[II] Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth the words of such men do not stale upon us. But my feelings words are too weak to express them. [III.] The ministry for that word may now with propriety be used readily consented. Having performed this ceremony, he was permitted and the permission was blamed by the Savoyards to limp home without a rag upon him.

[IV.] The good woman was allowed by every person, except her husband, to be a sweet-tempered lady when not in liquor.

[V.] "We have framed” such was in substance his reasoning “we have framed a law which has in it nothing exclusive." "I did not know," she said, with a tremulous voice, her lips quivering "I did not know how hard a thing it would be to leave my children."

[VI.] Can Parliament be so dead to its dignity and duty as to give its sanction to measures thus obtruded and forced upon them? measures, my lords, which have reduced this late flourishing kingdom to scorn and contempt.

[IX.] I did not wish to but a it was necessary a to to secure his a support.

[X.] The stream fell over the precipice paused fell paused again then darted down the valley.

THE CURVES, OR MARKS OF PARENTHESIS.

The curves, or marks of parenthesis, are used to inclose parentheses; as, "I stood to hear (I love it well) the rain's continuous sound." (See III, Remark, p. 272.)

Remarks.-1. The dash is at present used more frequently than the curves, being thought to have a neater appearance.

2. A parenthesis does not interfere with the punctuation of the passage in which it occurs; as, "The night (it was the middle of summer) was fair and calm.” Whatever point is demanded by the passage is placed after the last curve. "If he sometimes stooped to be a villain, it was merely to amuse himself and to astonish other people." If a parenthesis is inserted after villain, the comma is placed after the parenthesis, and not at villain; as, "If he sometimes stooped to be a villain (for no milder word will come up to the truth), it was merely," etc.

3. Some would place a comma at villain and one before the last curve also; as, "If he sometimes stooped to be a villain, (for no milder word will come up to the truth,) it was merely," etc. But the other punctuation is preferable. "Heaven knew nothing of thee (could in charity know nothing of thee); and as for Beelzebub, his friendship, as is ascertained, can not count for much." This is better than "Heaven knew nothing of thee; (could in charity know nothing of thee;) and,” etc.

4. The parts of the parenthesis itself are punctuated according to the general rules; as, "Our little room (is it not a little one?) is well filled;" "Thou too (0 heavens!) mayst become a political power;" "The Sabbath stillness of the time (the day was so like Sunday! I have not forgotten that) was suited to us both." The period, however, is not placed at the end of the parenthesis.

EXERCISES.

Place the curves where required:

A

Are you still I fear you are far from comfortably settled? cloggy sensation of the lukewarm fat meat is upon me we dined an hour ago, and my head is as heavy as so much lead. He seemed to be very fond of my mother I am afraid I liked him none the better for that, and she was very fond of him. The rocks hard-hearted varlets! melted not into tears at his lamentation. While they wish to please and why should they not wish it? they disdain dishonorable means. Left now to himself and malice could not wish him a worse adviser, he resolved on a desperate project.

THE HYPHEN.

The hyphen is used to join the parts of compound words; as, "laughter-loving, printing-office." It is also used after one or more syllables to show that the rest of the word is in the next line.

When two words are so closely joined in pronunciation that they have but one primary accent they are united in one SIS compound word; as, "walking-stick, singing-school, inkstand, sunbeam."

Remarks.-1. "The crow is a black bird, but not a blackbird." In speaking the separate words black and bird we accent both; but in speaking blackbird we accent the first syllable only. "A walking stick" would mean a stick that walks; but "a walking-stick" is a stick to walk with. "A reading lesson" would mean a lesson that reads; but a "reading - lesson" is a lesson for reading. "Boy hunters" hunters who are boys; but "boy - hunters". persons who hunt boys. "A hot house" a house which is hot; but "a hot-house" a house for protecting plants from cold. "A singing school" a school that is singing; but "a singingschool"a school for teaching singing. "Exclamation-point": = a point to mark exclamation.

2. When words are first compounded the component parts are united by the hyphen; but when the compound words come into very common use the hyphen, unless the component parts are very long, is generally omitted; as, "steam-boat, steamboat."

No definite rule with respect to the omission of the hyphen can be given. The dictionaries are inconsistent; for we find in them such inconsistent forms as hot-house and greenhouse. Till recently bluebird was written blue-bird, though at the same time blackbird was written as a solid word.

3. Sometimes a part belonging to each of two connected compound words is expressed only once, in which case the hyphen is generally omitted; as, "dwelling and sleeping rooms"= dwelling-rooms and sleeping-rooms. In German books a hyphen is placed where the part is omitted; as, "Gehirn- oder Nervenkrankheit" (brain or nerve - disease). This is sometimes done in English books; as, "For

poaching at once upon the game and the sin - preserves of his betters."- R. G. White. "Who was what is called a rigger, and mast-, oar-, and block-maker.”— Forster's Life of Dickens. This deserves to be followed; as, "dwelling- and sleepingrooms, the exclamation- and the interrogation-point."

4. Compound numerals from twenty to hundred have their parts united by the hyphen; as, "twenty-one, twenty-first."

5. The adverbs ill, well, and sometimes others, are joined to participles coming before the modified noun, but are not joined when the participle comes after the noun; as, "With an ill-trained and ill-appointed army."-Macaulay. "The horses had been ill fed and ill tended."-Id. "Two hundred Irish foot, ill armed, ill clothed, and ill disciplined."—Id. The participle coming before the noun is used in the sense of an adjective.

6. When a compound word the parts of which are united by the hyphen is made to form part of another compound word the first hyphen is omitted: Red-headed united with woodpecker forms redheaded-woodpecker, not red-headed-woodpecker. Some omit the second hyphen instead of the first; as, "red-headed woodpecker."

7. When two words usually separated are used in the sense of an adjective they are united by the hyphen; as, "Main Street," "Main-street car;" "A New-Albany wagon." "A New Albany wagon" might be understood to mean an Albany wagon which is new.

EXERCISES.

Insert hyphens in the proper places:

Let us go to the printing office. The dining room is empty. They have a diving bell. She is at the dancing school. The reading lessons are preceded by definitions. This is a difficult spelling lesson. Is this an interrogation point? It is a well preserved specimen. The coat was made of dark blue cloth.

THE QUOTATION-POINTS, OR MARKS OF QUOTATION. The quotation-points, or marks of quotation, inclose something quoted.

EXAMPLES.-Socrates said, "I believe that the soul is immortal.” "I believe," said Socrates, "that the soul is immortal."

If the substance only is given, not the words, the quotationpoints are not used.

EXAMPLES.-Socrates said he believed that the soul is immortal. He answered that he would not come.

A quotation included within a quotation is marked with one point at the beginning and one at the end, instead of two.

EXAMPLE. "I have had what women call 'a real good cry." The single point after cry marks the end of the included quotation, and the double point marks the end of the whole quotation.

When a question or an exclamation is quoted the marks of quotation should follow the marks of interrogation or of exclamation.

EXAMPLES. He said, "What are you doing here?" He exclaimed, "O the perfidy of man!"

But if the mark of interrogation or of exclamation does not belong to the part quoted, but to the whole passage, it is placed after the marks of quotation.

EXAMPLES.-Will you say "I am holier than thou"? And this is your "happy home"!

OTHER MARKS.

BRACKETS generally inclose some explanation or something intended to prevent mistake; as, "John told James that he [James] was to get a new book."

The APOSTROPHE is used where a letter is omitted; as, e'en for even, 't is for it is. It is used as a sign of the possessive case, marking the omission of the e which formerly belonged to this case; as, lamb's for lambes.

The DIERESIS placed over the latter of two vowels shows that they do not form a diphthong; as, aërial. The diæresis here shows that this word is not to be pronounced erial.

The ELLIPSIS is generally used where some letters are omitted from a name; as, B———n, or B***n, for Byron. The SECTION [§] marks the small divisions of a book or chapter.

The PARAGRAPH [¶], which is not much used except in the English Bible, denotes the beginning of a new subject. The INDEX, or Hand [], is used to point out something to which particular attention is called.

John Williams,

The BRACE [] is used to connect several terms with one common term; as, James Anderson, Managers. It was formerly used to connect the three lines of verse which form a triplet.

Robert Thomson,

The CARET, used in writing only, shows where to insert

my
Λ

words or letters that have been omitted; as, "This is book.”

The MACRON, or the Long, placed over a vowel shows that the vowel has its long sound; as, Palestine. The mark here shows that i has the sound that it has in fine.

The BREVE, or the Short, placed over a vowel shows that the vowel has its short sound; as, fertile. The mark here shows that i has the sound that it has in fin.

The ASTERISK [*], the OBELISK [†], the DOUBLE DAGGER [‡], and the PARALLELS [||] refer to marginal notes. The letters of the alphabet and the numerical figures are often used for the same purpose.

CAPITAL LETTERS.

The following words should begin with capital letters:

1. The first word of every distinct sentence.

Remark. In a formal enumeration each particular begins with a capital; as, "This takes place 1. When an address is made; 2. In mere exclamations."

In an enumeration of this kind the period is sometimes used after each item, the connection being regarded as sufficiently indicated by the figures.

2. Proper names and titles; as, "Socrates, George Washington, Judge Story, Lord Palmerston, Sir Walter Scott, General Lee, the Duke of Wellington, Charles the Bold, Walnut Street, Ohio, the Hon. John Smith, the Rev. Dr. Matthews, Great Salt Lake, Lake Erie, the Lake of Geneva, Jersey City, New Orleans, Madison Square, Cape Fear, Rhode Island, Hudson's Bay, Trinity College, Black Sea, the Mountains of the Moon."

Remarks.-1. Names of objects personified are of course regarded as proper names; as, "And Truth severe by fairy Fiction dressed."

66

2. The French de (of) and the German von (of) are written in small letters when preceded by some part of the name or by a title; when not so preceded they begin with capitals; as, "Captain de Caxton; the old De Caxtons."-Bulwer. von Dilke; even Von Raumer."-Hood. The corresponding Dutch van seems to be 'Wolfgang always written with a capital v, and it is sometimes united with the following noun; as, "Martin Van Buren; Sir Anthony Van Dyck, or Vandyck."

3: The names of months and days begin with capitals, but not the names of the seasons; as, "January, August, Monday, Christmas, Good Friday, spring, summer."

3. All the chief words in the titles of books; as, "Clarendon's History of the Great Rebellion."