There may be more than one antecedent term; as, "Be just and kin to all men." Here the adjunct to all men modifies both just and kind The adverbs forth and out are sometimes made to change place with the preposition from, so that from forth and from out are use instead of forth from and out from; as, "Risest from forth thy silen sea of pines."-Coleridge. "Such as press the life from out young hearts."-Byron.

Any thing performing the office of a noun may be the object of preposition:

1. Gerund; as, "He is engaged in cutting wood."

2. Infinitive mood; as, "He is about to go."

3. Proposition; as, "The result depends on who is to be the judge;" "This afforded time for the others to come up."

4. Adverb used in the sense of a noun; as, "Wait till then" (that time); "I will try for once" (one time); "We shall live for ever (all time).

5. Adjunct used as a noun; as, "He ran from under the tree." Here from and under do not form a compound preposition, as some say, but under the tree denotes the place, like a noun, and is the object of from. From where did he run? This construction is analogous to that of the preposition and adverb, the adjunct being equivalent to an adverb. "The average income of these small land-holders is estimated at between sixty and seventy pounds."-Macaulay. Similar to this construction is that contained in such sentences as, "They [Judgment and Reason] have been jurymen since before Noah was a sailor," the proposition Noah was a sailor taking the place of a noun after the preposition before, and the adjunct thus formed being the object of the preposition since.

4, formed from on, was once used separately as a preposition; as, wheels."-Ben Jonson. It is now joined to the noun; as, ashore (on board). It is, however, separated from the gerund, or partiHe met her once a maying."-Milton. In modern usage a hyphen rily) placed between this preposition and the gerund; as, “Life Coleridge.

pard) is generally regarded as a preposition; as, "He went aboard board is used in exactly the same manner; as, "He went on board . In both cases it is better to suppose an ellipsis of the preposien expressed with aboard as well as with on board; as, "He went k) of the vessel." If aboard is regarded as a preposition, many t be placed in the same class; as, astride, alongside, despite, inside, position of is sometimes omitted after them. The same principle sitions of left hand and either end in the following passages: "The ne town."-Scott. "Fastened ourselves at either end the mast."

› whole expression aboard of, as well as because of and instead of, in tions. If aboard of is a preposition, on board of is also a prepoof is a preposition, we must regard in place of and in lieu of as

ee that instead consists in reality of two words, which have been d together; while in such expressions as in place of the noun and ave been kept separate. Such words as aboard, instead, because (as is, by cause, may be called disguised adjuncts, the nouns included in wed by prepositions.

ng also are generally included in the list of prepositions: According ing, during, except, excepting, notwithstanding, pending, regarding, ving, touching.

f most of these words shows them to be participles. They may articiples even where they are generally regarded as prepositions. "The sentinel, according (conforming) to command, stood

0.

• According is a participle belonging to sentinel. "According his instructions, he proceeded on his journey." According is a ng to he. "This course is not according (conforming, agreeable) my is a participle belonging to course.

t thou, according (conforming) to thy oath and bond,

ught hither Henry Hereford?"

be according to knowledge." "The people might assemble in due er, according to their several degrees and orders." In this passage regarded as belonging either to manner or to PEOPLE.

"Formally according to our law,

Dose him in the justice of his cause."

le according is modified by the adverb formally and belongs to you,

ose.

ccording may be regarded as belonging to a noun understood; as, _in a manner] according to his worth;" "I will use them [in a manner] r desert;" "I will praise the Lord [in a manner] according to his "Have mercy upon me [in a degree] according to thy loving-kindour celebration keep [in a manner] according to my birth;" "I love a degree] according to my bond."

according to should never be parsed as one word. If according in the not a participle belonging to a noun understood, it is an adverb, and onosition. Thug ganonding in the last evamnle may be regarded as

an adverb modifying love. If according to is to be considered a preposition, contrary to must also be placed in the list; for the latter expression is employed in precisely the same way as the former; as, "I will use them contrary to their desert;" "Though he pretends to act according to his instructions, he is acting directly contrary to them.” 6. Concerning. "He expounded the things which concerned himself." "He expounded the things concerning (regarding) himself." Concerning is a participle belonging to things. "The true judgment concerning (relating to) the power.” “A discourse concerning (relating to) this point." "I am free from all doubt concerning it.” "Is that nothing? Nothing concerning me." "A work concerning allegiance.” “A man's judgment concerning actions." "Mistakes concerning the plan and conduct of the poem." "That the purpose might not be changed concerning (which concerned) Daniel." "What is the opinion of Pythagoras concerning wild fowl?" "Some things of weight concerning us and France." "No jealous toy concerning you." "The speech among the Londoners concerning the French journey." In each of these examples concerning is a participle belonging to the noun in italics.

In such expressions as the following concerning may seem to be a preposition: "The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel ;" They speak concerning virtue;" "He told them concerning the swine;" "Thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this."

Even in such cases concerning may be construed as a participle. Webster says: "This word has been considered as a preposition, but most improperly; concerning, when so called, refers to a verb, sentence, or proposition; as, in the first example, the word applies to the preceding affirmation. The Lord hath spoken good, which speaking good is concerning Israel. Concerning, in this case, refers to the first clause of the sentence." Perhaps, in this example, it would be better to consider concerning as referring to the noun good. If, as Webster supposes, the primary sense of concern. "is to reach or extend to, or to look to, as we use regard," another solution may be given. The Lord, looking to (regarding) Israel, hath spoken good. "Concerning this point, what can we decide?" WE concerning (looking at, regarding) this point; or what thing concerning this point. "He told them [things] concerning the swine."

7. Touching. "Something touching (relating to) the lord Hamlet." "Socrates chose rather to die than renounce or conceal his judgment touching the unity of the godhead." "We may soon our satisfaction have touching that point." "Our late decree in parliament touching King Henry's oath." "Horatio will not let belief take hold of him touching this dreaded sight." 'Touching our person seek we no revenge." "I have found no fault in this man touching these things." "We have confidence in the Lord touching you." "Touching things which relate to discipline the church hath authority to make canons and decrees." "What [thing] have you to say touching this point?" "This paper is the history of my knowledge touching her flight." "And now forthwith shall articles be drawn touching the jointure that your king must make."

The verb to touch has the signification of affect, concern, relate to; as, "Nothing can touch him further;" "It touches us not." The participle has precisely the same signification, and is no more a preposition than is the infinitive.

8. Regarding, respecting. "His conduct respecting (relating to) us is commendable." "There is but one opinion respecting his conduct." "He has a great deal to say regarding this thing." "Regarding (looking at, considering) this matter we say.” "There is none worthy [we] respecting (considering) her that's gone." "I am mean indeed [we, or men] respecting (considering) you." "Respecting man whatever [thing] wrong we call." "This allusion respects an ancient custom." "This allusion respecting an ancient custom is very striking." "Respecting a further appropriation of money it (this thing) is to be observed that the resources of the country are inadequate" [Or we respecting, looking at a further appropriation]. "Whether our daughter were legitimate [we, or men], respecting this our marriage with the dowager."

9. Bating, excepting, saving. These words belong sometimes to words expressed, sometimes to words of general meaning, such as we, men, you, they, indicated by the context; their construction being the same as that of granting, admitting, etc., in such sentences as the following: "Granting this to be true, he is not proved guilty;" "Admitting her innocence, she was very imprudent." (See Syntax, III.) "We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, [we] bating (if we bate), perhaps, some faint ideas of hunger and thirst." "The king could not choose an advocate whom I would sooner hear on any subject, [we, or I] bating (if we bate) his love, than you." "[We] bating (if we leave out) the outward respect due to his birth, they treated him very hardly." "The prisoners were all condemned, [we] excepting three." "Excepting one, I would he were the best in all this presence." "[We] excepting (if we except) the royal family, they get but little by it." "He ordered the baggage to be brought to one place, [they] excepting only such things as were very necessary." "None of them was cleansed, [we] saving (leaving out) Naaman the Syrian." "[We] saving (preserving, having due regard to) your reverence, he is the devil himself." [We, I] saving (having due regard to) your merry humor, here's the note." "[We] saving your tale, Petruchio, let us speak too."

10. During, pending. These participles are connected with nouns expressed, which, instead of being in the objective, are in the nominative case (nominative absolute). "He holds the property during life (life during; that is, while life dures, continues)." "Our office may, during his power (his power during, while his power endures), go sleep." "During which time (which time during), he ne'er saw Syracusa." "During his childhood, he was under the care of his aunt." "Pending the suit (the suit pending, while the suit was pending, depending), he left the country." "Pending the discussion of this subject (the discussion of this subject pending, while the discussion of this subject was pending), a memorial was presented."

The verb to dure was once in common use; as, "Dureth for a while."—English Bible. "This battle dured three parts of the night."-Stow. "Paul made a sermon during to midnight."-Tyndale. "To love hire while his lif may dure."-Chaucer. To endure has the same meaning; as, "For his mercies aye endure."-Milton.

The verb to pend is confined to the "progressive forms," or those which denote action continuing; as, "The suit is pending;" "The negotiations were pending ;" "The suit will be pending." To depend has the same signification.

11. Notwithstanding. Here we have two words, the adverb not and the participle withstanding, which can not be changed to one word by the stroke of a pen or the omission of a printer's space. It is the meaning of words, and not the way in which they may chance to be written, that determines their character. Withstanding is to be construed like during and pending, though it is not always placed before the noun, as they are. "This is a correct English idiom, Dr. Lowth's opinion to the contrary not withstanding." Here the participle withstanding is modified by the adverb not, and belongs to the noun opinion, which is in the nominative case (nominative absolute). Their gratitude made them proclaim the wonders he had done for them, not withstanding his prohibition (his prohibition not preventing)." rich, not withstanding his loss." "Not withstanding that [thing], the troops must be

reviewed."

66

"He is

*Mr. Goold Brown says, "The compound word notwithstanding is not a participle, because there is no verb to notwithstand." But there is a verb to withstand, and Mr. Brown does not always regard as one word two words which happen to be written without a space between them. It is customary to write another as one word; but he separates them, writing an other. Can not may be often seen as one word,

If these words in ing are not participles, but prepositions, the list of prepositions must include several other words which are used in the same way. "Relating to this matter we have little to say." "He expounded the things relating to himself." "Nothing pertaining to me." "Excluding one, I would he were the best in all this presence." "Including the captain, nineteen were taken;" "Obedient to your grace's will, I come to know your pleasure;" "She saw nothing, owing to the darkness, but her own face imaged on the glass."-Dickens.

EXCEPT. This is a passive participle, belonging to a noun in the nominative case (nominative absolute). In participles derived from the Latin, especially when ending with the sound of t, the termination ed was often omitted; that is, the Latin root itself was used, without either English or Latin terminations, final e being added when necessary to preserve the long sound of the preceding vowel; as, "Before I be convict by course of law."-Shakespeare. "He was contract to Lady Lucy."—Id. "Compact of unctuous vapor."-Milton. "Convict by flight."-Id. "All thy goods are confiscate."-Shakespeare. "The fire being create for comfort."-Id. So Bacon employs condensate for condensated, copulate for copulated, etc.

The following examples will show that except and excepted are alike in construction:

"Always excepted my dear Claudio."-Shakespeare.

"Richard except, those whom we fight against

Had rather have us win than him they follow."-Id. "Thunderbolts excepted, quite a god."-Cowper.

"God and his son except,

Nought valued he nor feared."--Milton.

"I could see nothing except the sky (the sky except, excepted.)”*

Except when followed by the objective case may be regarded as a verb in the imperative mood. "Except him, all were dismissed;" that is, except you him, or except we him. "If we only except the unfitness of the judge, all other things concurred."-Stillingfleet. The imperative is often employed instead of a conditional proposition; and the imperative here would express the idea as completely as it is expressed by the conditional proposition; as, Only except the unfitness of the judge, all other things concurred."

13. Save. This word is regarded by lexicographers as a verb in the imperative mood. "Israel burned none of them, save Hazor only." Webster says, "Sare is here a verb followed by an object." When it is followed by an objective case it is used as a verb; as, "All were gone, save him who now kept guard."-Rogers. "All desisted, all save him alone."-Wordsworth. But save is usually followed, not by the objective, but by the nominative; as, "For that mortal dint, save he who reigns above, none can resist."-Milton. "Not a man depart, save I alone."-Shakespeare. "All the conspirators, save only he, did that they did in envy of great Cæsar.”—Id.

"He had succeeded, notwithstanding them, peaceably to the throne." In this passage notwithstanding is used as a preposition; but the expression is not idiomatic English, the true English form being they notwithstanding (they not preventing). The usual manner of expressing this idea is, notwithstanding their opposition, or efforts, exertions, etc.

Compare the use of the participles reserved and taken in the following passages with that of except: "Whereat all men were abashed, reserved the chiefe justice, who humbly exhorted the prince to be contented."-Sir Thomas Elyot. (Cited in Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, I, 127.) "Always reserved my holy duty."-Cymbeline "My soveraine plesance over all thing, out taken Crist on loft."-Chaucer. Except Christ on high, Christ on high being excepted or taken out.