even questions whether the best endowed and trained investigators can always distinguish between a true and a false hallucination subjectively.

In a record of personal investigation upon thirty-two subjects known to the author as to the apparition of friends or relatives when in danger or near death, coincidences and discrepancies of time, kind of apparition (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.), with various other facts are tabulated in extenso. Suffice it to say that in seventyeight honestly believed hallucinations in one subject. seventy-six errors and two apparent coincidences were found. Of the two latter, one appeared three hours before and the other fifteen hours after the accident. The explanation of apparently true apparitions is to be sought in a "Psychic Parallelism" established between mother and child, lovers and friends; while especially do we here need to study that still unexplored phenomenon "us."

An admirable discussion is given upon deceptions of memory, the psychic state, and self-deception conscious and unconscious. And it is established that in order to receive or even believe in such hallucinations there is necessary a large stock of past experiences, emotions, hearsays of early life and infancy, and that these are drawn upon when in a dying state, in profound emnotion, in a psychic condition or special mental state.

ROBERT KINGMAN.

While no one doubts Dr. Penrose's qualifications as a specialist nor his reputation as an author of gynecological treatises, yet this last edition of his text-book suffers in comparison with late editions of other authors on the same subject. Noticeable lack of mention is shown of newer operations for cystocele, rectocele, retroversion and autoflexion; while it seems hardly commendable to advise, as he does, the use of the "through and through suture" for closure of the abdominal incision, inasmuch as most surgeons emphasize the value of the layer method as a preventive of postoperative ventral hernia. The illustrations, which are mainly line drawings and well-executed plates, offer a sharp contrast to the profuse photographic plates in other books, which so faithfully portray a pathological

condition, or a specimen, or steps of an operation. A gynecological text-book of the twentieth century to be accepted as a standard authority must present the newest ideas, both in theory and operative procedures. This one does not. CLARENCE R. HYDE.

THE PRACTICAL MEDICINE SERIES. Comprising Ten Volumes on the Year's Progress in Medicine and Surgery. Vol. I, General Medicine. Edited by FRANK BILLINGS, M.S., M.D., and J. H. SALISBURY, A.M., M.D. Series 1908. Chicago, The Year Book Publishers, 1908. 408 pp, 12vo. Cloth, $1.50 net.

The year's progress in general medicine is taken adequate account of in this volume of the Practical Medicine Series. Much important literature is abstracted pertaining to diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, and blood-making organs and of the blood, blood vessels, ductless glands, and kidneys. Metabolic and general infectious diseases also furnish a number of articles.

Out of such a mass of material one is at a loss to select data of special interest. We shall attempt it with diffidence.

Croftan is opposed to the surgical treatment of Bright's by decapsulation or splitting.

Soules writes enthusiastically of the alleged curative virtues of chimaphila in the treatment of diabetes. In one case of eight years' standing the sugar disappeared in twenty-three days.

The blood-pressure apparatus of Bing is described. It gives a slightly higher pressure (10 m. m.) than the Riva-Rocci, and is believed to be more reliable.

The article on intratracheal injections recalls to our minds that this useful method was, in 1853-the time of its introduction by Dr. Green, of New York-frowned upon by the New York Academy of Medicine as offering great difficulties in technic and many possible dangers for the patient. This affords a good example of ultraconservatism, viewed from the vantage ground of to-day.

The articles on tuberculosis interest us greatly and we shall confine the balance of our comments to this theme. The death-rate has risen in Ireland from 240 per 100,000 in 1864 to 290 per 100,000 in 1904. In England it has fallen from 330 per 100,000 in 1864 to 170 per 100,000 in 1903.

O. H. Brown estimates that 95 per cent. of individuals have been subject to infection with tuberculosis and that it will cause the death of one-tenth of the population now living. From 10 to 25 per cent. of the persons affected with tuberculosis have an apparent family predisposition to the disease.

Dr. Elizabeth Fraser recommends as an absolutely accurate test for suspected cases, whose index falls within the normal limits (0.8 to 1.2), the injection of 1-1000 mg. of T R, which causes a negative phase in tuberculosis but none in the healthy individual.

Regarding tuberculin, used as a diagnostic agent, even a sclerosed or calcified focus may occasion a reaction. (Roepke.) A distinction must be made between patients who are anatomically, or potentially, tuberculous, and those who are actually, or clinically, tuberculous. It is not correct to ask more of the test than it can give. It gives no certain information as to the localization, age, extent or gravity of a lesion. Moreover, 10 per cent. of tuberculous individuals will give no reaction, even under increasing doses. The initial dose recommended is .2 milligram.

M. Solis-Cohen has found tubercule bacilli in the feces of tuberculous patients who were not expectorating. Socalled closed tuberculosis may not be closed at all. The bacilli may be found even in the absence of clinical symptoms or physical signs. Here is certainly an important aid in the study of cases of early tuberculosis.

Of 2,002 consumptives, studied in Norway by Holst, Nicolavsen and Ustvedt for four years, 1,094 were dead, 908 still living, and of these 67.4 per cent were able to work. Muttin estimates that 50 per cent. of patients sent to sanatoria in all stages get well.

Koch says a cure is possible by means of tuberculin, but the permanency of such cure is sub judice at present.

Regarding drugs, G. F. Butler lauds arsenic as equal if not superior to any other remedy. Török has obtained good results with sanosin. Schmauss thinks the drug treatment has been unduly neglected and that drugs of the creosote group, the hypophosphites, tonics, fats and oils exert a favorable influence.

Hirschfeld suggests the substitution of the term bed sweats for the ancient designation night sweats, since the consumptive sweats when he sleeps, whether at night or during the day. Why not refine the term utterly, then, and say sleeping sweats, since a patient may sleep without necessarily being in bed.

The book is illustrated wherever necessary, is indexed, and has but few typographic errors. The third line from the bottom of page 88 should be the second line from the top of page 89. A. C. J.

THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPERE. With Explanatory Notes. By JOHN W. WAINWRIGHT, M.D., N. Y. Published by the author. 1907. 78 pp., 8vo. Cloth, $2.50 net.

This is a charming piece of literature and a pretty piece of book making. It is, indeed, an edition de luxe. It is one of the Author's Edition, limited to two hundred registered and numbered, autograph copies. The author has compiled the most important and interesting medical references to be found in the writings of Shakespere and added, when necessary for elucidation his own comments. It is systematically divided into several sections dealing with medicine, surgery, nervous and mental diseases, obstetrics, therapeutics, anatomy, physiology, hygiene, ethics, and medical jurisprudence. Shakespere displays so wide a learning that lawyers insist that he must have studied law; the clergy aver that he studied theology; and with equal justice we may claim that he was a student of medicine. None but one who recognized goiter would have written: "There were mountaineers, dew-lapped like bulls, Whose throats had hanging at them wallets of flesh." When he says, "I have read the cause of its effects in Galen," we perceive his familiarity with the literature of medicine. He also alludes to Paracelsus. Here is the obstetrical knowledge:

"Thou know'st the first time we smell the air,
We wawl and cry."

Knowledge of the circulation is displayed in the lines:
"You are my true and honorable wife;
As dear to me as the ruddy drops
That visit my sad heart."

Also

"Send it through the rivers of your blood Even to the court, the heart."

Also

"Holds such an enmity with blood of men That swift as quicksilver it courses through The natural gates and alleys of the body." This knowledge of the circulation antedates Harvey's demonstrations and publications. The play of Hamlet, from which this is taken, was first printed in 1603. Harvey began to deliver the Lumlein lectures at the College of Physicians in 1616. It was in these lectures that he first demonstrated the circulation of the blood. The first lecture was given on Tuesday, April 6, 1606. On the following Tuesday, Shakespere died. Harvey did not publish his "De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis" until 1621.

Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1908. Colored front, 664 pp., 6 col. pl., 12mo. Price: Cloth, $2.75 net.

The aim of the author is stated in the preface-to provide a compact manual answering the need of both student and practitioner. Certain criticisms which would be made in reviewing a book of greater pretensions are therefore forfended. For instance, the description of certain operations is so deficient in detail that one would seriously err were he to undertake them with no greater knowledge than that conveyed by a work of this character. Such delinquencies might be defended on the ground that only certain principles were therein laid down to enable students to pass an examination, or whereby one who never expected to perform the operation might become posted on the general principles involved. This manual must supply a "need," else they would not be sold in the quantities indicated in the issuing of a fourth edition.

We note with pleasure that the author has rewritten the chapter on diseases of the accessory sinuses. In a former review of this work the writer criticised this portion as obscure and inaccurate. On the whole the book is commendable in conciseness and choice of matter. We should say that this quality-the excellent judgment shown by the author in his choice of the matter incorporated and the matter omitted-has more than any other one factor, won for his book the success accorded it. WILLIAM C. BRAISLIN.

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF GYNECOLOGY. For Students and Practitioners. By E. C. DUDLEY, A.M., M.D. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Philadelphia and New York, Lea & Febiger, 1908. 806 pp., 8vo.

Dr. Dudley has followed the same plan as in the fourth edition, which made that volume so valuable to the student and the ordinary practitioner-namely, the arrangement of the disorders of the female genitourinary organs and adjacent tissues as a related whole in the order of their etiological and pathological sequence, instead of grouping all of the various disorders of each tissue or organ separately.

Thus he has placed under one head, Infections, Inflammations and allied disorders affecting Urethra, Vulva, Vagina, Uterus and Appendages, together with their medical and surgical treatment; under another head, Tumors, Tubal Pregnancy, Malformations, etc.; under another, Traumatisms and their repair, and so on. This arrangement not only gives a clearer insight into the processes of diseases, but also enables one to arrive more quickly at an intelligent diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the particular patient coming under his care and observation.

The volume is profusely illustrated, many of the older cuts being discarded and forty new ones added. Those representing surgical procedures, together with the explanatory reading matter, are especially clear in their instruction as to the manner in which the operation should be done, and here and there a cut is introduced to illustrate by comparison a faulty method and the bad result that would be obtained if that method were followed. Treatment other than surgical is handled no less ably by the author, and of the volume as a whole, it is not too much to say that no better gynecologic work has been published.

FREDERIC J. SHOOP, M.D.

THE PRACTITIONER'S VISITING LIST, 1909. Thirty Patients per Week. Philadelphia and New York, Lea & Febiger, 1908. 192 pp., 16mo. Flexible leather, $1.25 net.

A handy visiting list for the general practitioner to which is prefixed thirty-two pages of useful information in the nature of Table of Doses, Therapeutic Reminders, etc.

APPLIED SURGICAL ANATOMY. Regionally presented for the use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine, by GEORGE WOOLSEY, A.P., M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the Cornell University Medical College, Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, Associate Surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital, Fellow of the American Surgical Association and of the New York Academy of Medicine. Second Edition, enlarged and thoroughly revised, with 200 illustrations, including 59 plates, mostly colored. Lea & Febiger, New York and Philadelphia, 1908.

It is a pleasure to again review this admirable work which in its second edition has been enlarged by about eighty pages, and its illustrations increased by seventyfive engravings.

The author's experience as teacher and clinician specially qualifies him to present this important subject in a lucid and scholarly manner.

His aim throughout has been to present the practical side of anatomy; to translate anatomical facts into their clinical values and thus stimulate the student's interest by emphasizing the basic value of a working knowledge of anatomy in the practice of scientific medicine and surgery.

The method which the author uses in presenting this subject is one which every teacher of experience endorses the correlation of the facts and their clinical values; for it is a pedagogical axiom that the fact that can be utilized is the fact that will survive.

The notable changes in this edition are in the sections on Cerebral Localization, Craniocerebral Topography, the Abdominal and Pelvic Viscera, and the Spinal Cord, which have either been rewritten or largely amplified.

The illustrations are for the most part reproduced from the admirable works of Joessel, Tillaux and Testut. The remaining illustrations are largely diagnostic and well adapted for elucidating the text.

The book is an excellent one and will prove of practical value to students and practitioners.

WILLIAM FRANCIS CAMPBELL.

A MANUAL OF CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS. BY JAMES CAMPBELL TODD, Ph.B., M.D. Philadelphia and London. W. B. Sanders Co., 1908. 319 pp., 12mo. Flexible leather, $2.00 net.

Todd's Manual "aims to present a clear and concise statement of the more important laboratory methods which have clinical value, and a brief guide to interpretation of results."

The book is eminently practical and is not designed to be used by the highly skilled. It is a practitioner's book.

Technical simplicity and the saving of time are kept constant account of, though completeness does not. suffer much thereby. The illustrations, of which there are many, are excellent.

After an introduction on the use of the microscope there are chapters on sputum, urine, blood, stomach contents, and feces. Animal parasites are also considered and the last chapter deals with miscellaneous examinations, all important data being presented. There is a section on opsonins and one on the spirochate pallida.

The value of the opsonic index in measuring resisting power or as an aid to diagnosis and guide to treatment is declared to be still sub judice.

The appendix details necessary apparatus, reagents and stains; also weights and measures, with equivalents, and a temperature table is given. There is a good index.

Our examination of the book has convinced us that the author has fully realized his aims, as stated in the first paragraph of this review. A. C. J.

RELIGION AND MEDICINE. The Moral Control of Nervous Disorders. by ELWOOD WORCESTER, D.D., Ph.D.. SAMUEL MCCOMB, M.A., D.D., and ISADOR H. CORIAT, M.D. New York, Moffat, Yard & Co., 1908. vii, 427 pp., 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net.

This is the official book of the Emmanuel movement, and in it there is an attempt to explain to the public the principles that underlie the work of those engaged in that movement. There is also an attempt to explain that the Emmanuel movement is not an imitation of Christian Science. On both points the effort to explain has failed, for the principles, as given in this book, are confused to a degree that demands more explanation, and the admiration for Christian Science is not disguised by the different authors. The different churches, especially in New England, are being depleted by the healing cults, and here we are shown how the lost sheep may be brought back into the fold.

The scheme is somewhat as follows: An explanation is given of the subconscious mind, that seems to have included everything said about it by psychologists, who favor the idea that it is purer and more free from evil than the conscious mind, and that it is the source of holy impulses. In doing this they have ignored the opinion of the other psychologists who look upon the subconscious mind as stupid, indecent, and brutal. There are still others, probably the majority of psychologists, who look upon the so-called subconscious mind as marginal consciousness, and would explain all phenomena by the well-known laws of psychology and physiology. The view taken by the authors of this book is the one most suitable to their purpose, and the second step is to assert that all functional nervous diseases are diseases of the subconscious mind, and as the subconscious mind is very susceptible to suggestion, it follows that all functional neuroses are to be cured by suggestion, hypnotic or otherwise. Naturally the direction in which suggestion is made, is towards religion and morality, and there are separate chapters on Faith, Prayer, and Christ. It will perhaps be better to let doctors of divinity discuss and explain the confusion in these chapters on religion. We always knew that "God was good to the Irish" and that some at least of the Scots belonged to the elect; but it is surely a new thing in religion to be told that there is a special doorway open for neurasthenics and those suffering from hysteria. It did not require any special insight into human affairs to foretell that the authors of Religion and Medicine would not long confine themselves to the treatment of functional neuroses, and hence it is no surprise to read (exactly where one would expect to read) in Mr. Bok's Ladies' Home Journal that they are treating arterio-sclerosis, goitre, kidney affections, tumor. locomotor ataxia and "unclassified." Will it be a success? Without doubt it will be a great success. Properly and judiciously advertised, it will read like Castoria to mansions among the millionaires. will undoubtedly lead to the State legislatures for protection and encouragement just as osteopathy did. It may, and probably will, bring many of the lost sheep back to the fold and refill the churches. Like all other fads it contains just enough truth to make it popular among certain classes. It matters not that the power of moral influences has been discussed and explained and made use if in our oldest text-books, Watson, Tanner and others. Now with a new name "Psychotherapy" it goes forth as an entirely new thing..

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An English lady who had reduced her health very seriously by following the directions in a book called "Health Through Starvation," while admitting that she had gone too far, met the doctor's arguments by saying, "But, doctor, it is so plausible, it is so logical, and look at the names in it, Clergymen and Doctors and Statesmen." We may repeat this in regard to Religion and Medicine. "it is so plausible, it is so logical, and look at the names in it, Clergymen, and Doctors, and Psychologists, and Philosophers!!!" PETER SCOTT.