The following table shows by race the percentage of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 101.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 473 females reporting in this table, 89.9 per cent were engaged in sewing, embroidering, lace making, etc.; 2.1 per cent were engaged in other manufacturing; 1.7 per cent were working at farming, or farm laboring; 1.7 per cent were in domestic service; 4.2 per cent were in trade; and 0.4 per cent followed other occupations. Each of the two races shown in the table report over 90 per cent of their number formerly engaged in some sort of clothing manufacture. No South Italians were in domestic service and no Russian Hebrews were in farm work or in occupations other than specified.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The average earnings and the range of earnings of employees in New York City are treated in the two following tables. The first table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount weekly. TABLE 102.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

TABLE 102.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race-Continued.

Of 4,307 male employees reporting in this table, 99.1 per cent are earning $5 a week or over; 90.2 per cent are earning $7.50 or over; 78.1 per cent $10 or over; 51.5 per cent $12.50 or over; 42.4 per cent $15 or over; 15 per cent $20 or over; 5.6 per cent $22.50 or over; and 3.3 per cent $25 or over. Practically all persons, native or foreign born, are earning over $5 a week, but the per cents of some races diminish rapidly in the wage columns that follow. The whites, native-born of native father, and the native-born of foreign father show greater proportions earning each specified amount above $7.50 than is shown for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born group the Germans show the greatest earning capacity. No Poles reporting earn as much as $22.50 a week.

The table next presented sets forth the percentage of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount each week. TABLE 103.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The foregoing table gives a report from 2,034 females, 91.1 per cent of whom are earning $5 or over, 50.6 per cent $7.50 or over, 21.7 per cent $10 or over, 4.6 per cent $12.50 or over, and 3 per cent $15 or over per week. The native-born of foreign father and the total native-born are shown to have greater proportions earning each specified amount per week than have the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born races, the Russian and other Hebrews show comparatively large proportions earning each specified amount per week, while the two Italian races show proportions much smaller in comparison, the only exception being in the column of highest wages reported, where the North Italians exceed the Hebrews other than Russian. The South Italians report lower percentages than the North Italians throughout. The percentages shown for foreign-born Hebrews differ little from those shown for the native-born Germans; the Russian Hebrews appear to slightly better advantage in the higher wage group.

The following table shows by general nativity and race the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount weekly:

TABLE 104.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

All of the 141 males reported in this table are earning $2.50 per week or over, while 80.9 per cent are earning $5 or over, 30.5 per cent $7.50 or over, and 12.8 per cent $10 or over. The foreign-born appear to distinctly the best advantage in this table.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week.

TABLE 105.-Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of 313 females reporting complete information, 98.4 per cent are earning $2.50 or over per week, 66.1 per cent $5 or over, 17.3 per cent $7.50 or over, and 6.7 per cent $10 or over. In this table the foreign-born show a larger proportion earning each specified amount per week than is shown for either of the native-born groups. Among the foreign-born, the Russian Hebrews show the largest proportion in each column except the one for those earning $10 or over per week, in which column the North Italians show the highest proportion. The smallest figures in each instance are recorded for the South Italians.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The progress in earning ability manifested by male and female employees of foreign birth is considered in the following tables. The first table submitted shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, and by grouping the proportions in each period of residence under the several races makes possible a study of the advancement within each race:

TABLE 106.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

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TABLE 106.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States-Contd.

In this table each race shows a general increase in weekly earnings with increased period of residence, the most notable difference being between those who have been here less than five years and those who have been here from five to nine years. Exceptions to the rule occur in the case of the North Italians, only 95.9 per cent of whom, with a ten-years' residence in the United States, earn $5 or over, whereas 100 per cent of those here between five and nine years are so reported; also, only 86.9 per cent of those five to nine years in the United States earn $7.50 or over, whereas 90.9 per cent of those here less than five years are so reported. The South Italians here less than five years make a slightly better showing than those here five to nine years among the persons earning $22.50 or $25 a week.

The following table is based upon the same data as the one preceding and shows by race and length of residence in the United States comparative earnings per week of foreign-born employees 18 years of age or over:

TABLE 107.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.