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apothecia appressed, obtusely marginate, glaucous-pruinose, white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 285.

On the earth upon mosses; Arctic America, Rich.

2. L. vesicularis, Ach. Cr. bullate-plicate, somewhat caulescent, from greenish becoming glaucous, radiculose at the base; apoth. free, peltate, obtusely marginate, at first pruinose, finally convex, naked; white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 286.

On the earth in alpine districts; Arctic America, Rich.

3. L. Wahlenbergii, Ach. Cr. suborbicular, gyrose-plicate, roundlobed at the circumference, from green becoming bright-yellow; hypoth. black; apoth. arising between the areolæ, obsoletely marginate, naked, black within.' Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 291. ICON, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 28.

Moist sides and crevices of rocks in alpine districts. On the Great Haystack, New Hampshire, infertile. Arctic America, Rich.

4. L. flavo-virescens, Fr. Cr. determinate, areolate-appressed, plicate, lobulate at the circumference, from greenish becoming yellow; apoth. adnate, with a thin margin, becoming at length convex, and excluding the margin, black within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 291. L. scabrosa, Ach. Meth.

On the earth in mountainous districts, often in company with Biatora Byssoides; White Mountains. According to Borrer (in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 178), L. citrinella, Ach., is the true Lichen flavo-virescens of Dickson, and the present species should bear the name given it by Acharius. Compare Fries, 1. c.

SECT. II. Thallus effuse, uniform.

Subsect. I. AREOLATE, Fr. Crust innate, originally areolate or becoming so. Hypothallus black.

* Saxicola.

5. L. albo-cærulescens, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, from bluish becoming whitish; apoth. produced from the crust, margin of the annular exciple thin, disk waxy, black, cerulescent-pruinose, white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 295. L. pruinosa, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c. — ß. immersa, Fr. ; cr. very thin, whitish, disappearing; apoth. small, oftener immersed in the rock. Fr. l. c. L. immersa, Ach.

Rocks and stones, especially granite and mica-slate; New England.

New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.- ß, limestone; New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

6. L. contigua, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, glaucous-white; apoth. produced from the crust; disk thick, horny, very black, at first glaucouspruinose, with a thick, discrete, plano-cupular, obtusely marginate, carbonaceous exciple. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 298.

Rocks and stones (granite), and often tinged ochraceous by the oxide of iron, in the mountains of New England.

7. L. variegata, Fr. Cr. at length areolate, glaucescent; the black, somewhat fimbriate hypothallus here and there prominent; apoth. produced from the crust, depressed, at first and often persistently glaucouspruinose, black within; disk from urceolate becoming explanate, and dilated, with a persistent, at first thin, coarctate, at length obtusish margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 303.

Maritime granite rocks; Arctic America, Fries.

8. L. lapicida, Ach. Cr. at length areolate-verrucose, from glaucous becoming cinereous-white; apoth. superficial, produced from the cortical layer, sessile, not pruinose, horny and cinerascent-black within, with an even, naked disk, and a thin, at length flexuous margin (or, the margin disappearing, finally confluent and irregular). Fr. Lichenogr. p. 306.

Rocks and stones (granite), in mountainous districts; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

9. L. atro-alba, Ach. Cr. somewhat areolate (the areola commonly discrete, verrucæform), opake, fuscous, and grayish-white; apoth. produced from the hypothallus, (small,) the obtuse margin scarcely discrete from the naked, at length somewhat umbonate disk. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 310.

Rocks and stones (granite); New England. New York, Halsey. The crust variable, and often nearly obsolete.

10. L. panaola, Ach., Fr. Areola of the crust verrucose, gray, variegated with rufescent tubercles; apoth. produced from the hypothallus; exciple cupular, with a persistent, obtuse margin; disk always plane, very black, cæsious-pruinose, white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 314. B. obscurata, Fr. ; areola thinner, applanate, somewhat contiguous, fuscescent. Fr. l. c. L. obscurata, Schar.! Spicil. p. 130. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.

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Rocks and stones in mountainous districts; White Mountains.

11. L. fusco-atra, Fr. Areola of the crust cartilagineous, applanate, olivaceous-fuscescent and fuscous, angulate, smooth and somewhat polished (or becoming dull and pallescent); apoth. produced from the hypothallus, appressed; disk plane, at first cinereous-pruinose, at length naked, with a thin, somewhat acute, at length flexuous margin; but the margin disappearing with age, and the apothecia often finally heaped and conglomerate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 316. L. fumosa, Ach. L. athrocarpa, Ach.

Rocks and stones in mountainous districts. New England. York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

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12. L. confluens, Schær. Cr. rimose-areolate, opake, cinerascentsmoke-colored; apoth. produced from the crust, appressed, somewhat contiguous (often confluent); margin not elevated, obtusish; disk always naked, very black, within cinerascent. Schar.! Spicil. p. 144. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 318.

Rocks and stones in mountainous and alpine districts; New England. New York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich., Hook.

13. L. Morio, Schær. Areola of the crust verrucose, shining, of a yellowish-copper-color, radiant at the circumference; apoth. produced from the thick, determinate, black hypothallus, minute, depressed, plane, becoming gyrose-plicate with age; margin thin; disk always naked, black within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 319. Schær. Spicil. p. 133.— p. coracina, Schær. ; crust (from the predominance of the hypothallus) cinerascent-black. Schar. ! l. c. Fr. l. c.

Rocks in alpine and subalpine districts; White Mountains.

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14. L. geographica, Schær. Cr. of somewhat confluent, bright-yellow areola; apoth. produced from the hypothallus, blackish within; margin of the cupular exciple thin; disk naked. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 326. Schar.! Spicil. p. 124. a. atro-virens, Schær.; areolæ verrucæ form, scattered in the hypothallus; apoth. immixed. Fr. 1. c. Schær. l. c.— B. contigua, Schær. ; areola applanate, confluent in a somewhat contiguous, chinky crust; apoth. immersed. Fr. 1. c. Schar. l. c.—y. alpicola, Schær.; areolæ applanate, coalescent and large, somewhat rugose, interruptedly covering the hypothallus; apoth. innate. Fr. l. c. Schær. l. c.

Rocks and stones (granite and mica-slate), in alpine and subalpine districts, and at lower elevations, in the mountains of New England. Newfoundland, Pylaie. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

** Corticolæ.

15. L. premneà, Ach. Cr. glaucescent, softish, deliquescing and leprous, obliterating the hypothallus; apoth. elevated; exciple cupular, with an obtuse margin; disk horny, very opake, and obsoletely blackpruinose, white within. Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 329. Patellaria leucoplaca, DC. Fl. Fr. 2, p. 347 (e Fr.).

Trunks and rails; New England. New York, Halsey.

16. L. parasema, Fr. Cr. somewhat leprous, glaucescent, becoming at length verrucose-areolate, somewhat limited by the black hypothallus; apoth. sessile, opake; exciple cupular, with a thin margin; disk horny, naked, very black. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 330. L. punctata, Floerk.! D. Lich. n. 81. Schar.! Helv. n. 197 – 199.

Trunks, and degenerant on dead wood; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich. A most common and widely diffused species, but all black apothecia with a thin or without any crust are not to be referred to it. Fr. Compare Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 176.

17. L. enteroleuca, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, glaucescent, deliquescing and leprous, somewhat limited by the black hypothallus; apoth. adnate; exciple annular, with a thin margin; disk somewhat waxy (often hyaline or cerulescent), whitish within. Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 331.-B. olivacea, Fr.; cr. yellowish-virescent; apoth. often irregular and rugose, ærugineous-black. Fr. l. c. L. elæochroma, Ach. Syn.

Trunks; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Subsect. II. GRANULOSE, Fr. Crust at length becoming somewhat granulose. Hypothallus white.

18. L. sanguinaria, Ach. Granules confluent in a tartareous crust, glaucescent; hypoth. white; apoth. superficial, naked, at length convex; exciple annular; disk placed upon a blood-red stratum. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 335.

Trunks, decaying wood, and stones, in mountainous and subalpine districts; New England. New York, Halsey.

19. L. albo-atra, Schær. Cr. areolate-verrucose, glaucous-white, often somewhat tartareous and mealy; hypoth. white; apoth. (small) innate-protuberant, at first coronate with the crust, cæsious-pruinose, coal-black within, with a thin, evanescent margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p.

336. Schar. Spicil. p. 140: Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 180. L. corticola, Ach. Syn.

Trunks on the coast of New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

20. L. dolosa, Wahl. Cr. somewhat verrucose, greenish-glaucous, oftener leprous and white; apoth. (minute) depressed; exciple cupular, with a very thin margin; disk very black, nearly naked, often punctate-scabrous, cinereous-blackish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 337. L. pinicola, Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 153. L. pinicola, Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 176? Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.

Scaly bark of old pines; New England.

21. L. melancheima, Tuckerm. Cr. cartilagineous, areolate-verrucose, becoming somewhat lobulate, glaucous-white, confused with the hypothallus; apoth. appressed, somewhat plane, disk equalling the very thin margin, at length convex, scarcely excluding the margin, very black, polished, and shining.

Trunks; and very common on rails on the coast of Massachusetts (Ipswich, Mr. Oakes, Lynn, Hingham, &c.), and occurring on dead wood at the White Mountains. Disk sometimes a little pallescent, but the margin always very black.

22. L. sabuletorum, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, at first contiguous, be coming rimose-areolate, granulate and somewhat lobulate, cinerascent or fuscous, confused with the hypothallus; apoth. produced from the crust, horny; exciple annular, with an evanescent margin; disk naked, often fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 339. Lichen s. Lecidea muscorum, Auct. quorund.

On the earth, decaying wood and mosses, stones, and trees, ascending to alpine districts; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsyl vania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

23. L. arctica, Sommerf. Granules of the crust cartilagineous, at first discrete, papillæ form, persistent, fuscescent-cinereous; apoth. immixed, somewhat immarginate, cæsious-pruinose, horny and cinerascent within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 342. Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 156. Upon mosses in alpine districts; White Mountains.

24. L. milliaria, Fr. Granules of the crust at first discrete, fuscous, and cinereous-white, often deliquescent and leprous; apoth. produced among the granules, globose, somewhat immarginate, naked; exciple

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