corn entire, when it is given alone, which passing through them in the NOTES FROM MY MEMORANDUM BOOK. same state affords no kind of nourishment, but all animals are known The turnip. The napus (turnip) says Pliny, "requires a dry soil; it to derive nourishment from their solid food, in a certain degree, in pro-delights in cold, which makes it both sweeter and larger, while by heat portion to the care with which it is chewed. it grows to leaves." Pliny wrote for Italy, whose climate resembles "2. It is consumed in less time. that of the southern states; and hence his remarks are particularly ap "3. By the mixture of the materials, some portions of which, as da-plicable there. The turnip thrives best and is sweteest north of lat. 40. maged hay, or straw, might be refused if given separately, an equal consumption of the whole is secured.

"4. By its admitting of being more readily weighed, or measured, that when given separately, it can be more accurately distributed to each horse; on which it may be observed, that more injury is often done to horses by allowing them an unlimited quantity of rack-meat [uncut hay in the rack,] than even by stinting to a scanty allowance; for they will not only pass whole nights in eating, when rest would do them more service, but, by this extraordinary distention of the stomach, its powers are weakened, and their general health is injured.

"5. It prevents waste, and consequently goes farther." Mr. Wiggins, whose daily business extends to the feeding of three hundred horses, estimates the saving by feeding entirely in this way, in the manger, at one-sixth.

Rye is considerably employed as horse feed in America, particularly in Pennsylvania. It is generally coarsely ground, and mixed with cut straw or chaff, and moistened, by which the mass is incorporated. Barley is extensively used in the south of Europe, in Asia Minor and in Persia, for feeding horses, for the reason, probably, that oats, being indigenous to colder climates, do not grow well in these countries. In the first of these countries it is uniformly fed with straw. Six bushels have been found, on trial, to be equal to eight bushels of oats. Barley contains 20 per cent more starch than oats, 5 per cent more saccharine matter, and 27 per cent less husk.

But even here it requires a dry soil, but one that is sandy and warmis preferable to a cold one. The earlier common turnips are sown, after midsummer, the larger they grow; the later, if before the middle of August, the fairer, the sweeter, and the better for table. A large top indicates a small or defective bottom.

Gypsum.-Grisenwhaite, in his new theory of agriculture, states, that as in the principal grain crops which interest the agriculturist, there exists a particular saline substance, peculiar to each, so, if we turn our attention to clover and turnips, we shall find the same discrimination. Sanfoin, lucern and clover have long been known to contain a notable quantity of gypsum. Clovers and lucern have their growth very much accelerated by the application of gypsum, though many other plants are not at all benefitted by its action. A series of accurate experiments can only enable us to decide, with precision, the plants and the soils to which the application of gypsum is beneficial.

Snow, &c.-The overcharge of the atmosphere, with moisture in frosty weather, when falling from a great height, forms snow in large flakes; and from that height which in warmer weather produces drizzling rains, it becomes sleet; but when only floating over the surface, the watery particles, too small to be visible, collect upon the ground and leaves of vegetables, and form hoar frost.—Dr. White in Georgical Essays.

Mosses, lichens and insects, which are prejudicial to fruit trees, may be destroyed by a simple solution of quick-lime, any time between the fall and opening of the leaf, applied with a watering pot or gardener's syringe. It does its office, and withal promotes the growth of the tree.

Urine constitutes a rich manure. It may be used in winter on the currant and gooseberry-in summer upon all vegetables, diluted with double its quantity of water.-A. Gorrie in do.

British writers have furnished us with estimates of the annual expense of keeping farm horses. One of these before us gives the aggregate expense of a two horse team and driver at about £90 ($400.)||T. Bishop, in Cal. Hort. Tr. This includes the interest on the cost of the team and implements, (£270) and 10 per cent for repairs and deterioration. We state this fact for the purpose of calling the reader's attention to it. It imports, that allowing for the days when the team cannot labor, and assuming 260 working days in a year that a team and driver should earn more than $1.50 a day, for 260 days in a year, to pay cost; and that all they fall short in doing this, is absolute loss to the owner. The keep, in Britain, is probably higher, however, than it is with us. Yet we are persuaded that few among us duly reflect upon the cost of maintaining a horse team in a plight requisite for doing good service. In Britain a team of good horses is considered adequate to the cultivation of 40 to 60 acres in tillage crops."

FARM ACCOUNTS.

Few points are more essential to sucess in any business than well kept accounts; and these are as essential in farming as in other operations. They are necessary in order to ascertain the relative profits of the several crops we cultivate, and the adaptation of our farms to particular branches of husbandry. Without these, although the amount of profits or loss may be guessed at the end of the year, by the balance in hand, yet no comparative judgment can be formed of the value of different modes of culture, or of different kinds of stock, and though we sometimes hit right, we often hit wrong. We intend to publish ere long, a somewhat detailed account of the systems pursued by Gen. Beatson and Mr. Gregg, upon two farms of stiff clay, in England. By keeping accurate accounts, and varying their systems as economy and good judgment dictated, Mr. Gregg in a few years, enhanced the profits of a 240 acre farm more than £600, or about $2500 per annum. When Gen. B. took the management of his farm, the expense per acre of cultivating grain, under the old system of summer fallowing, including manure, rent and taxes, was £16 4s. per annum. In a few years he reduced this expense, by economical changes in his system of culture, without diminution of crop, to about £5 per acre, or a third of the former expense.

Sap of plants.-Knight teaches, that the sap of plants ascends through the whitewood, and descends down the bark, depositing the matter of the new wood in its descent, but without becoming changed into it. That the matter absorbed from the soil and air, is converted into the true sap or blood of the plant wholly in the leaves, from which it is discharged into the bark; and that such portions of it as are not expended in the generation of new wood and bark, join, during the spring and autumn, the ascending current in the wood, into which it passes by the medullary processes. As the autumn approaches, however, and the ascending sap is no longer expended in generating new leaves and blossoms, or young shoots, that fluid concentrates in a concrete state in the sap wood of the tree, as in the tuber of the potatoe, and the bulb of the tulip, and joints of the grasses, whence it is washed out in the spring, to form a new layer of bark and wood, to form leaves, and feed the blos soms and fruit.-Cal. Hort. Soc. Mem. vol. 11, p. 258.

To stop the bleeding of vines, Mr. Knight takes four parts of scrap ed cheese, and one of calcined oyster shells, or chalk burnt to lime. This is to be pressed into the pores of the wood. In this way the longest branch may be taken off at any season with safety.-Ib. 261.

Melons. Mr. Knight says the green fleshed and Salonica, or white fleshed, are alone worth cultivating.-Ib. 163.

The grasses.-Their relative nutritious properties are indicated by the joints they contain-these abounding in concrete sap. Thus the fiorin, which contains many joints, is highly nutritious, and almost as much so if gathered in winter as if gathered in summer.

Transpiration of vegetables is greatest in spring and autumn, when the temperature is variable-(Knight) and is greater or less, according to the texture of the leaves, the soft and spongy displaying far the greatest powers, with regard to the elevation of the sap-the apple,

the elm, oak, chesnut, &c. having glassy leaves, from one to two inches, and the evergreens scarcely affecting it.-Davy's Ag. p. 214.

The son of a farmer, arrived at years of discretion, might with a lit-peach, quince, walnut, &c. raising the mercury from 3 to 6 inchesthe instruction, be enabled to keep a journal, which would tend very much to benefit him, as well as to improve the profits of the farm. A preliminary step is to make a schedule of the stock and implements In grasses, as well as in perennial trees, and shrubs, there is more upon the farm, and to designate the different enclosures, as A. B. C. soluble matter in winter than in summer, and its specific gravity is &c. with their contents in acres. Let him note down daily, the expen-heavier than in summer, in consequence of the nutritive matter which ditures in labor, money, &c. for each field, the increase or diminution nature lays up for the wants of the plant in spring.-Davy, 223. of stock, the products of each field, and its value for market or home consumption. This journal may be posted into a ledger, where each field may be charged with the expenditures made upon it, and credited the value of the products. Deduct the lesser from the greater sum. and the balance is the profit or loss. Continue the account with this field through a course of crops, and from the general result, you will be able to judge of the crops and courses best adapted to the soil and the market with a degree of certainty, and of the stock most profitable to be kept upon the farm.

FLAX CULTURE.

In a summer tour through West New-York, we saw large and numerous fields of flax in Seneca and Tompkins, cultivated merely for the seed, the fibre of the flax being not deemed worth getting out for market. We confess this struck with astonishment, after having published, in our April No. of this crop producing, in Jefferson, more than a ton of dressed flax the acre, and knowing it to be worth, to the manufacturer, from 180 to $220 per ton, at the manufactory. Mr. J. O Dey, of

this city, has purchased several tons, for a manufacturer, of water rot-an intrinsic value of fifty dollars to every ton of stems-and it amount. ted hemp, at 11 cents per lb. which is $220 per ton. We have been ad-ed, we think probable, to some hundreds of tons. It stands the manu. vised, that this indifference to the flax crop, or rather to the flax, arises facturer at least in hand, to inquire into the character of these ma. from a want of knowledge of the process of water rotting, and to the chines, and to procure their introduction into the country. tedious operation of dressing it by hand. We are disposed to give instructions upon the first head, and beg that some gentleman, acquainted with the best process of extracting the fibre from the shive, will assist us to do it on the other, in the hope of preventing the further waste of a material essential to our manufactures and our comfort. The process of water rotting flax is simple, and lasts but 10 or 12 days. It consists in preparing a pool or pond, near a stream, or where water is at command, of sufficient capacity, into which the water may be introduced, and suffered to become warm. The flax is placed in this in small bundles, and kept beneath the surface by boards or plank and weights, until, by repeated examinations after the 7th day, it is found that the fibre will separate freely, when it is taken out, unbound and spread evenly upon the grass a few days to dry and bleach; and for coarse fabrics, it need only be suffered to dry.

Compost. Mixing farm-yard dung, in a state of fermentation, with earth, in which there is much inert vegetable matter, as the banks of old ditches, or what is collected from the sides of lanes, &c. [or from marshes and swamps] will bring this inert dead matter, consisting of the roots of decayed grasses and other plants, into a state of putridity and solubility, and prepare it for nourishing the crops of plants it may be applied to, in the very manner it acts on peat. Dung, however, mixed with earth, taken from rich arable fields which have been long manured and cultivated, can have no effect as manure to other land that the same dung and earth would not produce applied separately; because there is generally no inert matter in this description of earth to be rendered soluble.-Loudon. Mr. Loudon, in the last part of the sentence must allude to fermented manure-as the earth, in a compost of unfer It may be well to add, that flax does best on a light wheat soil per-mented manure, will become enriched by the gases, if not the liquids, fectly pulverized,—that it should be put in with a bush harrow, and given off by the fermenting mass. Hence one advantage of covering then rolled. An Irish report upon the culture of flax, recommends an unfermented manure heaps with earth. The compost, to be sure, is open, black, loamy soil, enriched by having lain long in pasture, as be-easiest made in the soil, and in the field.

ing superior to a clay, or any other soil; and that either on the first or second crop after pasture, they have always found it to do better than after potatoes or turnips.

The sheaves, being made small, are placed in the pit, crosswise upon each other, until the pile rises to within six inches of the surface, when it is strewed with rushes, straw or any coarse rubbish, and loadwith blocks or stone to keep them down or suspended. The pit should not exceed six feet in depth, as otherwise it will not acquire the requisite or uniform warmth; the water should be clear and soft, though stagnant during the rotting process-the steeping being designed to ef fect a partial rotting by means of fermentation. The pit should not be shaded, as the sun and air should freely act upon it. The water in which flax has been steeped should not be given to cattle; but it affords a good liquid manure. Mr. Billings says, in his Survey of Somersetshire, that he has found its effects, when applied to pasture lands by watering carts, to advance the land in value ten shillings per acre. He considered it superior to animal urine. It derives its fertilizing properties from the gummy matter separated from the flax in the steeping

process.

Jerusalem Artichoke.-We are induced to speak of this root, because we have seen it recommended for field culture in several journals, as a profitable article for cattle food. That it is a native of a warmer climate than ours, is evident from the fact, that its seeds never mature with us, and in some seasons the blossoms scarcely expand. But it is, nevertheless, readily propagated by the tubers, which remain in the soil uninjured by frost during our most intense winters. This root was once extensively cultivated in Europe, but its culture gave way to that of the potato. As it grows to a height of six or ten feet, the intervals between the plants require to be farther apart than is usual with the potato, though their product has been 500 bushels or more, to the acre. As compared with potatoes, they are watery, and inferior in their nutritive properties; and although they are greedily eaten by farm stock, they do not possess great fattening properties. The Germans use the stocks and leaves as forage. Though we do not think the culture of this plant an object where the potato or ruta baga thrive well, yet further south, where they do not do well, it might be advantagously introduced.

The Flemish mode of steeping flax, as described in Radcliffe's Flanders, is said to improve the quality of the lint greatly, to increase its whiteness, and to effect a saving of 10 per cent. in the product. It consists in placing the bundles in the steep vertically, instead of horizontally, as is the usual practice; in immersing the flax by means of transverse sticks, with that degree of weight annexed which shall not push it down to the bottom, but leave it the power to descend spontaneously towards the conclusion of the steepage; and of leaving at first a space of at least six inches between the bottom and the roots of the flax. The spontaneous descent of the flax is an indication of its being sufficiently steeped; and the strength and quality of the fibre are said to be much The Silk Business is rapidly progressing among us,—faster, we opine, better preserved by this mode, in which the temperature of the atmos- than is justified by our experience and a due regard to prudence. We phere acts with more force upon the upper part of the plant, which are in the height of a silk fever, and when the paroxysm abates, alcontaining the most gum, needs it most. Radcliffe gives the dimen- though some will lament their credulity, and abandon the pursuit, yet sions of a Flemish pool as two rods long, one rod wide, and six feet the business will ultimately progress, and become a source of individeep. Clear and soft water is preferred. dual and national wealth. We see only the fair side of the pictureLoudon speaks of a practice, of recent introduction in England, of the disappointed do not publish their opinions. Like all other business, breaking and dressing both hemp and flax without rotting; and he gives it requires intelligence, and prudence, and experience, to ensure suca drawing of Hill and Bundy's machines for performing the process, cess. But our object, when we began this article, was simply to state, without describing them or their mode of operation; but he does not that several successful attempts have been made in obtaining two crops leave us to doubt of its being a great improvement, calculated to abridge in a season. To effect this, the eggs should be exposed to a proper greatly the labor and expense of the process. "The machines are por- temperature for hatching, as soon as the leaves of the mulberry are table," says he," and may be worked in barns or any kind of out-hou-sufficiently developed to nourish the worms, say 10th to 15th of May. ses; they are also well calculated for work-houses or charitable institu- In forty or fifty days thereafter, the worms will have completed their tions; a great part of the work being so light that it may be done by labor, and the moth have laid its eggs. By exposing these, a new gechildren and infirm persons; and such is the construction and simplicity neration of worms will come forth in July. of the machines, that no previous instruction or practice is required. The woody part of the hemp or flax is removed by a very simple ma- An Improvement in Tanning.-The tanning process is likely to be chine; and, by passing through a second machine equally simple, the greatly cheapened and expedited, by a recent improvement, patented flax may be brought to any degree of fineness, equal to the best used in by Messrs. Bells, of Virginia. The improvement consists in freeing France and the Netherlands, for the finest lace and cambric. The ori- the hide, as a preliminary measure, from grease, and every useless subginal length of the fibre, as well as its strength, remain unimpaired; stance, by mechanical pressure, by means of rollers passing over them and the difference in the product is immense, being near two-thirds—||when drawn from the vats. They then imbibe the tanning readily, and one ton of flax being produced from four tons of stems. The expense the whole process is completed in from two to eight weeks. of working each ton obtained by this method is only five pounds [about $22.] The glutinous matter may be removed by soap and water only, which will bring the flax to such perfect whiteness, that no further bleaching is necessary, even after the linen is woven; and the whole process of preparing flax may be completed in six days."-Enc. of Ag. p. 850. Hill and Bundy's machines, according to this veritable author, would have given to the immense quantity of flax thrown away in the west,

Morus Multicaulis.-Gideon B. Smith, of Baltimore, says he has many inquiries "how to preserve the morus multicaulis from injury from win ter weather." Thus it would seem, that even in the mild climate of Maryland, this plant is liable to be injured by the frosts of winter. Mr. Smith very properly advises, that it be there planted on high dry ground, where the growth will be moderate, and the wood matured. We advise, that in this latitude, the plants be cut down to near the ground, in the Belgian mode, and the stumps covered in winter, at least till the roots have become strong, and the plants well established.

PRESERVATION OF FRUIT.

Our holiday rounds have afforded ample proof of the efficacy of cotton in preserving fruits, in their natural state, for a long time after their natural period of decay. We have seen and tasted black Hamburgh, sweet water and Isabella grapes, in this year 1837, as fresh and plump as they were when plucked from the vines in September or October, preserved in cotton, according to the directions given in the Cultivator

3. It will grow on all wheat soils; but on clay, if rich, better than on light sand and better on a moist soil than on a dry one. 4. Spring wheat should be sown upon well prepared ground, as early as the season will admit, and escape the severe frosts of spring; and should have a peck more of seed to the acre than would be required for autumn sowing.

5. We have had several inquiries for seed of the Florence wheat; and we have made inquiries for it at Rome, hitherto without success. The answer is, that there is grain enough, but that it is too foul to vend for seed-a poor compliment to the farmers of Rome. We however, hope to see some in market in the spring. Other kinds, however, of spring wheat may probably be obtained from G. C. Thorburn, seedsman New-York,or of Joseph Beck &Co. seedmen, Boston, before the navigation of the Hudson is open. The price will be from $2.50 to $3 per bushel.

It is extensively cultivated in the south of Europe, a warmer climate itself, secured from the tread of cattle, will go nearly twice as far, and than that of Doe Run; it is almost exclusively grown in Lower Cana- (these important hints cannot be too often repeated,) the cattle may be da, and is the principal wheat grown in the northern part of New-York,|| kept secure, and quiet in the shade, free from every annoyance. Upon in Vermont, &c. Its culture is extended as the country becomes more farms destitute of the great convenience of ox houses or yards, light cleared, and exposed to the inclemency of winter. sheds run up in temporary enclosures, near to the grass intended to be cut, will prove entirely sufficient. The cattle will fill themselves, lie down quietly to ruminate, and under the same circumstances, will improve much more quickly than if they had the liberty to graze. Nor does here lie any objection as in the case of milch cows. It will appear in experimental calculation, that the extra expense of cutting, carry and attendance, is most amply repaid; in fact, that a very consi derable additional profit is realized."-Lawrence on Cattle. Feeding. All cattle should be maintained in a progressive state of improvement; for if they remain stationary, there is a loss of interest of money and of time; if they go backward, there is a positive loss of property, with the additional prospective disadvantage of injury to the animals, of delay, and of difficulty in regaining their former plight. Should this irregularity be repeated, it is probable, the far greater share of the expected profit of grazing, will be found, on a fair calculation, to be sunk. Duly apportioning the stock to the quantity of food, and regular feeding, are the life and soul of cattle keeping. Ofttimes you will see store pigs running about a man's yard, which are, alternately in high condition, and as thin as greyhounds. He ought to recollect, that whenever he suffers them to lose flesh, he has thrown away the greater part of that provision which was the cause of their improvement. The golden rule respecting quantity, is, as much as a beast can eat with a vigorous appetite; all beyond that important criterion, is so much lost to the proprietor, and not improbably an impediment to thrift in the animal. Here is the foundation of a good argument in favor of the re3. Is the white thorn a good stock to engraft the pear on? Ans.-Itmoval of that which the animal leaves, that it may not remain to be is not. The graft overgrows the stock, is too dwarfish and short lived. contaminated by his breath, to disgust him, and to pall his appetite.— Our native thorn is as good as the white thorn, though neither serve Ib. so well for dwarfs as the quince, and that at best is short lived. The "Cattle well summered are half wintered." So says Lisle. And breaking varieties of the pear should not be put on either; the flesh of Lawrence adds, "cattle well wintered are half summered." the butter pears (beurres) is rendered more solid by working them on quince stocks. Dwarf trees on the quince, generally bear earlier, and more abundantly, than when on pear stocks.

QUERIES BY W. W. BOSTWICK-AND ANSWERS.

1, Do you find the Flemish pears all adapted to our climate? Answer. They appear to be as hardy as our old varieties.

2. Do they answer, in the character of their fruit here, the high expectations formed of them. Ans.-But comparatively few of them have yet fruited here sufficiently to enable us to speak with a confidence. Some have proved to be first quality-and some of only second or third quality. These new varieties are particularly esteemed as furnishing a succession of table fruit, for summer, autumn, winter and spring, which the old varieties did not afford.

4. Does the apple, either the common or native crab, answer for a stock to engraft the pear on? Ans.-It does not answer.

5. Would a warm dry, gravelly soil, with a north western exposure, be a good soil and aspect for the pear? Ans.-The first would depend upon the quality of the gravel—it should be somewhat argillaceous, and we think calcareous, to suit the pear. We do not think the aspect of much moment at Hammondsport, otherwise than as it may influence the maturing of the fruit.

6. Have you most of the Flemish pears in your collection-and have they borne? Ans. We have most of the best varieties. We have been in the habit of receiving them annually—and last spring imported 5000 plants, of select varieties, new and old, from London. Trees seldom bear fruit in museums.

The cultivation of the pear, on soils adapted to its growth, and where the fruit can be sent to market, would, after a few years, be a most profitable business. Good fruit always commands a high price; the trees are long lived, and yield generally a heavy burthen. The vergaleu ordinarily sells at $2.50 to $3 per bushel, has been as high as $17|| the bbl; and the winter and spring table fruit would probably sell as high, were it in market.

Bones.-David Foote, of Westchester, asks the price of grinding bones for manure, a description of the machine for grinding them, and what they are worth when ground. The only bone mills in the United States are in the neigborhood of New-York. We have not seen and cannot well describe them. We have had many loads crushed in a plaster mill, and paid for this one shilling a bushel. The price of bone dust in Great Britain is 2s. 6d. and sometimes 3s. 6d. sterling per bushel. At Long Island we believe they are somewhat cheaper. Mr. Foote recommends a slope in stable floors, of 4 of an inch to the foot, inclining from the manger.

CATTLE AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY.

Opinions of eminent Breeders, Graziers, &c. collected and condensed for
the Cultivator.
"Fattening cattle for beef, is well known to be performed, by graz.
ing them at liberty in the pastures, and stall-feeding them at home.
The latter is most commonly practised, in the winter season, but it is
equally practicable and beneficial in summer: and the universal ne-
glect of so certain a mean for the acquisition of so great and uncommon
profit, must go to the account of our indolence, or our unaccountable
prejudices. The success of fattening oxen by mowing the green meat
(grass) of whatever kind, during the summer, has been often and fully
ascertained. The meadows and pastures are thus preserved, and may
be manured to infinitely greater purpose, by the saving made of dung
and urine, and their superior condition and quality; and the herbage

Cattle left out late in the fall, should be foddered early in the morning, and not compelled to eat grass with the hoar frost upon it, which indeed they dislike.-Lisle.-This caution is of particular importance in the north, where vast numbers of cattle and sheep perish annually from disorders occasioned by receiving congealed water into their stomachs.-Lawrence.

When a beast is fat, he will show himself so to the eye, by a roll of fat as big as one's fist, which, when he walks, moves itself forward, before his shoulder; such a roll of fat may likewise be seen in his flanks.-Virgil.

Cow to be dried within two months of her calving, as, to milk her longer, most certainly impoverishes both cow and calf, to a far greater amount than the value of the milk. All young animals, well kept, are the better for it ever after; heifers come to the pail earlier for it, and bullocks fatten earlier.--Lisle.

The first calf of an heifer best for rearing; the reason alleged, that the cow could not be reduced by milk during gestation. Late fallen calves, in May and June, never so hardy when grown up, or bear the winters so well, as those dropped in March; the chief reason of this is, because late fallen calves must be weaned late, and as they always pitch, or fall away a little on weaning, the approach of winter prevents their recovery; and nothing afterwards makes amends.-Lisle.

Fir branches. "I was so pinched last spring for provender to cattle, that I had not a stone of straw or hay from the middle of March; nothing but whins and oats for horses, and fir tops (that is, tender shoots of firs) for cattle; and I had 430 horned cattle, and about 120 horses, small and great, of which I lost but four or five; but there were numbers of cattle that died in this country for want. Some lost one-half, and some almost the whole. As many branches were lopped off as would suffice for a day. Lord Townsend applied plantation thinnings (boughs and leaves of trees) to like purpose, and with equal success. Some of the sheep which scoured, were recovered by the use of the trimmings and the bark. Sheep, cows and bullocks eat the leaves and small twigs. They prefer the trees in the following order,-ash, Scotch fir, oak."-Annals of Ag. v. v. There is no doubt but cattle will subsist upon browse, and that evergreens are particularly congenial to the wants of sheep in the winter.

Stall-feeding cows in summer. John Collet, in a communication to the British Board of Agriculture, states that he stall-fed 30 cows, 1 bull, 4 calves and 5 horses, in the summer, from 15 acres of clover, sown the preceding year. Two men and two maids sufficed to tend them. The nett produce of the season, in butter, from June to October, was £19 10s. each cow (nearly 90 dollars.)

The breeds and crosses placed in rotation, according to the quantity of food they eat-1. Holderness; 2. Devon and Holderness cross; 3. Long horns; 4. Devon and Long horns; 5. Devonshire; 6. Devon and Alderney cross; 7. Alderney.

The Devon and Holderness crossed, produce a valuable stock, (very

much resembling the Herefordshire cattle) of a large size, hardy, kind
feeders, and the meat of an excellent quality.
The Devon and Long horn cross are not so large as the former, but
very hardy, are kind feeders, and the meat of a good quality.

The Devon and Alderney crossed, produces a very valuable stock, of a moderate size, much improved in symmetry, hardy, have a great propensity to fatten at an early age, even upon indifferent food, and the meat very rich.

Tables of experiments made at the Earl of Chesterfield's Dairy.

Shewing the produce of three milkings from one cow of each of the open air when they please, and are fed from racks that do not admit stated breeds and crosses.

Showing the produce of five quarts of milk, taken from the milkings of of ordinary capacity should engage in the humble and despised occufive different cows of each of the stated breeds and crosses.

Butter. Pressed. Cheese Curd ture.
Ounces. lbs.