He has a

This plan is preferable To the other. He has a prejudice AGAINST the man. prejudice IN favor of the man. He presented her WITH a book. He presented a book To her. She has profited BY your advice. She put her book on the table. He put his book In his pocket. (Put is seldom, place never, followed by into.)

He questioned them on that subject. You'll question this gentleman ABOUT me. Try to reconcile him to his brother-To his fate. He knew to reconcile liberality WITH prudence. I have great regard FOR him. They have some regard To what is right. Rejoice now AT this happy news; sometimes IN; as, "I'll after, to rejoice IN the boy's correction."-Shakespeare. You may rely on his fidelity. He remonstrated AGAINST this. They bear a great resemblance to each other. He has been misinformed in respect to that.

A sale BY auction; not AT.† He is skillful IN drawing; sometimes AT, particularly before a gerund; as, "Will Vafer is skillful at finding out the ridiculous side of a thing."-Tatler. She smiled on his efforts (looked favorably on them). She smiled AT his efforts (did not look favorably on them). Be not solicitous ABOUT the future. He is solicitous FOR an office (something to be obtained). "Shall we sow the headland WITH Wheat? WITH red wheat, Davy."-Shakespeare. Not ro. Strive AGAINST temptation. Strive FOR the truth. I will strive WITH things impossible. Let us not strive ABOUT these unimportant matters. He was surrounded BY soldiers, who took him prisoner. He was surrounded WITH soldiers, who defended him bravely.

When we have had a true taste or (actual enjoyment) the pleasures of virtue we can have no taste FOR (capacity for enjoyment) those of vice. He united (transitive) himself to them. They united (intransitive) WITH him IN the petition. The hatchet will be useful to us. That is useful FOR preserving fruit (object, end). That is useful IN preserving fruit (action).

Be not weary IN well doing. Stiff and weary WITH long travel. He was weary of his wretched life.

7. Between and betwixt refer to two, among to more than two; as, "He divided his books between his two sons ;" "He divided his books among his three sons;"" "The exact partition of power among king, lords, and commons."-Macaulay.

8. In is often improperly used for into to denote entrance; as, "He went in the house." "He ran in the garden" implies that he was already in the garden when he began to run; "He ran into the garden" implies that he was out of the garden when he began to run.

9. To denote the separation of any thing into parts into, to, and in are used. Into regards the state of separation as something that may be entered into; to regards

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The verb present sometimes means make a present (or presents) to; as, "Thou spendest thy time in waiting upon such a great one and thy estate in presenting him."-South. The word is used in this sense when we say, He presented her with a book," book denoting the instrument with which the presenting was done. Though some have objected to this form, it is rather better than the form " He presented a book to her," being less liable to be ambiguous. When Petruchio says, "I do present you with a man of mine," he is nnderstood to be making a present; but "I do present a man of mine to you" might denote merely a formal introduction.

Sale by auction (by increasing), so called from the fact that each successive bidder increases the price offered, is a particular mode by which goods are disposed of, as by barter denotes another mode. "Goods sold by auction."-Johnson. "Such is the sale by auction."-Beattie. "In America the more prevalent expression has been 'sales at auction,' as if referring to the place where they are made. In England the form has always been 'sales by auction,' i. e., by an increase of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is more correct, and is now coming into use in some of our leading newspapers."-Webster's Dictionary.

the state as something that may be arrived at; in regards the state as something in which the thing may exist. When the number of parts or pieces is mentioned in is always used. "Break it into shatters."-Swift. "Break it all to pieces."-Shakespeare. "Break thou in pieces."-Id. "They were divided into little independent societies.”— Locke. "Divide a minute into a thousand parts."-Shakespeare. "Divide the living child in two."-Eng. Bible. "We have divided in three our kingdom."-Shakespeare. "All to shivers dashed."-Milton. "Cut me to pieces.”—Shakespeare. "My leg is cut in two."-Id. Lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces."-English Bible.

10. In some places on is improperly used for in before the names of streets; as, "He lives in Pittsburg on Wood Street."-Burt's Pract. Eng. Gram. "No. 137 on Walnut Street."-Harvey's Eng. Gram. It is said that a house can not be in a street; but certainly a house can not be on a street, in contact with the upper surface of a street. When we say that a certain bank is in Lombard Street we mean by street the space distinguished by the name of the paved way that passes through it, in which space the bank is situated. "The situation of a building, whether it were high or low, in an open square or in a narrow street."-Addison. "The captain proceeded to withdraw his men towards their guard-house in the High Street."-Scott. "This was a large wooden house built in a fashion of which there are specimens still extant in the streets of our older towns."-Hawthorne. "Friend Rawdon then drove on to Mr. Moss's mansion in Cursitor Street."-Thackeray. "The Merdle establishment in Harley Street."-Dickens.

11. Avoid the gross vulgarism of using to for at to denote situation or presence; as, "He is up to the house;" "I saw them do it over to Fred's."-Rev. E. Kellogg.

12. "I really doubt whether I shall write any more under this signature."—Junius. Some persons in America have attempted to introduce the barbarism "over this signature," supposing the preposition to be employed to point out the place of the signature in relation to the writing. It would not be more absurd to suppose that "He did it under the name of friendship" implies that the name of friendship was written over him. "Under his signature" implies that the signature gives character, attestation, authority to the writing. Those who say "over his signature" should, to be consistent, say "given over my hand and seal." "The first works which were published under my name."-Johnson.

EXERCISES.

1. Point out the adjuncts and the antecedent terms:

Our clock strikes when there is a change from hour to hour; but no hammer in the horologe of Time peals through the universe when there is a change from era to era.-Carlyle..

[Remark 2.] In short, he is ruined. All that they did was piety to this.-Ben Jonson. We are ready to try our fortunes to the last man.-Shakespeare.

To thee, sweet Eden, how dark and sad

Are the diamond turrets of Shadukiam!-Moore.

[Rem. 3.] Now shake from out thy fruitful breast the seeds Of envy, discord, and of cruel deeds.-Dryden.

2. Correct the errors:

[Remark 6.] There was no abatement in the disease. He was accused with having done this. This was well adapted for the purpose. He is

an advocate of war. He agreed with my proposal. This language is akin with that. Austria's alienation to British interests.-British Quarterly Review. They made an alteration of the coat. This is analogous with that. He is angry at her. She has a great antipathy for a dog. This was appropriate for his circumstances. I arrived to Newport in the night.. Robert and his schoolmates were ashamed at having called Henry a coward.-Eclectic Third Reader.

You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving persons.— Swift. He blushed with shame. Some of the lower animals have a capacity of thinking.—Prof. Whitney. He conferred a favor to them. Do not confide on him. The government was deficient of means to carry on war. I will demand it from him. He died with the measles. This is very different to that. My father had gone when I returned, and so I was disappointed in the walk I expected to take with him. Joseph's pronunciation is very different to yours.

They embarked on that ship. He was enamored with the lady. He enjoined to them the duty of helping the poor. The tale is founded in truth. He is friendly toward us. He inculcated this maxim into the mind of his son. He was initiated in the society. The enemy made an inroad in the country. He is insensible to shame. She insinuated herself in the queen's favor. You have need for recreation. You have done me a great favor, and I am much obliged by you. The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding. She has a partiality for such persons. He placed the books into their hands. The rat plunged in the river. The field was planted to cotton. He had a prejudice to the woman. I have profited from your advice. He was reconciled with the man with whom he had quarreled. He is a man in whom you can not rely. To this General Badeau remonstrated. The twins have a great resemblance with each other.

The property was sold at auction. He is solicitous for the future. Shall we sow the field to wheat? He divided the apples between John, James, and William. Is he a man in whom you can rely? Is he a man on whom you can confide? He fell in the ditch. The guests have gone in the dining-room. Break the stick into two. Divide the flour into three parts. There was not a window on the steep and crooked street called the Bow that was not absolutely filled with spectators. Our old friends the Crawleys' family-house on Great Gaunt Street. They came to a dirty shop-window on a dirty street. They are planting corn up to Mr. Robinson's. He is up to home. This remarkable story is said to be founded in undoubted facts. He lives down to Mr. Randolph's. An article over his own signature was published in the papers. Given over my hand and seal this first day of August. He has a very handsome house on Bedford Square.

RULE XII.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs; as, "He spoke distinctly;" "She is extremely cautious;" "I know him too well."

Remarks.-1. For adverbs modifying nouns see Remark 4, p. 145. Adverbs sometimes modify abstract nouns expressing action or being; as, "I'll break with your young wives of your departure hence."-Shakespeare. "Owen Glendower's absence thence."-Id. "His presence there would be of great service." For from afar, etc., see Remark 15, p. 147. For after, before, etc., with propositions, see Rule VI, Rem. 4. For the adverbs yet, also, etc., see Remark 10, p. 154.

2. The modified word is sometimes omitted; as, "We in vain seek for a remnant of the valor [which was] once the terror of the world."-Chambers. 'Finally [I say] the war has begun." "Up, Guards, and at them."- Wellington. Here spring or some such word is understood. "No remains of Grecian paintings have been preserved, [which has happened] unfortunately for the lovers of antiquity." Such passages are usually arranged in an inverted order; as, “Unfortunately for the lovers of antiquity, no remains," etc.

3. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs; as, "If with your inferiors, speak no coarser than usual; if with your superiors, no finer." Here coarser and finer are intended to denote the manner of speaking, and they should be changed to more coarsely and more finely. "Her aged lover made her presents, but she hated him all the same."-R. G. White. Here the adjective same is improperly used to modify the verb hated. One gentleman meeting another said, "How are you?" "I am tolerable," replied the other; "how are you?" "I am endurable too," was the answer. The gentleman used tolerable for tolerably well.

4. Poets sometimes take the license of using adjectives for adverbs; as, “Swift fly the years."-Pope.

5. Adverbs should not be used as adjectives; as, "He arrived safely" for " He arrived safe." (See p. 219.)

Above is sometimes used as an adjective, there being an ellipsis of mentioned, made, cited, or quoted; as, "The above [mentioned] statement." Then is sometimes used elliptically for then existing; as, "In his then [existing] situation."-Johnson.

6. No before a noun is an adjective; as, "No man saw it." No is sometimes an adverb modifying an adjective in the comparative degree; as, "She is no wiser than he." Here no is used for not.

No is sometimes used for not after whether, if the verb is omitted; as, "Whether they will walk in my law or no."-English Bible. This form has been much censured by grammarians; but it is used by good writers; as, "La Bruyere has often painted single persons; whether accurately or no we can not at this time determine."Hallam. "Whether a war for the propagation of Christianity be lawful or no."-Bacon. "Resolve whether you will or no."-Shakespeare.

For no in the answer to a question see Remark 9, p. 146.

7. But has come to be used in the sense of only; as, "Our light affliction, which is but for a moment." The original form is "which is not but (be out) for a moment." The use of but in the sense of only is confined to constructions in which not has been omitted. Other negatives are expressed with but, and then but has its proper meaning; as, "No one but a villain would do so." With never it has its proper meaning; as, "A person I never saw but twice."-Bulwer.

Some, from mistaking the meaning of but, avoid this construction and say, for instance, "A person I never saw more than once."

8. In affirming equality as is used with the adjective; as, “She is as foolish as he is." In denying equality so is used; as, "She is not so foolish as he is."

9. Among vulgar errors with respect to adverbs may be mentioned

(a) The use of most for almost; as, "He was most suffocated by the smoke."

(b) The use of way for away; as, "He lives way up the hill."

(c) The use of like for as or as if; as, “Read like (as) he does;" "She reads it like (as if) she did not understand it." Do not use the adverb like if you can not insert the preposition to after it. "Read like [to] him" is correct. (See p. 177.)

(d) The use of directly for as soon as; as, “She went out directly he came in." (e) The use of illy for the adverb ill; as, “He is illy able to bear the loss." (f) The use of how or how that for that; as, “He said how he had seen them last night;" "He said how that he had seen them last night."

(g) The joining of the adverb ever to an interrogative pronoun, making what is in appearance, but not in sense, a compound relative pronoun; as, "Whoever would have thought it?" instead of "Who would ever have thought it?" In England particularly this vulgarism is becoming very common among slipshod writers.

(h) The use of such vulgarisms as mighty fine for very fine, awful ugly for extremely ugly.

(i) The use of two negatives to express a negation; as, "I did not eat nothing" (no thing) for "I did not eat any thing" or "I ate nothing." "I did not eat nothing" denies that I ate nothing and implies that I ate something.

10. Adverbs should be placed in such a way as to show clearly what words they are intended to modify. The same principle applies to adjuncts and other modifying expressions.

"In the proper disposition of words the sound carefully requires to be consulted as well as the sense." The adverb carefully is intended to modify consulted, and it should be placed immediately before that word.

"The sublime Longinus in somewhat a later period preserved the spirit of ancient Athens."-Gibbon. "In a somewhat later period."

"Though some of the European rulers may be females, they may be correctly classified under the denomination of kings."-Dean Alford. This means that the rulers may be classified in a correct manner; but the writer intended to say that it would be correct to classify them as kings, and he should have said, "They may correctly be classified." Correctly modifies may.

"He might have easily caught the fox." Easily is intended to modify might, and it should be placed next to it. "He might easily have caught the fox."

"Not every

'Every one that begs is not poor." By the position of not this sentence is made to affirm that no beggar is poor. Not should be placed before every. one that begs is poor."

"When we merely speak of numbers the verb is better singular."-Dean Alford. "When we speak of numbers merely."

"The floor had been just washed."-Rev. J. G. Wood. This should be "The floor had just been washed." Just is an adverb of time, and in the compound tense had been washed it should be placed next to that part, had, which denotes the time. In "The floor had just been thoroughly washed" thoroughly is properly placed next to another part of the compound tense.

"His Majesty was only shaved twice a week."-Swift. Only what? Not only shaved, but only twice a week. "In a large district he only found two carts."-Taine's Eng. Lit. Only what? Only two carts. "This verb is only used in the indicative mood."-Mason's English Gram. Here should be "only in the indicative mood" or "in the indicative mood only." "George Sand has only celebrated one passion."—