these same races, however, showing the smallest proportions having worked the entire twelve months.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 50.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of a total of 233 females reporting complete data in the above table, 100 per cent have worked three months or over, 97 per cent six months or over, 79 per cent nine months or over, and 55.4 per cent twelve months, during the past year. The foreign-born show a smaller proportion who have worked twelve months, and a larger proportion who have worked nine months or over, than the nativeborn of foreign father.

The foreign-born South Italians show a larger proportion having worked six months or over and nine months or over, and a smaller proportion having worked twelve months, than do the foreign-born Hebrews. The native-born Hebrews show a larger proportion_having worked nine months or over and twelve months than the Bohemians and Moravians, but both races report 100 per cent as having worked six months or over.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The limited extent to which the operatives are organized into unions and the small interest exhibited by the operatives of foreign birth are set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages.

TABLE 51.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

From the above table it will be seen that of the 1,049 males for whom information was obtained in this industry only 17.6 per cent were affiliated with trade unions-the foreign-born reporting 18.4 per cent, as compared with 3.6 per cent of the native-born of foreign father.

Among the foreign-born none of the Poles are affiliated with trade unions, while the Lithuanians, with 42.5 per cent so reported, show a considerably larger proportion than do the Hebrews and a very much larger proportion than do the South Italians or Bohemians. and Moravians-the proportion of the last named race who have manifested any active interest in trade unions amounting to only 6.1 per cent.

Among the native-born of foreign father the Bohemians and Moravians report even a smaller per cent affiliated with trade unions than do the foreign-born of this same race.

The interest manifested in labor organizations after designated periods of residence in the United States may be seen in the table next presented. It shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over who were working for wages.

TABLE 52.-Affiliation with trade unions of foreign-born males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the total number of foreign-born males 21 years of age or over who have been in the United States under five years 20.1 per cent are affiliated with trade unions; 20 per cent of those who have been here from five to nine years and only 16.8 per cent of those who have been here for ten or more years are affiliated with trade unions. Among those whose residence here has been for less than five years the Hebrews show the largest proportion and the Bohemians and Moravians the smallest proportion affiliated with trade unions. Among those who have been in this country from five to nine years and in the other period of residence-ten years or over-the Hebrews show the largest proportion. In the latter period of residence less than 10 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians and South Italians are affiliated with trade unions.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied Size of households studied-Congestion [Text Tables 53 to 65, and General Tables 23 to 34].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The monthly rent payments of the households the heads of which were clothing manufacturing operatives are chiefly significant in their bearing upon the standard of living of the employees, owing to the practice of crowding persons in the apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent outlay. This condition of affairs is disclosed by the following series of tables, the first of which shows the average monthly rent payment per person per room and per apartment, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 53. Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it is seen that 665 households are reported as paying an average rent of $11.94 per month per apartment, $3.38 per month per room, and $2.30 per month per person. No race pays as high as $14 rent per month per apartment, but the Poles and South Italians each pay over $13, the Russians and Hebrews over $12, and the Lithuanians and Bohemians and Moravians pay more than $9.

The Poles, paying over $4 per month per room, show the highest figure in that regard, while the Bohemians and Moravians, with an average of $2.17, show the lowest.

All races excepting the Lithuanians pay an average monthly rental of more than $2 per person, the highest figure, $2.62, being paid by the South Italians, and the lowest, $1.72, is paid by the Lithuanians.

The following table exhibits the range in monthly rent payments per apartment by showing the per cent of households paying each specified monthly rent per apartment according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 54.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 665 households included in the above table, slightly less than 25 per cent pay over $15 rent per month per apartment. Of the total number 60.2 per cent pay under $12.50, 13.2 per cent pay under $7.50, and 1.7 per cent pay under $5 per month. The only households that were studied in numbers sufficiently large for computation of percentages are those the heads of which are foreign-born. None of the Polish households pay under $7.50 rent per month per apartment; 30 per cent of the households of that race pay under $10 and 20 per cent pay over $15. No race shows a proportion of as many as 10 per cent paying under $5. The Bohemians and Moravians show the largest proportion of households paying under $7.50. The South Italians show the smallest proportion paying under $10. The largest proportion paying that amount is shown by the Bohemians and Moravians. None of the Lithuanians pay over $15 per apartment per month. The South Italians show the smallest proportion paying under that amount, or 62.5 per cent. Of the Poles, 80 per cent, and of the Bohemians and Moravians, 93.3 per cent, pay under that amount.