ing spikes of wrought iron, chiefly for the purposes of being used in con- fruit, that it is quite time a counteracting impression should be promulgatstructing ships and railroads; but their value, compared with other spikes, ed, having its foundation in common sense, and based on the common obseems to be but very sparingly known. These spikes to any competent servations of the intelligent. We have no patience in reading the endjudge, will show themselves to be far superior to any spikes ever manu- less rules to be observed in this particular department of physical comfort. factured for the above purposes, for the following reasons. The iron be- No one, we imagine, ever lived longer or freer from the paroxysm of dising selected by Mr. B. himself, and in large quantities of the first quality, ease, by discarding the delicious fruits of the lands in which he finds a no other being used, its uniform excellence must infinitely surpass that of home. On the contrary they are necessary to the preservation of health, common spikes, which are made of such small lots of iron as come to hand and are therefore caused to make their appearance at the very time when promiscuously; the body of these spikes being of exactly even and uniform the condition of the body, operated upon by deteriorating causes not alsize, and without hammer strokes, when once entered they have no ten-ways understood, requires their grateful, renovating influence.- Boston dency to split the wood, and, having a square chisel shaped edge, they Medical and Surgical Journal. cut their passage instead of forcing it. But Mr. B. is emphatically an experimentalist, and he wished to test the comparitive value of his spikes by some precise data. He wished to ascertain first with what degree of safety his spikes might be driven into wood without splitting; second, what was the tenacity of the iron; and third, what power it would require to draw them out. To test the first point, he took a piece of seasoned white oak joist, 3 by 6 inches, and sawing off 3 inches, produced, of course, a piece 3 inches square and 6 inches long, but with the grain running crosswise. In one end of this block, he entered, without boring, the point of a spike 5 inches long, with the edge of its point across the grain, and drove in the whole length without splitting the block. TO CORRECT MUSTINESS IN GRAIN. Corn which is housed without being thorougly dried, or which is stored in a damp place, acquires a musty smell and taste, which render it unfit for the customary uses; but as this alteration affects only the outer covering, and not the substance of the kernel, it may be easily removed by throwing upon the grain double its weight of boiling water, carefully stirring the mass till the water becomes cold. The spoiled kernels, which swim upon the top, must then be removed, the water poured off, and the grain spread to dry. M. Peschier preferred employing for this purpose boiling water rendered slightly alkaline, and afterwards washing the grain in pure water. To ascertain the second and third points, he drove another and similar When corn has been heated, or injured in a perceptible manner, the spike into a similar block, leaving its head a little distance out, and secur-vegeto-animal portion is almost always changed; in this case the farina is ing the block in a firm situation, and griping the head by a strong instru- not susceptable of a good fermentation, and the bread made from it is unment, similar to a pair of wire tongs, he suspended to the tongs 100 56- wholesome: such grain is fit only for the manufacture of starch.—Chappound weights, equal to 5600 pounds, and these neither breaking the tal. spike nor drawing it out, he took a sledge and struck forcibly upon the apparatus attached to the head of the spike, when it drew out and left the spike and the wood unbroken. These experiments were made at the store of Messrs. I. & J. Townsend, in this city, in presence of the President and Directors of the Albany and Schenectady Railroad Company, and if they do not remove all doubts as to the superiority of these spikes for ships and railroads, I know not what would. S. B. Albany, June 15, 1835. THE USE OF FRUIT. As various kinds of fruits are beginning to make their appearance, and as no inconsiderable amount of disease is usually imputed to their agency at this particular season, it may not be inappropriate for physicians to institute some inquiries in relation to their supposed deleterious effects on the health of people of different ages and conditions. We are familiarly acquainted with the prejudices existing against the free use of our domestic fruits, but very much question whether they have ever operated so unfavorably as is generally believed. It would be quite as philosophical to discard bread stuffs, the various leguminous productions of the garden, and the meats offered in the market, as to interdict the rich fruits which nature has scattered around us. If a careful register were made of all the deaths arising from excess in eating these two species of food, it is quite probable as many would be found attributable to one cause as the other. Eating and drinking have become altogether too artificial; people consult their books oftener to discover how, when, and what sort of a meal should be taken, than to ascertain the state of their finances. Life is thus reduced to an unnatural scale, and the capacity of the stomach measured, as a tide-waiter would guage the dimensions of a hogshead, instead of following the simple indications of hunger, which makes no dangerous mistakes, under ordinary circumstances, in well regulated scciety. There is a vas' difference between gorging beyond the ability of the stomach to relieve itself, and satisfying the cravings of appetite. Were an individual never guilty of any excesses, he would be exempt from the penalty invariably imposed on the breach of any law of the animal eco nomy. Instead, therefore, of standing in any fear of a generous consumption of ripe fruits, we regard them as positively conducive to health. The very maladies commonly assumed to have their origin in a free use of apples, peaches, cherries, melons, and wild berries, have been quite as prevalent, and equally destructive, in seasons of scarcity. All naturalists will testify to the importance of the fruit seasons to the lower animals, particularly to birds. When there is a failure, or an insufficient supply, the feathered tribes are less musical, less numerous, and commence their migrations much earlier, than when amply supplied with the delicate nutrition designed for them at certain periods of the revolving year. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF MANURES. Report of Competitors for Premium of £20 for the most satisfactory 1st. 20 cart loads of street dung, at 5s. 6d.. 2d. 3 qrs. bruised bones, at 19s. ... ..... £5 10 0 £2 15 2 17 5 12 0 5120 3d, 16 cart loads of farm-yard dung, at 7s....... 1st. Half a Scotch acre manured with street dung, produced of 2d. Do. with rape and bone dust,. cwt. lbs. 301 92 304 99 312 30 I hope the above will be sufficiently explanatory of the experiments, so 1st. One acre with very fine home-made dung, 12 double cart loads, ..... £4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 2d. One acre with Dunbar street dung, 12 double carts, not count- In the scheme of creative wisdom, the indications are clearly manifested that man is omnivorious; and it was not until muzzled by the opinions of one, perplexed by the ridiculous hypothesis of another, touching the PROPER TIME FOR CUTTING TIMBER. subject of his food, of which he is himself better qualified to judge than Mr. TUCKER-I observe in your paper of the 22d August last, that the most learned physician in christendom, that he relinquished the facul- you are calling the attention of your patrons to the durability of posts, &c. ty of discrimination implanted in his nature, to become the foot ball of During the last twenty years I have been engaged more or less in the those who raise themselves into a short lived notoriety by giving to un-preservation of timber, and from my experience am able to say with confounded theories the character only belonging to well established facts. fidence, the old opinion of the English writers to the contrary notwithThere are so many erroneous notions entertained of the bad effects of standing, that the best time to cut timber to ensure its durability, is when the tree is in its GREATEST VIGOR; and in this latitude, say middle of early shipwrecked. They need the experienced pilot. Having June-then the sap is in its most fluid state, and entirely escapes through served in this capacity for a score or two of years, in the school the several pores of the tree. The idea that the sap of a tree recedes t of experience, where all may learn though all do not learn to proits roots during winter, is in my opinion a mistaken notion The sap is fit, and being deeply interested in your future welfare, I propose distributed through the tree in winter the same as in summer, and circu- to make over, for your use, some of the lessons which I have been lation never ceases, except with the life of the tree. The sap in winter) is less in quantity and thicker, and owing to its stagnant state, remains in taught in the school where you are yet but a noviciate. They the timber when it is cut in the winter, and become the principle of its constitute capital, if put to good use, and will be sure to make destruction. Let timber for rails, posts, or other purposes, be cut when good returns, in the multiplied enjoyments of life. These will be it is in its greatest vigor, (never mind the phase of the moon,) and keep it given as they occur, without regard to arrangement. off the ground until seasoned. In support of my position, I will repeat Learn early to depend on yourself. Your physical and intellectwo instances which have lately come to my knowledge. A farmer of tual powers must be your main dependence for fame and fortune. North Carolina wishing to fence a certain lot, went to work according to The ground has been fitted for the seed. Your hands have been the old theory, and cut his rail timber during the full of the moon in Fe-taught to labor; your mind to reflect. You must be the husbandbruary; but when he came to make his fence in May he was deficient man; you must sow the seed and nurture the plants; and the reabout 40 pannels: he went into the woods and cut the necessary quantity ward of the harvest will depend upon your personal diligence and and put it up as the only alternative; and after some ten or twelve years, good management. If you sow tares, you cannot reap wheat; if his attention being called to the fence, he found the rails cut and split in May infinitely more sound than those cut in February. Another gentle- you sow idleness you will reap poverty; for however abundant the man in New-England had an accident befall a gate post in midsummer, parental bequest, few can retain wealth who have never been acand not having any seasoned timber on hand, sent to the woods for a green one, and expecting that it would only last one or two years, had one cut during the next winter and laid by to supply the place of the green one at his leisure. But during the ensuing summer the other post failed, and the one cut secundem artem, was taken to supply the place of the last failure, and the green post thought no more of until at the end of 7 or 8 years, when the post last put in was found to fail, while the summer cut post was in a perfect state of preservation, These hints are not prepared with sufficient care for publication, but JOSHUA HOWARD. customed to earn it. Beware of extremes-the two often meet-and by following the one too far, we often insensibly slide into the other. Thus prudence may run into parsimony; patriotism into peculation; selfrespect into pride; and temperance in our habits into intemperance in our partialities, prejudices and passions. While you claim and exercise, as the high prerogatives of a freeman, the free expresposing of your time and property in any way, that shall not insion of your political and religious opinions, and the right of disfringe upon the rights of others, nor compromit the peace and good order of society, forget not to respect the same rights in your neighbor, whom education or association may have imbued with "I owe my success in business chiefly to you," said a stationer to a pa-opinions differing from your own. Reform others by your examper-maker, as they were settling a large account; "but let me ask how a man of your caution came to give credit freely to a beginner with my slender means?" "Because," replied the paper-maker, "at whatever hour in the morning I passed to my business I always observed you with out your coat at yours.' There is a world of wisdom in this little anecdote; more good sense and more judicious admonition than are to be found in all the declamation of all the ten-hour" orators that ever made a speech, or drew up a resolution. Practical mechanics will never grow rich by standing out for limits to working hours, or by any other mode or form of striking for wages. Few parents realize how much their children may be taught at home by devoting a few minutes to their instruction every day. Let a parent make the experiment with his son of ten years old for a single week, and only during the hours which are spent in school. Let him make a companion of his child-converse with him familiary-put to him questionsanswer inquiries-communicate facts, the result of his reading or observation,-awaken his curiosity-explain difficulties,-the meaning of things, and the reason of things-and all this in an easy, playful manner, without seeming to impose a task, and he will himself be astonished at the progress which will be made.-President Linsley. MAMMOTH CHEESE. We are informed that Col Thomas S. Meacham, of Richland, Oswego|| county, who keeps 154 cows, and has made this season 300 cheese weighing 125 lbs. each. has made one weighing FOURTEEN HUNDRED POUNDS, which he inten is to present to the President of the United States. He has also made several, weighing EIGHT HUNDRED POUNDS, each, one of which he intends for the Vice President, one for Gov. Marcy, and one for each of the cities of New-York, Albany, Troy and Rochester.-Genesee Farmer. Young Men's Department. ple: for you can never make a sincere proselyte, in religion, politics or morals, or even in the arts of labor, by coercion. You may compel men to become hypocrites, sycophants and servile imitators, but you do it at the expense of the best feelings that respect. Be moderate in all things in your pleasures as well as dignify our nature-at the expense of piety, patriotism and selfin your toils-in your opinions and in your passions. Past experience should teach you, that your opinions may honestly change; and however long you may have cherished wrong ones, or obstinately defended them, to renounce error, when palpable, will reflect lustre upon your character. As it is human to err, so it is magnanimous to confess and renounce one's faults. Seek Intermeddle not officiously in the affairs of others. Your own concerns will demand all your care. Those who busy themselves with other people's business, seldom do justice to their own. Seek for enjoyments in the domestic circle, and make home agreeable to all around you. This is your duty as well as interest. rather to be good than great; for few can be great, though all be good; may and count the approbation of your own conscience, above the applause of the multitude. Act in secret as you would in public-as though your motives were scanned by those around you-and you will seldom do wrong. Adieu. J. BUEL, Esq-Sir.-Permit me to present to your readers a translation of the story of Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus. In order duly to appreciate the history of this man, whose name after the lapse of centuries has reached even this western world, it is necessary to be able to peruse it in the simple but inimitable language of the great Roman Historian. There is in the original description, a beauty and simplicity, which are unrivalled. When Rome was distracted by commotion within, and assailed by hostile bands without-when the army commanded by the consul was besieged even within their camp, and dared not go forth to meet the foe,-when all was confusion and dismay, and destruction seemed to threaten even the city itself, Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, was appointed dictator by the unanimous voice of the peoDear Son-At no time in life do we stand more in need of pa-ple. The affair as recorded by Livy, is as follows: rental counsels, or are more likely to be benefitted by them, than I send you, Mr. Cultivator, the first of a series of "Letters from a Father to a Son," and intend to send you others, should this be thought worthy a place in your paper, as leisure may permit, or inclination prompt. PRELIMINARY. "Let those listen to the story of Cincinnatus, who despise every at the period when we are throwing off the boy, and are about to thing when compared with riches, and who deem the poor neither assume the cares and responsibilities of manhood. Youth are ac-virtuous or honorable. Lucius Quintius, the only hope of the Rocustomed to look only upon the bright side of the picture; their man empire in the hour of peril, cultivated four acres of land upon anticipations are sanguine; their hopes ardent; and they need to the banks of the Tiber. He was there found by the commissionbe brought often to consider the sober realities of life, to check ers despatched for this purpose, while engaged in ploughing. Havtheir unreasonable aspirations. They see not the sands and break-ing exchanged salutations, they beseeched him for his own sake, ers which begird the ways of life, and upon which very many are land from his regard for the Republic, to listen to the commands of CHAPTER OF FACTS.-MEASURES OF LENGTH. Measures in length are the distance of one object from another, in some agreed standard. the Senate. Amazed, and anxiously inquiring "if all was well, "other as to place them beyond the sphere of attraction, they Ise he desires his wife Racilia to bring his gown from the cottage with the cohesion they before had with each other, and the body cea es all possible haste. No sooner had he wiped away the dust and to be solid." sweat, and thrown around him his garments, than the ambassadors with congratulation, salute him dictator, and invite him to the city, declaring that the army was overwhelmed with terror. In a ship prepared at the public expense, Quintius and his three sons are conveyed to Rome: his relatives and friends, and all the nobles go forth to meet him. Surrounded by an immense multitude, and attended by lictors, he is conducted to his future abode. Having met and overcome the enemy, and restored peace to the city, he resigned the office of dictator at the close of the sixteenth day, although elected for six months, choosing to cultivate his humble farm, and abide in his humble cottage, rather than control the destinies of the Roman people." Let those who cultivate the soil with their own hands, reflect upon the following facts in the story of Cincinnatus. He was a humble farmer-possessed only four acres of land-dwelt in an humble hut or cottage-was found by the commissioners actually employed in labor-was covered with dust and sweat, the necessary accompaniments of rural toil; and yet even this man by the unanimous voice of the people, was placed at the head of the Roman empire, with absolute power over the property and lives of his fellows citizens. Having accomplished the object for which he was elected, he most readily and cheerfully resigns his office and retires to the shades of private life. The name of Cincinnatus will never die; while simplicity and virtue remain on earth, it will stand emblazoned in characters that "can be seen and read of all men." Vernon, June 21, 1835. ONEIDA. INTERESTING FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 1. Chemistry is the study of the effects of heat and mixture, with the view of discovering their general and subordinate laws, and of improving the useful arts.-Black. A line is the tenth of a digit and the 100th of a foot. A French arpent 8ths of an English acre. A sea league is 3.4536 miles, or the 20th of a degree. A degree at the Equator is 365,101 feet, or 69.148 miles, or 67 1-7th nearly. In latitude 66.20 Maupertius measured a degree of latitude, in 1737, and made it 69.403; and Swanburgh in 1803, made it 69.292. At the equator in 1744, four astronomers made it 68.732 and Lambton, in lat. 12, 68.743. Mudge, in England, makes it 69.148. Cassina, in France, in 1718 and 1740, made it 69.12, and Biot, 68.769; while a recent measure in Spain, makes it but 68.63, less than at the equator; and contradicts all the others, 2. Whenever chemical action takes place, a real change is pro- proving the earth to be a profate spheroid, which was the opinion duced in the substance operated upon; and its identity is destroy-of Cassini, Bernouilli, Euler, and others, while it has more geed. If a little carbonate of lime (powdered chalk,) be put into a nerally been regarded as an oblate spheroid. glass of water, the chalk will sink to the bottom of the vessel. Though it should be mixed with the water, if left at rest it will soon subside; no chemical action has taken place; therefore the water and the carbonate of lime both remain unaltered. But if a small quantity of diluted sulphuric acid be added to a glass of chalk and water, a violent effervesence will commence the moment they come in contact with each other; a chemical union of the two substances will be the consequence of this chemical acThe pendulum which vibrates seconds, 39.1393 inches at Lontion; the identity of each substance will be destroyed, and sul-don, is the standard for the British measures. One mile is equal phate of lime, or gypsum (a body very different from either of the to 1,618.833 such pendulums. substances employed) will be produced. 3. Heat has a tendency to separate the particles of all bodies from each other. Hence nothing is more necessary to effect the decomposition of many bodies than to apply heat, and collect the substances which are separated by that means. 4. It is evident that water exists in the atmosphere in abundance, even in the driest season, and under the clearest sky. There are substances which have the power of absorbing moisture from the air at all times, such as the fixed alkalies, potash and soda, and sulphuric acid, the latter of which will soon absorb more than its own weight of water from the air when exposed to it. Fresh burnt lime absorbs it rapidly; and earth that has been freshly stirred absorbs it in a much greater degree, at night, than that which is crusted and compact. Hence the importance of stirring the soil among tillage crops in time of drought. 5. Bishop Watson found, that even when there had been no rain for a considerable time, and the earth was dried by the parching heat of summer, it still gave out a considerable quantity of water. By inverting a large drinking glass on a close mown grass plat, and collecting the vapor which attached to the inside of the glass, he found that an acre of ground dispersed into the air about 1600 gallons of water in the space of 12 hours, of a summer's day. 6. Lavoisser has explained solidity thus: "The particles of all bodies," says he, may be considered as subject to the action of two opposite powers, repulsion and attraction, between which they remain in equilibrio. So long as the attractive force remains stronger, the body must continue in a state of solidity; but if, on the contrary, heat has so far removed these particles from each Degrees of longitude are to each other in length, as the cosines of their latitudes. For every 10° they are as follows:Equator, 10° 20 30 40 69.2 50° 68.15 55 65.27 60 59.93 70 53.1 80 WEIGHTS. 44.48 39.69 24.6 23.67 12.02 The standard of weights, is, the cubic inch of distilled water, weighing 253.458 Troy grains; the Troy pound 5,760 grains, or 2,281.57 inches. The same standard of 7,000 Troy grains, makes the pound avoirdupois, 277.274 cubic inches; ten of which, or 277.274, being the imperial gallon, or a quart 69.32; and a gill of five ounces of water, equal 8.664. The American quintal is 100 pounds. The weight of a cubic inch of distilled water, in a vacuum, is 252.722 grains, and in air, is 252.456 grains. The Turkish pound is 7,578 grains-the Danish 6,941-the Irish 7,774-the Naples 4,952-the Scotch, pound Troy, 7,620.8. A cubic foot of loose earth or sand weighs 95 pounds. A cubic foot of common soil weighs 124 pounds do do strong soil, THE CULTIVATOR-NOV. 1835. TO IMPROVE THE SOIL AND THE MIND. The utility of the Cultivator in dressing corn and other hoed crops, in saving a vast amount of manual labor, in almost superseding the hand hoe, and in doing the work better than the plough, in most cases, induces the committee to recommend them to the REPORT of the COMMITTEE ON FARM IMPLEMENTS, &c. general notice of our farmers. [See the common corn cultivator The Committee examined five THRESHING MACHINES. 1. "Lane's patent rail-way horse power threshing machine," presented by D. Roberts, and manufactured at Waterford, Saratoga county. The proprietor alledges that one horse will thresh 75 bushels of wheat in 8 hours, attended by four men; that when the horse walks 2 miles per hour, the cylinder. or thresher, revolves 1,200 times per minute. Price of the machine $150. For sale by Charles Down and others, at Waterford. The horse power is on the principle of the endless chain, and the power is imparted to the thresher by means of a band. The four arms of the thresher are cast iron, with wrought iron teeth. The wheel disbands when the motion is obstructed by a stone or other hard body. The horse treads upon iron rollers. figured in the June number of the Cultivator.] DRILL BARROWS AND CORN PLANTERS. 1. Bement's Turnip Drill.-C. N. Bement, of Albany, proprietor. A hand barrow for drilling turnips-price $8, and an extra cylinder, adopted to sowing peas, mangel wurtzel, &c. for an additional 50 cents. [This is a modification of the drill barrow figured in the June number of the Cultivator.] 2. Burrall's Corn Planter-for one horse, arranged to plant corn in hills or drills, at any required distance, and to regulate the quantity of seed. A nose piece levels the ground, a coulter opens the drills, into which the seed passes through a conducter close to the coulter-two teeth cut the little side furrows made by the drill, and throw the mould over the seed-a wheel follows to 2. "Shaw's patent threshing machine," one horse power-press the ground upon it,-and a scraper cleans the wheel of dirt. price $75-alledged by the proprietor to thresh 80 bushels of Invented by T. D. Burrall, Geneva.-Price 16 to 18 dollars. This wheat in 8 hours, attended by four men and a boy. The machine is an ingeniously contrived and useful machine, altogether new to occupies 8 by 25 feet and is moved by straps. The horse moves us, and promises to be of great utility, not only in planting corn, in a circle. A wheel and strap are affixed to each one of the peas and beans, but under simple and cheap modifications, in axes of the threshing cylinder, which equalizes the motion. The drilling in small grains. cylinder has four arms of wood, and the teeth are secured in them by wood screws-length of the arm 18 inches-supposed to revolve 1,400 times in a minute. Wolverton, Barney and Hart, of Albany, proprietors for the counties of Albany, Schoharie, Saratoga, Rensselaer and Montgomery. 3. Robbin's Corn Planter and Turnip Drill.-invented by Mr. Robbins, of Lewis county, and presented by C. N. Bement. It drills six different kinds of grain-has been some time in use, and is highly approved. Price $15. The drill barrow is of modern introduction among us, and is a 3. "Pitts' patent horse power, and threshing machine," con- valuable labor saving machine, particularly in the cultivation of structed on principles somewhat similar to No. 1-2 horse power. ruta baga, turnips, mangel wurtzel, &c. The drilling of small The horses tread abreast upon wood, and the legs are prevented grains is much practised in Europe, and with the introduction of from sagging by a series of what the inventors call" surface rolls." these implements, the practice may be found to be advantageous The cost is $125-the fourth of which is for the thresher; will thresh here, as it affords the advantage of keeping the crop free from 100 bushels wheat in 8 hours, attended by three men and a boy-weeds, and of keeping the surface of the ground loose.-In the 4,000 bushels of grain have been threshed without any repairs. turnip culture, which is now fast gaining a footing among us, the drill barrow is almost an indispensible implement. STRAW CUTTER. This machine is manufactured at Waterford and Buffalo. 2. "Gleason's patent threshing machine, with Baker's horse power"-one horse power upon the chain principle-price $150. Green's Straw Cutter, presented by C. N. Bement, was the The horse travels upon wood. Machine is said to have threshed only implement of this kind exhibited. It is a hand crank power. 275 bushels of cats in nine hours, with two horses to relieve each It is 5 feet long by 2 feet wide. It has 12 knives, 8 inches long. other. The frames of the horse power and machine were of cast on a 4 inch cylinder, and works upon a cylinder or roller of lead iron, admirably adapted to combine strength and lightness! will deliver two bushels of cut hay per minute-feeds itself, and The first weighing 350, and the latter 180 lbs.―manufactured at may be managed by a stout boy. Price, highly finished, $30.— The committee do not hesitate to recommend this as the most complete and perfect implement of the kind which has come under their notice. [Figured in the Oct. number of the Cultivator.] CLOVER MACHINE. Waterford. 5. "Burrall's new combination threshing machine," presented by the inventor, Thos. D. Burrall, who resides at Geneva, Ontario county-price from 35 to 45 dollars, without horse power; of machine and four horse power $125; do. do. two horse power $100. Burrall's Clover Machine, invented and presented by D. T. The larger machine requires six hands to attend it, and will thresh Burrall, appears to be a very perfect machine. It may be propel200 bushels wheat in 8 hours; the smaller, with four hands, will led by a two or four horse or water power, and with the attendthresh 100 bushels in the same time. Cylinder 14 inches in dia-ance of a man will clean from 16 to 32 quarts of seed in an hour. meter: 2 feet long, and performs from 1,200 to 1,300 revolutions The current of air created by the motion of the cylinder, with its in a minute. Have threshed from 10 to 20,000 bushels of grain serrated teeth, is made to perform the winnowing process in the without repair. This machine differs from most machines, in be-upper half, or simi-circle of the machine-the chaff being thrown ing so contrived as to separate the grain, principally, from the off, and the seed falling into a box beneath, while the clover heads straw, in the process of threshing, as threshers and screens alter-or hulls, are whipped out in the lower half. No seed is apparently nate in the bed piece, which may be varied at pleasure; threshes wasted, and all resisting bodies are readily thrown out without inall kinds of grain. As the committee could only examine the juring the machine. The proprietor asserts it to be the only mamachines, and saw but the momentary action of the three first nam-chine which separates the seed from the hull without rubbing, ed, they cannot safely give opinions as to their absolute or com- heat or waste, at a single operation. Price $60. parative merits; they appeared all to be substantial and useful labor-saving machines, entitled to public notice and patronage. CORN CULTIVATORS. 1. "Van Bergen's Corn Cultivator," (Coxsackie) presented by C. N. Bement. The sides expandable in parallel lines so as to be adapted to spaces between rows of different breadths, and the shares may be adjusted to turn the earth in or out. A new implement, and apparently a good one, drawn by a horse. Price$15. 2. Bement's expanding Corn Cultivator.-C. N. Bement, of Albany, proprietor and inventor. The improvement on the common cultivator consists in a wheel and clevis, by which the depth may be regulated by double pointed shares, and two scarifyers inserted between the shares. Expandible from 18 to 36 inches.Price. The highly profitable practice, in improved husbandry, of alternating clover and other grasses with tillage crops, and the consequent increasing demand for seed, renders every improvement in the process of cleaning clover seed a public benefit. The committee recommended this machine, with strong confidence, to the public patronage. STUMP EXTRACTOR. Burrall's Stump Extractor, invented by D. T. Burrall, is of cast iron, about two feet square. It is a combination of power afforded by the screw, lever and wheel. Mounted on an axle and wheel, one horse, operating on a ten foot lever, will raise 25 tons. Price $80. HARROW. The only one exhibited was a pair of "Craig's Scotch angled SMUT MILL. Smut Mill and Grain Cleaner-invented by Wm. Battle, Albany, a cast iron cylinder, 2 feet 4 inches diameter, 3 feet high. Mr. Battle being engaged on another committee, no information was obtained of its performance and price. Harrows," presented by Mr. Craig, the maker, West Galway, bor has been astonishingly abridged in the mechanic and manuMontgomery county. The wood work is light but strong, contains facturing arts, by improved machinery and labor saving contri40 teeth, each tooth is 3 inch, square and 10 inches long, of high-||vances--agriculture is also susceptible of being benefitted in ly tempered Swede's iron. The harrows may be worked together like manner; but the incompetency of the farmer to judge of the or separate; an excellent implement on all soils-particularly for intrinsic value of an implement at first sight, the frequent imposiseeding. Price $15 the pair. [Described and figured in the Au- tion of spurious and defective ones upon him, and the difficulty gust No. of the Cultivator.] of obtaining correct knowledge of their merits, induces distrust, and prevents the more general introduction of many implements that would be highly valuable. A board of inspectors would stamp a seal upon whatever is of value, determine its relative merits, and give confidence to the purchaser; while on the other hand, the want of the approving certificate, would justly excite distrust, and prevent imposition. This board might make an annual report, which by being promulgated in our 150 journals, would give, to the state at large, interesting and prompt notices of all new inventions calculated to promote the agricultural, and consequently every subordinate interest of the state. The committee hesitate not to say, that $1,000 annually appropriated to this object, to be awarded in premiums by a competent board, would add ten times its amount to the products of agricultural labor, and yield a compound interest to the revenue of the state. J. BUEL, Chairman. CHEESE PRESS. Kibbee's Cheese Press. This press is figured in the May No. of the Cultivator, since which it has undergone material improvements by the inventor, S. Kibbee, Esperance, Schoharie. It is three feet long, 16 inches broad, and 5 feet high. It is a combination of mechanical powers-the force being applied to a short lever the power of which may be judged from the fact, that a 10 pound weight, at two feet from the fulcrum, causes a pressure of 1,600 pounds, and its power may be carried to any extent by corresponding strength in the main wheel and shaft. The piston decends perpendicularly, and its friction is taken off by a friction roller. Price $15. This press is admirably adapted, on a commensurate scale, to the pressure of hay, hops, cotton, &c. and to the manufacture of cider. CHEESE SHELVES. SUCCESSION OF CROP. We gave, in our last, part of a chapter from Low's "Elements of Practical Agriculture," explaining the principles upon which a succession of crops is rendered beneficial to the farmer; and considering the subject of the first importance to profitable husbandry, and as one but imperfectly understood or appreciated among us, we insert in this number, the views which Chaptal has given us in his "Chemistry applied to Agriculture," upon this interesting topic. We cannot quote better authorities. The quotations from Chaptal in this number, are alone worth to the farmer, capable and desirous of improving, three years' subscription of the Cultivator, and the price of the volume from which we make them in the bargain. We have omitted to copy the courses of crops recommended in either work, because many of their crops are not cultivated, or but partially so, among us; while maize, one of the staple products of our soil, is neither grown in England or the north of France. The principles or laws which regulate matter apply every where, though the correct practice under these principles may vary in every latitude. Wilber's semi-revolving slide cheese shelves, is an admirable contrivance to save labor in the cheese dairy. By it a woman can easily turn 24 heavy cheeses in a minute, and is enabled to rub them without their being lifted from the shelves. The model consists of an upright frame, suspended by an axis passing through its horizontal centre, and into which slide eight pair of shelves, the distance of which may be graduated to the size of the cheeses. The cheeses are placed alternately above and below the axis. Slats are fixed upon the back of the frame to prevent the cheeses falling out when the frame revolves. The frame is made stationary by a pin; and when this is withdrawn, it is made to revolve half round upon its axis, which turns the cheeses; the shelves over them, and upon which the cheeses have lain the preceding day, may then be withdrawn, and left to dry, till the next day, when they may be returned, the turning process repeated, and the other shelves cleaned and dried in turn. The improvement is a valuable one in large dairies. Henry Wilber of Richfield, Otsego county, land, and a company formed, for the manufacture of a cheap dye, Substitute for Indigo.-A patent has been taken out, in Engis the inventor. The price of a single right to construct is $5. which answers all the purposes of indigo, and which promises a [For further description see letter of E. Perkins, in this number great saving in this important item of manufacture. It is said to of Cultivator.] Though not coming exactly within their province, the commit-give colors which resist the action of light, air and friction. The tee cannot but notice, with high commendation, an improved Beejectionable caustic qualities, which are neutralized. With it wool Hive, with a swarm of bees in it at work, exhibited by the inventor, Levi H. Parish, of Brighton, Monroe county. Externally it may be dyed in the flock, the fleece, the yarn or skein, or when woven into cloth; and in many respects the substitute is found to appears as a square box. The two ends and back have doors which be superior, in giving brilliancy and durability to colors, to inopen upon hinges, the end ones into the interior of the hive, and digo itself. The principal ingredients, as in Prussian blue, are the back one covers a large pane of glass through which the condition of the interior, and the operations of the bees, may be ob- common potash and blood or animal carbon. For the animal carserved. There is an upper chamber above these doors, which and all other kinds of animal substance, old woollens and the rebon, horns, hoofs, bones, fish, cuttings of leather, old harness, opens by a lid at the top, and discloses four boxes, nicely adjust-fuse of woollen manufactories, even in a corrupt state, are emed, into which the bees ascend through apertures, from the main ployed. The fair average price of indigo, in Great Britain, is hive, and deposite their honey. These boxes may be taken out and considered to be 5s. sterl. per lb. and of the substitute 2s. at most, returned at pleasure, without destroying or disturbing the bees, and thus the proprietor may be furnished with a constant supply of truly excellent honey without diminishing his stock of bees. The bee moth, it is believed, is less liable to trouble this than ordinary hives. Channels are cut in the under side of the upper lid, leading to an aperture in the edge, to carry off the rarified and vitiated air which is engendered in the hive. The price of a single right to construct these hives is $5. new material seems to be similar to Prussian blue, without its ob so that the latter is likely to effect, in Great Britain alone, an annual saving of £450,000, (equal to about $2,000,000) with the further advantage, that the gross amount of cost for the substitute would be expended for what is now wasted, and in the labor of its poor inhabitants. Strawberries. We find detailed, in the Q. J. of Agriculture, the mode by which London is supplied with Strawberries. It is The committee regret that time and circumstances did not af- stated, that within ten miles around London, 1,000 acres are deford them a better opportunity of examining the several machines voted to the culture of this fruit, the product of which is transand implements offered for their inspection, and of testing their ported to market almost exclusively by women, who carry the utility by a satisfactory trial. Yet they cannot refrain from ex- baskets upon their heads! The fruit is first put into small pottle pressing their strong conviction, that an annual examination of baskets, holding about a pint; fifty or sixty of these are placed new agricultural machines and implements, by a competent board in a large basket, which is then placed upon a woman's head, on of scientific and practical men, to be selected and paid by the a small cushion, who trudges miles with it to market. The weight government, would prove of incalculable advantage. Human la-"of the baskets and fruit is from 30 to 40 lbs. The pottle baskets |