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ficient, than in manure that has gone through the process, and of which all the principles have entered into new combinations.

they are salutary operations. In this case the food of plants is prepared where it can be used; and that which would offend the senses Checking fermentation by covering." There are reasons sufficient- and injure the health, if exposed, is converted by gradual process ly strong," Grisenthwaite observes, “to discourage the practice of into forms of beauty and usefulness; the fœted gas is rendered a conallowing dung-heaps to ferment and rot without interruption. It stituent of the aroma of the flower, and what might be poison beappears that public opinion has slowly adopted the decisions of che-comes nourishment to animals and to man. mical reasoning, and dung-pies, as they are called, have been form- To preserve dung for any time, the situation in which it is kept is ed with a view to save what was before lost; a stratum of mould,of importance. It should, if possible, be defended from the sun. To sustaining the heap, being placed to receive the fluid part, and a preserve it under sheds would be of great use; or to make the site covering of mould being applied to prevent the dissipation of the of a dung-hill on the north side of a wall. The floor on which the aerial, or gaseous products. These purposes and contrivances, unfor-dung is heaped, should, if possible, be paved with flat stones; and tunately, like many of the other operations of husbandry, were not di-there should be a little inclination from each side towards the cenrected by scientific knowledge. To cover is so commonly believed tre, in which there should be drains connected with a small well, to confine, that there is no wonder that the practical cultivator adopt-furnished with a pump, by which any fluid matter may be collected ed it in this instance from such a consideration. But it is in vain; for the use of the land. It too often happens that a dense mucilathe elasticity of the gases generated is such as no covering what-ginous and extractive fluid is suffered to drain away from the dungever could possibly confine. If it were perfectly compact, it could hill, so as to be entirely lost to the farm.-En. of Åg. only preserve as much carbonic acid as is equal to the volume or bulk of air within it; a quantity too inconsiderable to be regarded, could it even be saved; but every particle of it must be disengaged, and lost, when the covering is removed."

[From Hayward's Science of Agriculture.] ON HAY-MAKING.

Having observed that in a season when there was no rain whatChecking fermentation by watering is sometimes recommended; ever, and the hay had been made with rapidity, and carted within a but this practice is inconsistent with just chemical views. It may short time after it had been cut, that a greater quantity was destroycool the dung for a short time; but moisture, as before stated, is a ed and injured by being overheated and burnt, than in a catching irprincipal agent in all processes of decomposition. Dry fibrous mat-regular season; that when hay had not heated in the stack, it is freter will never ferment. Water is as necessary as air to the process,quently mouldy; that as hay lost its native green colour, and apand to supply it to fermenting dung, is to supply an agent which will proached a brown, it lost its nutritive qualities; and that altogether hasten its decay. In all cases when dung is fermenting, there are the making of hay, as usually conducted, was a very precarious and simple tests by which the rapidity of the process, and consequently teasing operation; I determined on trying to arrange a system on the injury done, may be discovered. If a thermometer plunged into some more regular and certain principles, in which I succeeded; and the dung, does not rise to above one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit, by adopting a certain and regular course of operations, was enabled there is little danger of much aeriform matter flying off. If the tem-to make my hay of a uniform good quality: and, let the weather be perature is higher, the dung should be immediately spread abroad. as it might, at a regular expense of labor. And considering such a When a piece of paper, moistened in muriatic acid held over the process not only of importance, as it ensures a more perfect quality; steams arising from a dung-hill, gives dense fumes, it is a certain but as it affords a more certain protection against the injuries usutest that the decomposition is going too far, for this indicates that ally consequent on the uncertainty of the weather, and overheating volatile alkali is disengaged. in the stack; and that it thus removes two great causes of anxiety, it may be well worth the public attention.

In favor of the application of farm-yard dung in a recent state, a great mass of facts may be found in the writings of scientific agriculturists. In the first place, as to the state of the weather, it generally hapA. Young, in the Essay on Manures, already quoted, adduces a pens at this season of the year that there are three or four days dry; number of excellent authorities in support of the plan. Many, who therefore on beginning to cut the grass, as it is well known that durdoubted, have been lately convinced; and perhaps there is no sub-ing wet weather grass may be cut, and suffered to remain in the ject of investigation in which there is such a union of theoretical and swarth for several days without injury; and it being desirable, where practical evidence. Within the last seven years Coke has entirely hands are plenty, to have a good quantity, or so much as will comgiven up the system formerly adopted on his farm, of applying fer- plete a stack in a day, in the same state of forwardness, I should premented dung; and his crops have been since as good as they ever fer beginning to cut during the rainy weather; however, be this as were, and his manure goes nearly twice as far. A great objection it may, swarths should not be opened but on a certain fine day; and against slightly fermented dung is, that weeds spring up more luxu- when this is done, the grass should be well shaken apart and equally riantly where it is applied. If there are seeds carried out in the spread over the ground. As soon as the upper surface is dry turn it dung, they certainly will germinate; but it is seldom that this can well over; and in this operation great care should be taken to open be the case to any extent; and if the land is not cleansed of weeds and spread any cocks that may not have been divided in the first any kind of manure, fermented or unfermented, will occasion their opening. This being done, commence raking into wind-rows, in time rapid growth. If slightly fermented farm-yard dung is used as a that the whole may be made into small cocks before night. The setop-dressing for pastures, the long straws and unfermented vegeta-cond day these cocks must remain untouched, let the weather be wet or ble matter remaining on the surface should be removed as soon as dry: the third day, if the weather be certain and fine, throw the the grass begins to rise vigorously, by raking, and carried back to cocks open: but if the weather be wet and threatening, they may rethe dung-hill: in this case no manure will be lost, and the husband-main another day, or until the weather is certain to be fine for the ry will be at once clean and economical. In cases where farm-yard day. The cocks should then be thrown, according to the crop, into dung cannot be immediately applied to the crops, the destructive beds of two or three rows; and after three or four hours exposure, fermentation of it should be prevented as much as possible; the turned over; and taking time to gather the whole into wind-rows principles on which this may be effected have been already alluded and cocks before night, let this operation commence accordingly, and to. The surface should be defended as much as possible from the none be left open; the day after this, which in fine weather will be oxygen of the atmosphere; a compact marl, or a tenacious clay, of the fourth, the cocks must again remain untouched, or not be opened, fers the best protection against the air, and before the dung is co-whether the weather be wet or dry. On the fifth or next day, these vered over, or, as it were, sealed up, it should be dried as much as possible. If the dung is found at any time to heat strongly, it should be turned over and cooled by exposure to the air.

cocks will only require to be opened for an hour or two, when they will be fit for the stack. The novelty of this mode consists only in suffering the hay to remain in the cock the second and third, or alThe doctrine of the proper application of manures from organized ternate days; and at first sight it may appear that so much time in substances, offers an illustration of an important part of the economy fine weather must be lost, but this is not the case. Whilst the hay of nature, and of the happy order in which it is arranged. The death remains in cocks, a slight fermentation, or what is termed sweating, and decay of animal substances tend to resolve organized forms into will take place, and in consequence, after it has been opened on the chemical constituents; and the pernicious effluvia disengaged in the third and fifth days, it will prove to be just as forward as if it had process seem to point out the propriety of burying them in the soil, been worked every day. And the advantages resulting from this, where they are fitted to become the food of vegetables. The fer- are, obviously, the following: by shortening the time of open expomentation and putrefaction of organized substances in the free at-sure, the colour of the hay is more perfectly preserved, and consemosphere are noxious processes, beneath the surface of the groundquently the quality; and the fermentations or sweatings which take

place in the cocks, proved so much to have diminished that princi-young. This superiority of the honey is only equalled by the quanple or inclination to prevent its heating injuriously in the stack: and tity of the supply: the usual annual supply from one stock is about the whole operation of making, whether it takes four days or eight, one hundred weight of honey: whilst, in the course of one season, requires three days' labor only, and the hay being left in that state Mr. Nutt has procured the large quantity of 296 pounds. This inevery night, in which it is the least possibly exposed to the injuries crease in quantity is owing to the excellent disposition of the arof the weather, and in which it may remain for a day or two in un-rangements, by which the industrious efforts of the bees are never certain weather, without injurious exposure, ouch painful anxiety ratarded, nor their strength weakened at the time when the fruits and useless attendance of laborers are obviated. and flowers most abound from which their treasures are obtained.Penny Magazine.

Miscellaneous,

An experiment on Outs.-Having sown the same oats for several IMPROVED SYSTEM OF BEE MANAGEMENT. years without changing the seed, my crops became fuller and fuller There is no branch of rural economy connected with more agree-every year of the black dust head or blast, until the loss froin this cause, able associations than that of bee management. The proverbially amounted to one-half the crup; and when threshed out, the black industrious habits of the insect, and its extreme ingenuity in the con- dust was so suffocating that the laborers were made sick by it. I struction of its domicil, and the deposition of its treasures, are such determined in 1832, to change the seed, and got one hundred buas to excite the admiration of the most unobservant. The common shels of the purest seed that could be procured in Richmond; they necessity of destroying the stock, in order to obtain the produce of did not quite hold out to sow all the land intended, and I had to their labors, has been always matter of regret. Many plans have use some of my own impure seed-which I washed effectually in been hitherto devised for the purpose of obtaining the honey with-very strong lime water, and allowing them to remain in the lime waout the destruction of the bees, but they have only been attended ter the night before sowing. It proved an effectual remedy; the with partial success. The object has, however, been latterly and product was decidedly more clean on harvesting, than that from the more perfectly attained by Mr. Nuti, a practical apiarian of Lincoln-seed procured in Richmond, although that was tolerable pure.shire, whose system of management has given this branch of rural Farmers' Register. economy an importance and value of which it was not before considered susceptible, both in the greater productiveness of the bees, and the much superior quality of the honey.

Cure for the Botts or Grubs in Horses.-If you will excuse the subject, (for although graceless, it is valuable, not only to the agriculturist, but to all classes using that valuable animal, the horse,) I send a remedy I used while our coals were brought to market in road wagons, which obliged us to use a great number of horses; and I never knew it fail of giving relief in from one to five minutes. Pour out half a gill of spirit of turpentine into the hand, and rub it on the breast of the animal while suffering. Let it be applied to the hollow or pit of the stomach, just at the point where the neck joins the breast, on a space six or eight inches in diameter. The relief is certain if the grubbs have not already cut through the coats of the stomach.-Farmers' Reg.

The first part of Mr. Nutt's plan of operation is to leave the hive, into which the stock is introduced, untouched. When it is filled with honey (the contents of which are to be reserved for the use of the bees,) the capacity of the hive is increased, by the addition of another box to the side, communicating with the hive by apertures, which give free admission to the bees in all parts of the box. The next important object in Mr. Nutt's system is to ensure a regulated and uniform temperature in this portion of the hive, without diminishing the temperature of that which contains the stock. The ventilation necessary for this purpose is effected by the means of a perforated tin tube, extending down to a considerable distance from the top into the hive, and connected with an aperture at the bottom, Brimstone for Cattle.-Dr. Bartlett: It is probably not known, to which may be partly or wholly closed by a tin slide, thus modifying many of our farmers, that brimstone is valuable for cattle in keeping the circulation of the air and consequent degree of temperature. them free from ticks. These vermin are not only filthy in their apThe temperature of this side box, which is indicated by a thermo-pearance, but an injury to the cattle. A piece of brimstone as meter introduced into the tube, ought to be 70°, which is the natural large as a grain of corn, well pulverized, given in a little salt, will temperature of the working hive; but, in that which contains the cause them to drop off, and prevent others from getting on for eight stock a temperature of 90 is necessary, as well for the incubation or ten days. I consider brimstone as necessary for a cow in sumof the queen bee, as the maturity of the young. The parent hive is, mer, as salt.-Southern Planter. then, as well the residence of the queen bee as the nursery of the young, whilst the side boxes are but additional store-houses for the reception of the superfluous honey, which may be taken away without impoverishing the stock, or robbing them of their winter suste

nance.

When the thermometer, placed in the side box, rapidly rises to 90° or 100°, the necessity of again providing the bees with fresh room is indicated; and this is effected by establishing another box on the opposite side of the hive. The bees, finding an increase of room, will readily recommence their labors in this new apartment. Then follows, in Mr. Nutt's system, the operation of separating the bees from this second hive. This is effected by the ventilator, by which the internal temperature of the hive may be reduced to that of the external atmosphere; and when, on the approach of night, the bees recoiling from the cool air, go back into the middle box, the connexion between the two may be closed, and the full hive withdrawn, without the imprisonment or destruction of a single la. borer. The same arrangements are to be again renewed, as the bees continue their successful labors. In this system no provision is made for swarming, which cannot occur under this arrangement, the emigration of a part of the stock being only occasioned by a want of room in which the bees may pursue their labors.

How to destroy Moles.-Dr. Bartlett: In the last Planter it is stated that the Castor Bean will destroy Moles. I have tried the red Palma Christi (which some say is the same,) with success, merely by planting a few of the kernels in their paths or ploughed places; also calomel, by making holes in grains of corn, and inserting it in the holes and placing the corn in the ground for them. The calomel will not kill them till there comes a rain, when they will be found on the top of the ground.—Ib. WM. H. RAIFORD.

Clover among Corn.-A friend of mine sowed red clover among his corn after going through with the cultivator the last time; the seed was protected from the heat of the sun by the corn; it consequently vegetated very soon, and after the corn was cut off, there was a luxuriant growth of clover, which afforded fine pasture for several successive seasons. The red clover is an excellent manure. I have raised a fine crop of wheat by ploughing in the second growth after harvest.-Am. Far.

"Every bird thinks its own nest beautiful."-Italian Prov. This may be an allusion, either to the innate attachment which all living creatures feel to their home, or to the natural affection we bear towards the place of our own nativity, or that of our offspring.

"The beginning is the half of the whole."-Hesiod. The most appropriate illustration of this, is to be found in our own proverb, "well begun is half done.”

The honey furnished under this system of management is found to be far superior, both in quality and quantity, to that obtained under any other arrangements. The honey and wax are as white as refined sugar. This superiority in quality, it owes as well to the modified temperature at which the bees secrete their products, as "Emulation begets emulation."-Latin. A spirit of emulation to its total exemption from all extraneous animal and vegetable mat-excites industry and diligence: these, by their natural results, induce ters, and, in particular, from the pollen or bee bread, which is taken, prosperity, and our success stimulates our neighbor to similar exerin considerable quantities, into the stock-hive for the support of the tion.

Young Men's Department.

27, Let your conversation be without malice or envy, for it is a sign of a tractable and commendable nature, and in all cases of passion, admit reason to govern.

28. Be not immodest in urging your friend to discover a secret. 29. Utter not base and frivolous things among grown and learned men; nor very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant,

WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON. Among these written in his own hand, is a series of maxims under the head of "Rules of civility and decent behaviour in company and conversation." Of these there are 110. The only specimens pub-nor things hard to be believed. lished we extract, and agree with Mr. Sparks in the opinion, that "whoever has studied the character of Washington, will be persua-speak not of melancholy things, as death and wounds, and if others ded that some of its most prominent features took their shape from the rules thus early selected and adopted as his guide."-N. York American.

1. Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those present.

2. In the presence of others sing not to yourself with a humming noise, nor drum with your fingers or feet.

3. Sleep not when others speak, sit not when others stand, speak not when you should hold your peace, and walk not when others stop. 4. Turn not your back to others, especially in speaking; jog not the table or desk on which another reads or writes ; lean not on any one. 5. Be no flatterer, neither play with any one that delights not to be played with.

6. Read no letters, books or papers in company, but when there is a necessity for doing it, you must ask leave. Čome not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them unasked. Also, look not nigh, when another is writing a letter.

7. Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious matters somewhat grave.

8. Show not yourself glad at the misfortunes of another, though he were your enemy.

9. When you meet with one of greater quality than yourself, stop and retire, especially if it be to a door, or any straight place, to give way for him to pass.

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30. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your intimate friends.

31. Break not a jest where none can take pleasure in mirth — Laugh not aloud nor at all without occasion. Deride no man's misfortune, though there seem to be some cause.

32. Speak not injurious words, neither in jest or earnest. Scoff at none, although they give occasion.

33. Be not froward but friendly and courteous; the first to salute, hear and answer, and be not pensive when it is time to converse. 34. Detract not from others, but neither be excessive in commending.

35. Go not thither, where you know not whether you shall be welcome or not. Give not advice without being asked, and when desired to do it, do it briefly.

36. If two contend together, take not the part of either uncon. strained, and be not obstinate in your opinion; in things indifferent, be of the major side.

37. Reprehend not the imperfection of others, for that belongs to parents, masters and superiors.

38. Gaze not on the marks or blemishes of others, and ask not how they came. What you may speak in secret to your friend, deliver not before others.

39. Speak not in an unknown tongue in company, but in your own language; and that as those of quality do, and not as the vulgar.Sublime matters treat seriously.

10. They that are in dignity or office have, in all places, precedency; but whilst they are young, they ought to respect those that are their equals in birth or other qualities, though they have no pub-out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly. lic charge.

40. Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring

11. It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they be above us, with whom, in no sort, we ought not to begin.

12. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive.

13. In visiting the sick, do not presently play the physician, if you be not knowing therein.

14. In writing or speaking, give to every person his due title, according to his degree and the custom of the place.

15. Strive not with your superiors in argument, but always submit your judgment to others with modesty.

16 Undertake not to teach your equal in the art himself professes; it savors of arrogancy.

17. When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him that did it.

18. Being to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private, presently or at some other time, also in what terms to do it-and in reproving, show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness.

19. Take all admonitions thankfully, in whatsoever given; but afterwards, not being culpable, take a time or place convenient to let him know it that gave them.

20. Mock not, nor jest at any thing of importance; break no jests that are sharp biting, and if you deliver any thing witty and pleasant, abstain from laughing thereat yourself.

41. When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him without being desired; interrupt him not nor answer him till his speech be ended.

42. Treat with men at ht times about business, and whisper not in the company of others.

43. Make no comparisons, and if any of the company be commended for any brave act of virtue, commend not another for the saine. 44. Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the truth thereof. In discoursing of things you have heard, name your author always. A secret discover not.

45. Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach to those that speak in private.

46. Undertake not what you cannot perform; but be careful to keep your promise.

47. When you deliver a matter, do it without passion and in discretion however mean the person may be you do it to. 48. When your superiors talk to any body, hear them, but neither speak nor laugh.

49. In disputes be not so desirous to overcome as not to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion, and submit to the judgment of the major part, especially if they are judges of the dispute. 50. Be not tedious in discourse, make not many digressions, nor repeat often the same matter of discourse.

51. Speak no evil of the absent, for it is unjust. 52. Make no show of taking great delight in your victuals, feed 21. Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable pourself, for ex-not with greediness, cut your bread with a knife, lean not on the taample is more prevalent than precept.

22. Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curses nor revilings.

23. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparagement of any one.

24. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature rather than procure admiration. Keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly with respect to time and place. 25. Play not the peacock, looking every where about you to see if you be well decked, it your shoes fit well, and your stockings set neatly, and clothes handsomely.

26. Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your own reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company.

ble, neither find fault with what you eat.

53. Be not angry at the table whatever happens, and if you have reason to be so, show it not-put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish a feast. 54. Set not yourself at the upper end of the table, but if it be your due, or the master of the house will have it so, contend not lest you should trouble the company.

55. When you speak of God or his attributes, let it be seriously, in reverence and honor, and obey your natural parents, although they may be poor.

56. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.

57. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.

SELF-EDUCATION.-BY JOHN NEAL.

THE CULTIVATOR-AUG. 1834.

TO IMPROVE THE SOIL AND THE MIND.
RIBBON GRASS.

The ribbon grass of our gardens, (Phalaris Americana,) is likely to become of great value in our husbandry: it has been found to be better adapted to wet, boggy grounds, than any other species of grass; to propagate rapidly, either by its seeds or by its roots; to yield a very large product in hay or pasture, and to be well adapted to farm stock. The first suggestion of this fact, came to us in a letter from Abednego Robinson, of Portsmouth, N. H., who says the discovery was accidental.

But who are the privileged class in our country, where all men are equal-where we have no kings, no princes, no nobility, no titles! Look about you, 1 say again-look about you, and judge, every man for himself. Are they not the better educated, every where-and the children of the better educated-throughout the land? Go abroad among your neighbors, let all you acquaintances pass in review before you-and see if those who are better off in the world, more influential and happier than the rest, other circumstances being equal, are not all -all, without one exception, better educated than the rest! It is not a college-education thai I speak of here; it is not even a schooleducation obtained before a man sets up for himself-but it is education at large, in the broadest and best sense of the term-the education that any body may give himself,-any body at any age. Again "A neighbor," he says, "wishing to get rid of some of the roots therefore, I do appeal to yourselves to call to mind any of your ac- which incumbered his garden, threw them into a bog, where they quaintance who has got ahead of his brethren-who is looked up to, took root, and spread over a large space of ground, excluding every not only by them but by others--and my life on it you find him a bet- other plant. The water flows through the roots at all seasons.I walked ter-educated man, self-educated, or otherwise, I care not, better in- The turf has become so solid as to bear a cart and oxen. formed about some things which they do not consider of importance. through this grass when in bloom, and never beheld a more handI go further-so perfectly satisfied am I of the truth of this doctrine- some and luxuriant growth. It stood perfectly erect, full of large of the importance of things which the uneducated regard as trivial,that leaves, even, and from four to five feet high. It will produce two I would have this taught as a fundamental truth, namely, that if two good crops in a season, and springs up immediately after the scythe. persons were to begin the world to-morrow--both of the some capacity It produces excellent food; cattle feed it close, and appear to be -both of the same age and same character-having the same freinds, more fond of it when made into hay than any other grass. I have the same prospects and the same health-he who was the best ac-spoken for one-half of the roots of the patch, and have ground ploughquainted with the multiplication table, would beat the other in the ed in my meadow, into which I intend to transplant them, at about long run. I would have it generally understood as another funda- the distance of corn hills." metal maxim in morals, if not in religion, that every sort of knowledge On a recent visit from the Hon. E. Goodrich, of Hartford, we is of some value to every person whatever may be his character, stawere happy to receive, from that gentleman, a confirmation of tion or prospects. I do not say that it would be of equal value to the good opinion of the phalaris, which had been induced by Mr. every person, or that every sort of knowledge is alike necessary. I Robinson's letter. It has been found as beneficial in Connecticut merely say that we cannot acquire any useless knowledge. as in New Hampshire. Not recollecting the particulars narrated, But, say those who appear to have understanding and judgment we would beg of Mr. Goodrich, when he sees this, to forward them in these matters, we have no time for study-we, the mechanics.to us, in order that we may publish them correctly. The subject No time for study! What! have you no time, when a huge ponde- merits further attention; and if our anticipations are not irrationally rous body is to be lifted-no time to fix the lever and the fulcrum-founded, the Phalaris Americana will yet become the gama grass to prepare the inclined plane or hitch the takle ? Is it economy of of the north. It is truly perennial, spreads rapidly, and may be inotime for you to do that with your hands, which might be done with culated in the manner suggested by Mr. Robinson, especially in a the simplest piece of machinery? Would you set your apprentices to soil saturated with water, with great facility, and at a trifling exwork, your journeymen and yourselves, to lift and carry, by main pense. strength, what a child might push forward on a roller, if you would but take time enough to fix the roller? What would you say of a man who, instead of using the plough, as others do, should persist in digging a lage field with a fire shovel, because he had never been brought up to the plough? What if a man who, instead of splitting his logs for fire-wood, with a beetle and wedge, were to saw them in two lengthwise, with a key-hole saw-declaring all the while, that as for him, he did not pretend to know much about mechanics-that a key-hole saw was good enough for him—and as for the beetle and wedge, and other out-of-the-way contrivances, for his part he had no belief in them.

Would you not laugh at him as a poor economist of time--and a very poor reasoner? and would he not be likely to continue a very poor man? Yet he would say no more than you say-every man of you; when you declare you have no time for reading-no time for studyno time to improve yourself, each in his own particular trade, by stepping out of the circle he was brought up in. How do you know but there is some shorter and easier way of doing all that you do in your workshops and factories? Be assured that there is a shorter and easier way for all us-that there is no one thing we do, in which improvements may not be made. Have you not the proof continually before your eyes? Are not the master workman the owners and the employers of other men-are they not those who have made the best use, not of their fingers, but of their thinkers?

Weanling calves will not fill themselves even in the best grass, but look hollow, and wander about bleating, unless they have plenty of water. In the straw yard, cattle will be more thrifty for having water at command, having on account of the dryness of their food,

need of drink several time in a day.-Lisle.

Hops.-There are, according to the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture more than 47,000 acres appropriated to the culture of hops in Great Britain. The duties paid to the government upon this crop, in 1826, amounted to £269,331, or $1,195.830-a small item of taxation which the American hop grower is exempt from paying.

M. Payen has made a discovery that may be of use to the farmer: It is, that polished instruments of iron and steel may be preserved from rust by keeping them in solutions of potash, soda or even lime Thus, one part of potash or soda, in two or three thousand parts of water, will preserve from oxidation, bars of iron, &c. immersed in it. Lime water will do the same.

We learn from Mitchell's recent agricultural tour in Holland, that one of the laws passed during the reign of the present sovereign, obliges each student of divinity to attend a two years course of lectures on Such a regulation is highly calcuagriculture before being licensed. lated to increase the usefulness of the clergy, and to impart to them a salutary influence over the habits and manners of society.

THE GRAIN WORM.

The injury to our wheat crop, this season, by this minute but destructive enemy, surpasses by far all former years. Spring as well as winter wheat is attacked by it, and it has been found in rye growing among wheat. We have taken from the sheath of a kernel of wheat, half a dozen of these worms. Although we do not pretend to accuracy, we should judge, from the information we have received, that the product is likely to be reduced one-half in this neighthat the grain worm has extended itself more than fifty miles west borhood, by their ravages, the present season. of this city, though there is reason to apprehend that it will too soon

We do not learn

be known in the western section of our state. The evil which is al

Stalled oxen, as they grow fat, being naturally very hot, can ready felt, and more so that which is to be feared, renders it a matscarcely be kept too cool, provided they are dry. Lean cattle canter of the first importance to learn the character and habits of this scarcely be kept too warm.-Lisle.

insect, the better to be enabled to guard against its depredation."It is a fraud to conceal fraud." A person concealing delinquen-With this view, we invite correspondents to communicate any facts cy becomes, in some degree, an accomplice. or observations which may tend to throw light on the subject.

The common impression seems to be, that the insect is a weevil, which deposites its eggs as the grain comes into blossom; and many profess to have discovered the fly upon the wheat ear. This hypothesis should be received with caution, as it tends to discourage efforts, to arrest the evil, and because we think it is founded in error. Flies naturally resort to the haunts of insects, to feed upon the excrementitious matters which there abound; and their presence is often mistaken for the cause, when it is only the consequence of the existence of larvæ.

In the second number of the Cultivator, we made some remarks upon the wheat insect, and gave extracts from a publication of Mr. Bauer, relative to the grain worms, (vibrio tritici.) We are so strongly of the opinion, that the insects described by Mr. Bauer are the identical ones which are now preying upon our wheat, that we have thought it worth while to incur the expense of cuts, delineating the appearance of the affected grain, and of the worms as they appeared on different examinations. This will enable the reader to decide with greater certainty upon their identity with our wheat worm; and should this be found to exist, to apply with confidence Mr. Bauer's preventive, viz. to soak the seed grain in lime water. As the causticity of the lime is depended on to kill the nit on the seed, particular care should be had that the lime is fresh burnt, and has not become effete by air slaking. There is a double inducement to try Mr. Bauer's plan. If it does not prevent the ravages

of the worm, IT WILL PREVENT SMUT.

The reader will refer to No. 2, for Mr. B.'s remarks, the whole of whose communication may be found in the London Philosophical Transactions of 1823.

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21.

The sound germen, after the infected one was removed. A transverse section of the sound germen.

22.

Another double grain found in one floret of a plant, the seed corn of which had been inoculated with the worms and with the fungi of the smut balls; both diseases had taken effect; examined July the 18th, 1808. One grain was found infected with worms and fungi, and the other with fungi only; there was also one small anther in this singular floret.

23. A transverse section of the same; in the germen A, are two nests or groups of worms closely adhering to some remains of the cellular tissue; the other germen B, is entirely filled with the fungi of the uredofœtida or smut balls, and has no trace of the cellular tissue.

1 2 3 4 5

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[Each of the figures in this table are magnified five times in diameFig.

ter, or fifty times superficially.

1. A germen infected with grain worms from the apex of a wheat ear, before it had emerged from its hose; examined the 5th of June, 1808.

2. A transverse section of the same, containing one single large worm, but no eggs.

3. An infected germen from the base of the same ear.

4. A transverse section of the same, containing one large single worm and some eggs.

5. A somewhat larger germen, examined the 13th of June.

6. A transverse section of the same, containing two large worms and many eggs.

7. An infected germen, examined June the 21st.

8. A transverse section of the same, containing several large worms, many eggs, and some newly hatched lively worms. VOL. I.

K

280

TABLE B. 2

3

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10

[The Grain Worms-Vibrio Tritici.]

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