upward from a thick base, verrucose with subsquamaceous granules. Ach. Lichenogr. p. 535.

On the earth, &c., very common and variable; New England, and westward. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to the Saskatchawan, &c., Rich.; Greenland, Gieseke; and Melville Island, R. Br. — ß, in moist crevices of rocks in the mountains of New England; perhaps the handsomest state of the species. A frequent railLichen (Boomyces scolecinus, Ach., Pycnothelia scol., Tuckerm. Lich. N. E.) is a degeneration. Infertile states are easily confounded with similar states of several other species.

6. C. gracilis, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia cartilagineous-corticate, polished; scyphi somewhat plane; apoth. fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 218.a. verticillata, Fr. ; podetia shorter, all scyphiferous; scyphi dilated, plane, proliferous for the most part from the centre. Fr. 1. c. C. verticillata, Hoffm. Floerk.! Clad. p. 26. p. cervicornis, Auct.; th. of conspicuous, elongated, erectish, naked, dark-green squamules; podetia as in the next, of which this is the macrophylline state. -7. hybrida, Fr.; podetia longer and larger, mostly scyphiferous; scyphi dilated, and commonly proliferous from the margin. Fr. l. c. — 8. elongata, Fr.; podetia elongated, mostly subulate or furcate; scyphi diminished, somewhat concave. Fr. ! 1. c. Cenomyce gracilis, Ach. Cladonia, Hoffm. Floerk.! Clad. p. 30. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. l. c. Lichen, L. vermicularis, Auct.; podetia papyraceous, prostrate, subulate, subsimple, imperforate, white. C. vermicularis, DC. C. subuliformis, Hoffm. Tuckerm. 1. c. -** taurica, Auct.; podetia papy. raceous, erectish, ventricose, ramose, white. C. taurica, Hoffm. C. subuliformis, p. taurica, Tuckerm. l. c.

On the earth, most perfect, and in all the varieties, on high mountains; being an alpine state, but descending; and and ** alpine degenerations. New England and westward. New York (a), Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to Point Lake, &c., Rich.; and Greenland, Gieseke.

7. C. degenerans, Floerk. Th. squamulose; podetia cartilagineouscorticate, irregularly proliferous-ramose (glabrous or granulate-furfuraceous), more or less squamulose-exasperate, green-pallescent, becoming

"Apothecia lateralia, sparsa, atra, thallo innata, eoque submarginata, apoth. Roccellæ aliquo modo accedentia," were observed by Brown in some Arctic American specimens of * (R. Br. in Parry's First Voy. App. p. 307).

blackish and white-spotted at the base; scyphi irregular, cristate-lacerate; apoth. fuscous. Floerk.! Clad. p. 41. Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 221. Cenomyce gonorega, Ach. — ß; scyphi digitately divided into fastigiate branches, and becoming carious with age. Fr. 1. c. Cenomyce cariosa, Ach.

On the earth; common in New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. (Southward to Virginia, Dill.)

8. C. fimbriata, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia cylindrical, the whole membranaceous epidermis deliquescing into a fine, glaucous-candicant dust; scyphi cupulaform with an erect margin; apoth. fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 222. Lichen fimbriatus, L.-a; podetia short, all scyphiferous; scyphi somewhat dentate; apoth. simple. Fr. l. c. Dill. Musc. t. 14, f. 8. Lichen fimbriatus, a, L.-B. tubaformis, Fr.; podetia elongated, mostly scyphiferous; scyphi somewhat entire; apoth. symphycarpeous. Fr. l. c. Lichen fimbriatus, ß, L.— y. radiata, Fr. ; podetia elongated, subulate, or the scyphi proliferous-subulate, or obliterated and radiate-fimbriate. Fr. l. c. Lichen fimbriatus, y, L.

On the earth, common in mountainous districts, and fertile; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

9. C. cornuta, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia cylindrical, somewhat ventricose, the epidermis cartilagineous and persistent below, membranaceous and becoming powdery-deliquescent above; scyphi narrowed, rather plane, with an incurved, somewhat entire margin; apoth. fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 225. Lichen cornutus, L.

Trunks among mosses, dead wood, &c., in the mountains of New England; fertile.

10. C. decorticata, Floerk. Th. squamulose; podetia slender, cylindrical, the submembranaceous epidermis separating into furfuraceous scales, pulverulent; scyphi narrowed or obsolete; apoth. fuscous. Floerk.! Clad. p. 10. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 226. — ß. symphycarpea, Fr. ; podetia somewhat simple; apoth. symphycarpeous. Fr. l. c.-y. (ramosa), Fr.; podetia branched, subulate, sterile. Fr. 1. c.

On the earth, in mountainous districts. White Mountains; fertile. Distinguishable from similar decorticate, symphycarpeous states of C. pyxidata by its pulverulence.

** Perviæ, Fr. Podetia not passing into closed scyphi, but the axils

and apices dilated-infundibuliform, or simply perforate in the more slender, much-branched forms.

11. C. cenotea, Schær. Th. squamulose, dissected; podetia dichotomous-brachiate, membranaceous-corticate, at length finely glaucous-pruinose; axils and fertile apices dilated, infundibuliform, with incurved margins; apoth. sessile, from pale becoming fuscous.' Fr.! Lichenogr. (sub C. brachiata), p. 228. C. cenotea, Schær. Spicil. p. 35. Floerk.! Clad. p. 135. Bæomyces dein Cenomyce, Ach. -a; turgid; axils and apices as above. Fr. 1. c.-B. furcellata, Fr. ; slender, fruticulose; branches subulate, axils perforate. Fr. l. c.

On the earth, in mountainous districts. White Mountains; as yet infertile.

12. C. parasitica, Schær. Th. squamulose, narrowly erose-laciniate and granulate-pulverulent; podetia delicate, at length besprinkled with scales and granules, divided above into short, somewhat incrassated branches; apoth. minute (often symphycarpeous), fuscous. Schar.! Spicil. p. 37. Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm. C. delicata, Floerk.! Clad. p. 7. C. squamosa, var. delicata, Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 231.

Decaying logs, common in mountainous districts; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. (Cf. Fries, l. c.)

13. C. squamosa, Hoffm. Th. squamulose, dissected, often somewhat pulverulent; podetia branched, lacunose, at length decorticate, and exasperate with squamaceous granules; axils pervious, denticulate; apoth. cymose, fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 231.a. ventricosa, Fr.; podetia ventricose; axils and apices dilated-infundibuliform. Fr.! 1. c. Cenomyce sparassa, Ach. Cladonia, Floerk.! Clad. p. 129. -ß. attenuata, Fr.; podetia more slender, attenuate, axils pervious, apices subulate. Fr. l. c.

On the earth, decaying logs, and stones, most perfect and frequent in mountainous districts; New England.

14. C. furcata, Floerk. Th. squamulose, somewhat dissected; podetia dichotomous-fruticulose, cartilagineous-corticate, polished, greenish-fuscous ; axils and fertile apices pervious; apoth. pedicellate, from pale becoming fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 229. Floerk. Clad. p. 141. -a. crispata, Fl. ; turgid; axils and apices infundibuliform. Floerk.! 1. c. p. 148. Fr.! 1. c.-B. cristata, Fr. ; somewhat turgid; obliquely dilated and fimbriate-cristate at the axils; the apices cristate-ramulose.

Fr. l. c. Dill. Musc. p. 544, & Icon, t. 82, f. 1. — y. racemosa, Floerk.; podetia elongated, turgescent, ramose, and, as well as the axils, gaping; branches recurved or erect, fertile ones explanate. Floerk. ! 1. c. p. 152. Fr. ! l. c. 8. subulata, Floerk. ; podetia elongated, more slender, with subpertuse axils; apices of the fertile ones cloven; branches erectish, or also recurved, or divergent. Floerk.! 1. c. p. 143. Fr. 1. c.-. pungens, Ach. ; small, cæspitose, very much and intricately branched, fragile, pallescent or whitish-cinereous. Fr. l. c. C. pungens, Floerk. l. c. p. 156. C. rangiformis, Hoffm.

On the earth, common; most perfect in mountainous regions; New England to Ohio. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. — 3. Pennsylvania, Dill.. Greenland, Floerke.

15. C. rangiferina, Hoffm. Th. crustaceous, evanescent; podetia fruticulose, trichotomously and very much branched, somewhat tomentose, cinerascent; axils subperforate; sterile apices nodding, fertile ones erect, cymose; apoth. fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 243. Floerk.! Clad. p. 160.. sylvatica, Floerk.; slender, smoother, pale-strawcolored. Floerk. Clad. p. 167. Fr. l. c. y. alpestris, Floerk. ; softish, the branches and branchlets very densely thyrsoid-entangled. Floerk. Clad. p. 165. Fr. l. c.

On the earth, common everywhere, and fertile; New England. New York (a, s, and 7), Halsey. Pennsylvania, Dill. Northward to Canada, Michaux; Greenland, Gieseke; and elsewhere in Arctic America, Rich., R. Br.

Series 3. Ochroleuca, Fr. Podetia ochroleucous; at length fuscous-cerulescent at the base. Apothecia somewhat livid-fleshcolored, lutescent within.

16. C. carneola, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia membranaceouscorticate, at length finely pulverulent, ochroleucous, becoming fuscouscerulescent at the base, the scyphiferous ones turbinate; apoth. paleflesh-colored fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 233. – a; podetia turbinate, all scyphiferous, simple or proliferous. Fr. 1. c.8; podetia elongated-turbinate, with radiate, subulate prolifications. Fr. l. c. y. cyanipes, Fr.; podetia very long, cylindrical, simple, or the scyphi obliterated and passing into somewhat divaricate, sterilescent branches. Fr. 1. c. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 13.

On the earth; Arctic America. Greenland, Fries.

17. C. Despreaurii, Bory ms. Th. evanescent; podetia elongated, slender, cartilagineous-corticate, the epidermis separating below into bluish-white squamules, and becoming above finely granulate (not pulverulent), pale sulphureous, becoming bluish-fuscescent at the base; scyphi narrow, proliferous-radiate, or passing into and obliterated in sterilescent branchlets; apoth. minute, pale-flesh-colored fuscescent. Cenomyce Despreauxii, Bory, fide schedul. in herb. Berol.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains. Newfoundland, Bory!

18. C. amaurocræa, Floerk. Th. crustaceous, evanescent; podetia elongated, slender, polished, somewhat curved-decumbent, palestraw-colored; apices fuscous-black, those of the sterile podetia subulate, variously branched, of the scyphiferous ones irregularly proliferous-branched; scyphi narrow, oblique, margin dentate-radiate; apoth. pale-flesh-colored fuscescent. Floerk.! Clad. p. 119. Cenomyce oxyceras, Ach. Syn.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains, very luxuriant and fertile. Greenland, Floerke, and elsewhere in Arctic America, Rich.

19. C. Botrytis, Hoffm. Th. squamulose; podetia cylindrical, cartilagineous-corticate, verruculose, ochroleucous; somewhat divided into subfastigiate branches; apoth. pale-flesh-colored and pallescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 234.

On the earth, and decaying logs. New York, Halsey.

20. C. uncialis, Fr. Th. crustaceous, evanescent; podetia fruticulose, dichotomous, smooth, greenish-straw-colored; axils subperforate; sterile apices erect, blackish, fertile ones digitate-radiate; apoth. at first pale-flesh-colored, fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 244. Ach. Syn. p. 276. C. stellata, Schær. ! Spicil. 1, p. 42 (excl. 8). Floerk.! Clad. p. 171.a. humilior; shorter, more slender, and smooth, somewhat attenuate, the axils often imperforate. Fr. 1. c. Cenomyce uncialis, Ach. Lichenogr. Lichen uncialis, Auct.— ß. adunca, Ach.; taller, somewhat turgid, incrassated above; branches short, stellate-patent, the fertile ones cymose; axils gaping. Ach. l. c. p. 277. Fr. l. c. (a.) C. biuncialis, Hoffm. C. adunca, Ach. Lichenogr.-7. turgescens, Schær.; softish, turgid-incrassated, the branches subtruncate, fastigi ate. Schar. Spicil. 1, p. 308. Fr. l. c.

On the earth a, sands, and sterile pine woods (fertile?); -8, in