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Trees and rocks, fertile, New England. A small rock-form occurs (N. aspera, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.), analogous to a similar one of N. resupinatum.

VI. PELTIGERA, Hoffm.

Apothecia orbiculate, peltæ form, plane, adnate to the upper side of elongated lobes of the thallus, or more rarely marginal; with a thin margin of the thallus. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, venose on the under side.

1. P. malacea, Ach. Thallus spongy, soft, smooth, round-lobed, fuscous-cinerascent, clothed on the under side with a dense blackish tomentum becoming white towards the margins; apothecia ascendant, rounded, margin crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

Mountainous districts; on the earth and on shrub firs near the limit of trees, and on rocks at lower elevations, White Mountains.

2. P. aphthosa, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, smooth, besprinkled with warts, bright green (and glaucescent); reticulated with blackish veins, and fibrillose on the under side; apoth. large, ascendant, round, with a somewhat lacerate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

Rocks among mosses, and on the earth. Common in mountain forests; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie; and Arctic America, Rich., R. Br.

3. P. canina, Hoffm. Th. membranaceous, flaccid, scrobiculate, subtomentose, fuscous-green (and cinerascent, and hoary); the under side whitish and reticulated with pale fuscous veins; apoth. ascendant, rounded, at length semi-revolute, vertical. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 45.

On the earth, rocks, and mossy trunks, common in New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Greenland, Gieseke.

4. P. rufescens, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, soft, subtomentose, cinereous-virescent (and cinereous, and rufescent); fuscous-fibrillose on the under side, and reticulated with black-fuscous veins; lobes rather narrow, with elevated and crisped margins; apoth. at length vertical, oblong, revolute. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 46. Peltidea spuria, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.

On the earth, rocks, and trunks among mosses; New England. Thallus smaller and thicker than in the last.

5. P. polydactyla, Hoffm. Th. papyraceous, very smooth, shining, plumbeous-virescent (and gray), on the under side almost naked, reticulated with spongy fuscous veins; (fertile lobules often very numerous ;) apoth. ascending, finally revolute. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 46. — p. scutata, Fr.; margins often crisped (or powdery); apoth. at first transversely oblong, at length erect and revolute. Fr. 1. c. Peltidea scutata, Ach.

Rocks and trunks among mosses, abundant in mountain forests; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. The variety may be taken for the next species, which has a different thallus. P. reticulata, Hook. ms. (herb. Borr. !), from the Northwest Coast, is near this, but apparently a distinct species. I have not seen the description.

6. P. horizontalis, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, lacunulose, smooth, fuscous-virescent; the under side reticulated with black veins; apoth. transversely oblong, plane, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 47.

Rocks and trunks, among mosses, less common than the last; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Margins of the thallus sometimes crisped,and the under side scarcely venose (var. lophyra, Ach.).

7. P. venosa, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous (small), fan-shaped, simple, green (and cinereous); white on the under side, and variegated with fuscous-black, divaricately branched veins; apoth. adnate to the thallus, round, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48.

On the earth, in woods. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey! Northwest Coast, Menzies !

VII. SOLORINA, Ach.

Apothecia suborbiculate, depressed, adnate to the disk of the thallus, covered originally with a thin membrane, which forms at length an evanescent margin, subgelatinous within.' Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, foliaceous, venose or lanuginous beneath.

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Eschweiler (Syst. p. 21, & Lich. Brasil. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1833, p. 60) considers this genus very distinct from Peltigera in the peculiar evolution of its apothecia. The apothecia of some species of Peltigera are indeed velate, and this is the case with nearly all, according to Fries; but these groups differ also in their thecæ, as shown by Eschweiler and by Feé, and in a somewhat different habit. Montagne (Bot. Zeitung,

1, p. 476), Flotow (Ibid. p. 613), Feé (Crypt. Exot. 1. c.), and J. D. Hooker (Lich. Antarct. in Hook. Jour. Bot.) have enlarged the present genus by the addition of some interesting tropical and other species.

1. S. crocea, Ach. Thallus coriaceous, lobed, obscurely green becoming cinnamon-colored; on the under side saffron-colored, with rather obscure, branched, anastomosing veins; apothecia applanate, immarginate, dark-chestnut. Ach. Syn. p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48. On the earth, Arctic America. Greenland, Dill. North of Point Lake, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !).

2. S. saccata, Ach. Th. membranaceous, subimbricate, from green becoming greenish-cinerascent; on the under side whitish and fibrillose; apoth. applanate, finally saccate-depressed, blackish-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 49.

Rocks (limestone), New York, B. D. Greene, Esq. Newfoundland, Pylaie. Northward to Bear Lake, Herb. Hook.! Solorina orbiculata, Menz. herb.! from the Pacific coast, appeared to me a distinct, but I believe it is an undescribed species.

VIII. STICTA, Ach.

Apothecia scutelliform, adnate to the margin or disk of the thallus, somewhat oblique, the margin free beneath. Disk at first closed, nucleiform; becoming at length elevated and explanate. Thallus expanded from a centre, foliaceous, coriaceous-cartilagineous, lobate, villous on the under side, and having on this side small, regular urceolate cavities (cyphella), or where these are wanting soredia, or discolored spots.

A mostly tropical genus, with many West Indian and South American species, some of which are represented in the extreme southern parts of the United States.

1. S. aurata, Ach. Thallus subcoriaceous, reddish-brick-colored; on the under side lanuginous, reddish-yellow at the circumference, and besprinkled with small, irregular, often sorediiform, yellow cyphellæ ; lacinia rounded, sinuate-cut, the margins undulate, crisped, and yellowpulverulent; apothecia marginal, disk plane, fuscous-red, margin inflexed.' Delis. Stict. p. 49.

Among mosses on rocks and trees. (Southern States! and Texas! infertile.) Ohio? The Southern Lichen probably occurs within our limits.

2. S. crocata, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, scrobiculate, greenishglaucous-fuscescent; on the under side lanuginous, liver-colored at the circumference, with minute, pale-lemon-colored cyphella; laciniæ short, rounded, crenulate, with yellowish-pulverulent margins; apoth. scattered, fuscous-black.' Delis. Stict. p. 56.

Rocks among mosses, New England, infertile; less common in the Northern mountains. S. Feei, Delis. 1. c. p. 44, from North America, is perhaps a Southern species.

3. S. sylvatica, Ach. Th. coriaceous-membranaceous, laciniate-lobed, lacunulose, greenish-fuscous; tomentose, and subfuscous-cinerascent beneath, with urceolate, whitish cyphella; lobes somewhat truncate, rounded, crenulate; apoth. marginal, peltate, rufous-fuscous.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 51.

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Rocks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhl., New York, Halsey. S. fuliginosa, Ach., differs principally in its round-lobed, rugose fronds, frequently isidioid-efflorescent, and its (normal) sessile, orbiculate apothecia. The described apothecia of S. sylvatica depend upon the figures of Dillenius, Wulfen, &c. The species is now unknown in a fertile state.

4. S. quercizans, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, laciniate, plane, pale-rufous-fuscous; somewhat tomentose, and subfuscous-nigrescent beneath, with urceolate (membranaceous), whitish cyphellæ ; lobes subimbricate, oblong, rounded, crenulate; ' apoth. scattered, disk somewhat concavoplane, with a thin entire margin.' Delis. Stict. p. 84. Lobaria, Michx.

Pennsylvania, Herb. Montagne! Mossy rocks, New York, Russell! The specimens from Mr. Russell seem to me to differ from S. sylvatica in the characters indicated by Delise, and to agree with his S. quercizans, as they also do with my brief notes on the specimen (from Carolina) in herb. Michaux. S. Beauvoisii, Delis. 1. c. p. 83, constituted on a North American Lichen, seems hardly distinct from the present.

5. S. scrobiculata, Ach. Th. coriaceous, suborbiculate, lax, scrobiculate, leaden-gray (and glaucescent); lanuginous on the under side, with naked, white spots; laciniæ rounded, somewhat entire (commonly sorediiferous); apoth. scattered, from rufous becoming fuscous.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 53.

Trunks, and rocks among mosses, New England; infertile. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie. S. limbata, Ach., a species resembling this, but with urceolate, true cyphellæ, very possibly occurs with us.

6. S. anthraspis, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, lacu

nose-reticulate, broadly round-lobed, cinereous-virescent; rugulose and somewhat villous beneath, with small, white, sorediiform cyphellæ ; lobes somewhat crenate; apoth. scattered, disk at length convex, black, and excluding the entire thalline margin. Ach. Syn. p. 233.

On the earth, among mosses; Northwest Coast, Menzies! New York, Halsey. The upper surface resembling that of S. pulmonaria.

7. S. pulmonaria, Ach. Th. coriaceous, lax, lacunose-reticulate, dark green (and olivaceous); tomentose on the under side, with naked, white spots; laciniæ elongated, discrete, sinuate-lobed, retuse-truncate; apoth. submarginal, rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 53. Lichen pulmonarius, L.

Trunks in mountain forests, fertile. Also on rocks, where various sterile forms are found. Among these is S. linita, Ach., quoted by Delise as from the United States, which has occurred at the White Mountains, with all the features of the Swiss Lichen. New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Newfoundland, Pylaie.

8. S. glomerulifera, Delis. Th. coriaceous-cartilagineous, thick, orbicular, appressed, smooth, from pale green becoming glaucescent; villous on the under side, with scattered, excavated cyphella (which are often wanting); laciniæ elongated, sinuate-lobed; apoth. scattered, dark-reddish-chestnut, with a rugose, persistent margin. Delis. Stict. p. 129. Tuckerm. Further Enum. 1. c. Parmelia, Ach.

Trunks of trees, and rocks, fertile; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. in herb. Willd.! Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie. The green glomerules of the European Lichen always wanting in ours. Young plants of this species may be taken for the next.

9. S. herbacea, Ach. Th. membranaceous, appressed, smooth, obscurely green (and glaucescent); on the under side paler, lanuginous, the membranaceous, hoary cyphellæ rare; laciniæ sinuate-repand, rounded at the apices; apoth. scattered, rufous, margin crenulate. Ach. Syn. p. 341. Parmelia, Ach. Syn. p. 198.

Trunks and rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

IX. PARMELIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia scutelliform, orbicular, adnate horizontally to the disk of the thallus, with an equal thalline margin. Disk at first connivent

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