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est proportion to have been so engaged. For no race does the proportion of persons who were engaged in manufacturing other than clothing reach as much as 8 per cent. Slightly more than 25 per cent each of the Lithuanians and Poles were employed in farming or farm labor, while almost similar proportions of the Hebrews, both Russian and other, were engaged in trade.

The following table shows by race the per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 145.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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While 596 persons are included in the foregoing table, Russian Hebrew is the only race specifically reported. Of the total number the principal proportion of females was engaged in sewing, embroidering, and lacemaking before coming to this country. Less than 4 per cent were employed in other manufacturing or in other unspecified occupations. Nearly 75 per cent of the Russian Hebrews were employed in sewing, embroidering, and lacemaking.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The average weekly earnings and range in earning ability of the foreign-born operatives in Chicago are exhibited in the two tables next submitted. The table on the next page shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week.

TABLE 146.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the total number of persons in the foregoing table 99.3 per cent earn $5 or over per week and 1.8 per cent earn $25 or over per week. In each of the specified rates of earnings below $12.50 the foreignborn show a larger proportion than either of the other general nativity groups, but in each of the specified rates of earnings above and including $12.50 the foreign-born show the smallest proportion. Of the foreign-born races none of the Germans earn below $5 per week, and for each of the other races the proportion earning below $5 per week is less than 5 per cent. The Germans show the largest proportion earning $10 or over per week and the Lithuanians show the smallest proportion earning that amount. None of the South Italians, Lithuanians, or Slovaks earn as much as $25 per week, while among the other races the proportion who earn $25 or over is in no case as high as 5 per cent.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount per week:

TABLE 147.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the total number of persons in the foregoing table 96.3 per cent earn $5 or over per week, while only 4 per cent earn $15 or over per week. In each specified rate of earnings the foreign-born show a smaller proportion than do any one of the other general nativity groups. Among the foreign-born races the Bohemians and Moravians show the largest proportions of females who earn $5 or over per week, and the Lithuanians show the smallest proportion, although for no race is the proportion less than 90 per cent. Only 7 per cent of the Lithuanians earn $10 or over per week, while 43.7 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians earn that amount. None of the South Italians and less than 1 per cent of the Lithuanians earn $15 or over per week. The Germans, with 10.5 per cent, show the largest proportion.

The extent to which girls between the ages of 14 and 18 years are employed in the industry as well as the range of the weekly earnings is considered in the following table:

TABLE 148.-Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Less than 1 per cent of all persons in the foregoing table earn under $2.50 per week; 60.7 per cent earn $5 or over per week; and 18.7 per cent earn $7.50 or over per week. In each specified rate of earnings the foreign-born show a higher proportion than do the native-born of foreign father. None of the Russian Hebrews, North or South Italians, or Poles earn under $2.50 per week. Among the foreign-born the Russian Hebrews show the largest proportion earning $5 or over. The Poles show the smallest proportion earning that amount. Of the South Italians 34 per cent earn $7.50 or over. This is the largest proportion in that specified rate, the Poles showing the smallest proportion. None of the foreign-born races show a proportion as high as 10 per cent earning $10 or over, the Bohemians and Moravians, with 8.8 per cent, being the largest.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

Advancement in industrial efficiency as reflected in increased earning ability according to designated periods of residence in this country is studied for both males and females in the series of tables following. The first table submitted, which immediately follows, shows by race of individual and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of weekly earnings of each specified amount of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, and permits of a study of their progress by grouping the proportions in each period of residence under the several races.

TABLE 149.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the Bohemians and Moravians earning each specified amount from $12.50 or over per week the proportion increases with length of residence in the United States, while the proportion earning each specified amount below $12.50 is largest for those with a period of residence of from five to nine years and smallest for those with a period of residence of less than five years. The proportion of Russian Hebrews earning each specified amount increases as between the different periods of residence in the United States. The proportion of Hebrews other than Russian earning each specified amount from $10 or over per week increases with length of residence in the United States, while the proportion earning each specified amount below $10 is largest of those with a period of residence from five to nine years. The proportion of Lithuanians earning $12.50 or over, $15 or over, or $20 or over per week is largest of those with a period of residence of ten years or over and smallest of those with a period of residence of less than five years, while the proportion earning each specified amount under $12.50 per week is largest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years. The comparison made as regards the Lithuanians applies also to the Poles.

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