1

EFFECT OF CLOVER HAY ON ANIMALS.

AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL AND PATTERN FARM.

SOME late writers have taken the position that clover hay produces a most injurious effect on domestic animals, particularly horses, and that to this cause the great increase of diseased horses is to be attributed. We lately heard a farmer affirm, that he believed the introduction of clover into general cultivation, the greatest curse yet inflicted on the country, and assigned as a reason for this singular opinion, its effect on animals when used as fler. Late English writers have attributed to this kind of hay, the prevalence of heaves in horses, and the great increase of other diseases that effect the respiratry organs. This is a most important subject, and should eive a full investigation. Clover is too important a plant to be discarded, or condemned, except upon the most satisfactory evidence. Its value as a fertilizer, and Secondly, such an institution would be a means of oripreparative for wheat, to say nothing of its use for pas-ginating, of developing knowledge. In relation to agritre or hay, would demand that it should not be con- culture, there are many subjects of a doubtful nature, such demned unheard. For ourselves, we have very little as the relative value of the various manures for the differbelief in the injurious properties assigned to clover. ent kinds of soil, and for different plants. The relative We have used it constantly for pasture and for hay, more value of different breeds of domestic animals, whether for than thirty years, and never to our knowledge, has an the dairy, the stall, or for other purposes, and the most animal suffered from it; certainly no horse has been ta- profitable means of supporting them. en with the heaves while fed on it, or while in our Few individuals are competent to make the experipossession. As hay for sheep, we have considered it ments necessary to solve these questions. More time, unrivalled, and should have no fears that any stock would capital and attention are required, than they can bestow. not winter well with a supply of well cured clover hay. Besides, no one feels that it is his duty to risk his time and And here lies, we think, the great source of objection money on a doubtful subject, when the results, let them to elover bay. It is too often imperfectly cured. To save be what they may, will be of as much consequence to the leaves and the heads, which are apt to fall in hand-the public at large, as to himself. By the aid of such an ding or curing, the hay is put into the barn while the institution as this, all such questions, and others, may be large stems are full of moisture, or the natural juices, put at rest-and the whole country would enjoy the benefit and the fermentation which ensues, causes the whole without any individual sacrifice. mass to become damp, and if not spoiled wholly, it becames mouldy, black, and when used raises such a dust, that it is no wonder that horses and cattle are choked or their lungs destroyed. Our experience shows that clover may be perfectly cured without losing any of its valuable parts; cured so that when fed out, no more dust will befying than from timothy or herds grass, and we shall be slow to believe, that from such hay, any injury to animals ever ensues. If clover is really guilty of what a few have alleged against it; if the difficulty proves to be in the plant itself, and not in the preparation of it; then it may be necessary to find a substitute a task, we think, by no means easy. Clover is, however, too well established in the good will of the farming community, to be easily put down, and we do not deem it likely at present, to be sneezed or coughed out of favor.

We would call attention to the article written by DR. LEE, in another part of this No. It appears to us that an institution of the kind proposed, would be of great importance to the interests of agriculture. If properly managed, it would act beneficially in several ways. First, it might be regarded as a grand focus for the collection and dissemination of those particles of light upon rural pursuits, which are now scattered abroad in the world in such an abstract and separate manner, that they produce little good to the citizens of our country. We want some medium by which these facts that are now thus scattered about, one being held by one man, and one by another, and so on, may be collected, made plain, and put in possession of every man.

COMPOST.

IMPROVING LAND-INQUIRY.

"My land is a part of it a clay loam, part a gravelly sand, and the greater part a tolerably stiff clay; the subsoil mostly a stiff clay or hardpan. Most of this land has been subjected to the skinning system for a number of years, and is now mostly under the plow, and has been for several years; the previous owner believing his farm too small to seed down oftener than once in 8 or 10 years, and then with 4 quarts of timothy to the acre. I have sowed about 10 acres to rye, sowed it with timothy, and intend to sow it to clover in the spring, at the rate of 8 qts. timothy and 4 qts. clover per acre. This is all I have done, and now I should be glad to know what I should do, in order to bring the land into a good state of cultivation, with my limited means.

A YOUNG FARMER FROM GREENE CO." We advise a Young Farmer to get his land seeded "Will you be so kind as to inform me how, in making down as soon as possible, and for this purpose clover and compost of muck and coarse barn yard manure, the lime timothy will be as good as any thing. With the amount is to be applied, the quantity requisite, and the time oc- of stock owned by him he can make a large quantity of cupied in the process? CONANT SAWYER. manure annually, if he provides his yards and pens with Keterile, Jan. 1844." the wash of roads or even common loam to act as an abIn making composts where lime was used, it was for- sorbent. Peat or muck, he says he has none, or there merly the practice to mix it in the pile merely slaked, would be no want of materials for manure. Culbut it was sometimes where used in this way found to tivate green crops such as buckwheat, corn, or rye to produce little effect, and Dr. Dana recommends that it be plow in as a preparation for other crops. Hardpan or prepared by dissolving one bushel of salt in water, and stiff clay soils are usually wet; if his is of this class, with this slaking a cask of lime, the mixture to lie some drain by all means, nothing can be done to advantage on eight or ten days when it is to be incorporated with the cold wet lands. If the soil is stiff, but dry, the subsoil muck; the above quantity furnishes the alkali required to plow will perform wonders, in deepening and fitting it convert three cords of peat or muck to a first rate com- for crops. If he has 150 acres of land in this condition, post. This if shovelled over a few times to allow full he has abundant room for experiment as to the best mode action and combination, may be applied at once to the of recruiting; but where manures were not to be had, crop or the soil. If barn yard manure is used in making we have known the best results from plowing in green, the compost, there should be alternate layers of inuck, crops, and on these, clover, plaster, &c. we should rely barn yard manure, ashes or lime, until the requisite quantity is prepared. The time required to fit this for e will depend on the rapidity of the fermentation, temperature of the atmosphere, &c. If convenient compost will be the better for being prepared the year beforehand, if they can be kept from the weather. Our correspondents inquires respecting Bommer's patent for manures will be found answered in our January number of the current vol. For that reason alone have we neglected to comply with the request made us.

ERRATA.

IN my communication to Solon Robinson, Jan. No. 1844, page 33, the red cedar is erroneously named cupres sus thyoides, which is the name of the white cedar of New-Jersey, Long Island, and the Southern States, and which we here use for rail fences. Red cedar is the juniperus virginiana, and grows in dry and upland soil, while the other delights in swamps and low grounds.

RICHMOND.

REUBEN M'MILLEN'S PATENT CAST IRON BEAM PLOW.-(Fig. 29.)

MEHES GAYLORD & TUCKER.-Having purchased the exclusive right of making and vending the above plow for the Counties of Albany, Schenectady, Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington, we take the liberty of forwarding yon a cat of the same. It consists of four pieces of iron, exclusive of the handles or handle, as the purchaser may choose, which are of wood. It is so put together by grooves and dovetails, that one small wedge of wood holds the whole firmly and permanently together. The beam and land side are cast in one piece, except a small heel piece which is so constructed that it can easily and cheaply be replaced when worn out. The share and coulter are in One piece, and when worn out can be replaced with as little trouble and expense as any other. The mold board is in one piece, and is not exceeded by that of any plow extant for neatness and smoothness in turning a furrow. (For further information, see advertisement.) ANTHONY & MORRISON.

Trig, Fib. 14, 1844.

TOBACCO IN CONNECTICUT. MISSES. GAYLORD & TUCKER-East Windsor has for a long time been as celebrated for its distilleries and tobaceo as Weathersfield for its state prison and onions, and manufactures daily as many bushels of the staff of life into the soul and body destroying poison, gin, as the states prison numbers convicts. We grow in this town annually about three hundred tons of tobacco, and in the Valley of the Connecticut about five hundred tons are grown annually. The yield the last year was less than usual, 1,500 pounds being about the average per acre. The price of tobacco the last season of a fair growth was 7 cts. a pound, and most of the crop was sold before housed and cured. We have two varieties of the weed, the broad leaf and the narrow leaf-the latter is about two weeks the earliest.

It seems our tobacco is of a peculiar species, or our soil and climate are peculiarly adapted for the production

of a superior article.

plants are frequently and thoroughly examined for the tobacco worms, and they must be destroyed; if not the crop, is sure to be. When in blossom, and before the formation of seed, it is topped about 32 inches from the ground, leaving from 16 to 20 leaves on each stalk. After this the suckers at each leaf are broken off, and the plants kept clean till cut. When ripe, the time of cutting, the leaf is spotted, thick, and will crack when pressed between thumb and finger. It is cut any time in the day after the dew is off, left in the row till wilted, then turned, and if there is a hot sun it is often turned to prevent burning; after wilted it is put into small heaps of 6 or 8 plants, then carted to the tobacco sheds for hanging. We usually use poles or rails about 12 feet long; hang with twine about 40 plants on each rail-20 each side, by crossing the twine from the plants one side to the plants the other, the rails about 12 inches apart. It hangs from six to ten weeks to get perfectly cured,

which is known by the stem of the leaf being thorough

ly dried. It is then, in a damp time, when the leaves piles by letting the tops of the plants lap each other, will not crumble, taken from the poles and placed in large leaving the butts of the plants out. It remains in these heaps from 3 to 10 days before it is stripped, depending on the state of the weather, but must not be allowed to heat. When stripped it is made into small hands; the small and broken leaves should be kept by themselves. It is then by the purchaser packed in boxes of about 400 pounds, and marked seed leaf tobacco. The most of our last crop has been shipped to Bremen.

The soil that produces our best tobacco is a light sandy loam. We prepare our beds for the seed as early in April as possible-select the richest or best land in the garden or on the farm, moist but not wet-manure and prepare it as we do for the cultivation of cabbage or any delicate plant for transplanting-pulverize, and make the bed a fine and smooth as possible; then sow the seed bed east about as thick as we do cabbage seed; then be pressed into the soil. The bed is kept clean of weeds. poll or tread down the bed thoroughly, that the seed may In a common season the plants will be large enough for transplanting by the 10th of June. The land for the same labor and expense that we can two acres of corn or bushed, and left as smooth as possible. We mark the not think it exhausts the land as much as the corn crop, before the time of transplanting, and harrowed and rolled quired is about the same as for the corn crop, and I do rows three feet apart and straight; on the rows we make for it is not allowed to seed.

small hills for the reception of the plants, 2 feet to 2 feet 6 in. apart. We have our land all prepared by the time the plants are large enough for transplanting. If raining at the time, we take the advantage of it and get all our

I think we can cultivate one acre of tobacco with the

East Windsor, Jan. 22, 1844.

HENRY WATSON.

WE have been presented with a scythe from the

plants out; if not we set and water. After this, the field manufactory of Messrs. TAYLOR, HITCHCOCK & Co., of injured by worms others are set in. As soon as they cle, and from the representations of Messrs. Breck & is examined several times, and where plants are dry or Wayne, Maine. It is, to appearance, an excellent artithe rows and the crop kept clean with the hoe. The that they will be found satisfactory to purchasers. stand well they are carefully hoed and vacant places filled Co. of Boston, and others, by whom the scythes from with new plants after this the cultivator is used between this establishment have been sold, we have no doubt

LIME AS A DESTROYER OF SORREL.

chemists and physiologists. The elements of that food are easily demonstratefl; but the proportions in which they are combined, at the moment when they enter the roots of plants and before the vegetable vital power has begun its operation upon them, is not so easily demonstrated. The process of growth and nutrition is carried on out of our sight. There is an agent at work (life) in that process, controlling every thing, directing every thing, which the chemist cannot see where it is, nor car

MESSRS. GAYLORD & TUCKER-In the 9th volume of the Cultivator, page 123, you published an extract of a letter from G. Billings, Esq. of Carlisle, Mass., in which he inquires, "Why is it that land produces sorrel, the poor as well as the rich? and what is the best method to rid the soil of it." To these inquiries you answered, "The acid of sorrel is the oxalic, and sorrel will only grow in soils where this acid is in abundance. To de-ry into his laboratory for examination. He cannot colstroy sorrel it is only necessary to neutralize the acid that produces it, and this may be done by any alkali, but the most common and cheapest is lime."

lect it or confine it. He cannot exhibit it to any of our senses, either in form or operation; and all his reasonings founded upon experiments and analyses in his laboraSeeing the same doctrine concerning sorrel and oxalic tory, proceed upon the supposition that no such agent exacid in the agricultural paper published in this city (New-ists. In this uncertainty as to the conclusions which Haven) I ventured to call in question its correctness. My chemists are to make from their researches, it is not at article was republished in other periodicals, and was made all surprising if they are found to differ from each other the occasion of an appeal to the distinguished Chemist of-if Liebig for instance, should maintain that plants take Lowel (Dr. Dana) for his opinion upon the subject. This up the nourishment which they derive from the soil, in called forth Dr. Dana's letter, republished by you in the the form of carbonic acid; and if Dr. Dana should mainAugust number of the Cultivator, 1843. The positions tain that they take it up in the form of geine variously which I endeavored to maintain were, 1. The organic combined, without being converted into carbonic acid. acids found in plants (the oxalic being one) are formed Which of these eminent chemists is right, it would be within the plants themselves, and are not extracted from presumptuous in me to undertake to pronounce. It is the soil. 2. The oxalic acid does not exist in the soil.not perhaps very important, in the present inquiry, which 3. The application of lime to the soil, with a view to is right. For the present purpose it will be taken for neutralize the oralic acid, is therefore misapplied, and of|| granted that Dr. Dana is right and Liebig wrong; and no use for that purpose. 4. The application of lime to that plants are nourished by taking up from the soil orthe soil does not prevent the growth of sorrel. ganic substances, in various states of combination with each other and with inorganic bases; and that this is a general law of vegetable physiology. The question then arises, whether the growth of sorrel is governed by the same law and carried on by the same process as the

Dr. Dana, upon the appeal made to him, says, "Plants form oxalic acid. The soil seldom contains traces of oxalic acid." In another place he terms sorrel "the oxolteforming plant." The word "traces," used by the chemists, denotes a quantity so small as hardly to be dis-growth of other plants; or whether nature, as Dr. Dana coverable-so small as not to be weighed in the analysis. Hence, according to Dr. Dana's statement, the oxalic acid can seldom be found in the soil, even in the least discoverable quantity. It is formed in the plants where we find it. In this, I believe, he agrees with all other chemists. He thus confirms substantially the positions which I maintained, that the oxalic acid is formed in the plant itself, and is not found in or extracted from the soil; and justifies my inference that "the application of lime to the soil, with a view to neutralize the oxalic acid, is misapplied, and of no use for that purpose." Dr. Dana, then, has decided in my favor one point which has been in dispute. I am contented to abide this decision. Therefore, if you please, Messrs. Editors, we will say no more about the use of lime in neutralizing the oxalic acid found in sorrel.

supposes, has so constituted that plant that it can grow only when its food is presented to it in a peculiar form, such as is not required by other plants-that is to say, whether sorrel can be nourished only by organic acid salts, while other plants may be nourished by organic neutral salts, and various other combinations of the elements of their food. If Dr. Dana expects us to yield assent to his peculiar (perhaps I should add novel) doctrine on this subject, it would seem reasonable that he should give us the facts on which his theory is founded. It would have been gratifying if Dr. Dana had stated what are the weak organic acids of which he speaks-what are the acid salts, of which he speaks; and if he had described some experiment which he has made, or some fact that he has observed, which prove an organic acid salt indispensable to the growth of sorrel. In such cases it is pleasant for Dr. Dana, nevertheless, insists upon the value of lime us to pass our own judgments, weak or imperfect as they as a destroyer of sorrel or a preventive of its growth; and may be, upon the theories which chemists lay before us. explains its operation in this way. The soil contains, he We must, I am aware, take many things upon trustsays, weak organic acids. Plants transform these weak upon authority, and Dr. Dana is good authority for the organic acids into oxalic acid. By applying sour muck, chemistry of agriculture. But still fact is better than filled with weak organic acids and their basis, to soil, we authority. Are there any facts which go to throw light supply it with the food of sorrel. If the acid is fully upon this subject? It is believed that there are; and it neutralized, sorrel grows not. If you supply the weak does appear to me that a fact stated by me in the article organic acids freely, sorrel grows. "The doctrine is, published in the New-Haven periodical, and upon which neutralize the free acids-take the sour out of the soil, Dr. Dana in his letter made some comments, furnishes and sorrel grows not." These acids may be neutralized good reason to doubt whether his theory is well foundby lime. Hence by the application of lime in suffi-ed. That the application of the fact may be fully uncient quantity the growth of sorrel may be prevented-derstood, Dr. Dana's theory should be again stated. It the plant may be starved. Dr. Dana supposes the oxalic is, that sorrel will not grow without the presence in the acid to be formed in the plant, not by direct combination soil of organic acid salts-will not grow if the acid in of its elements (oxygen, carbon and hydrogen,) but by those salts is neutralized. The fact alluded to is as folextracting from the soil some other organic acid con-lows: "In the neighborhood of New-Haven is a kiln taining the same elements in other proportions, and by for burning oyster shells, set into the side of a knoll, the vital power of the plant adding to or abstracting from composed of coarse sand and pebbles [cobble stones] this organic acid a proportion of one or more of these which have been water-worn, and washed clean of all elements. He further supposes that these organic acids fine matter. Nothing can be more barren than this sand. are taken up by sorrel only when the acid is combined It has been drawn out of the hill and levelled off around with an alkali in such proportion as to form an acid salt; the mouth of the kiln. Here the burnt shells have been and therefore, if these acid salts in the soil are converted spread, slaked, and have remained till carted away for into neutral salts, by the addition of alkalis to the soil, manure. There has been left on the surface of the sand then the sorrel will no longer find its proper food, and a coat of lime of considerable thickness, which has lain must perish. These, if I understand Dr. Dana correctly, there for a few months past undisturbed, the burning of are his doctrines on this subject. They are highly im-shells having been suspended. A few weeks ago [that portant and deserve much consideration. The state or is just before the time of writing the former article] condition in which the food of plants is taken up by them went to the kiln, and found sorrel growing, with great from the soil, has not been very satisfactorily shown by luxuriance, through the coat of lime-which in one

pice was two inches thick about a bunch that was parlarly thrifty." To avoid the inference made from this fact, Dr. Dana says, the lime being on the soil did Here let me state an experiment of my own made some not furnish a sufficiency of lime water or uncombined years ago, at a time when I held to your doctrine of neualtali to neatralize the organic acids in the soil below; tralizing the oxalic acid for the purpose of destroying and further, that the small portion of lime that has en-sorrel. There was a piece of ground containing about tered the soil "has caused the inert vegetable matter to 100 square rods, overrun with sorrel. It was concluded become acid in a greater degree than the lime can satu- to give one-half of it a thorough liming. Accordingly rate. It has formed with it an acid salt. In this salt 60 bushels of oyster shell lime, just burnt and directly Marrel finds its food." Now I have no means of mea- from the kiln, were spread over one-half the piece and string the quantity of uncombined lime that has been plowed in. The other half received a dressing of leached dissolved and carried into the soil below it, around the ashes and stable manure. The whole was planted with mouth of this kiln. Large quantities of shells have corn. I could see no difference in the growth of sorrel on leet hauled out and slaked there. Occasionally, the the two parts. But the corn crop on the limed half was hime has laid there for days, before it was carted away. nearly ruined. Here then, according to Dr. Dana was E has at no time been wholly taken away. The rains as an under-dose of lime-192 bushels to the acre was an hey fell found more or less of uncombined lime lying under-dose for sorrel, but, as the event proved an overen the surface of the ground. Some of the lime must dose for corn. Had there been lime enough applied, have been washed into the ground by every considera- there can be no doubt the sorrel would have disappeared; ble rain. One would naturally suppose lime enough but would not every thing else have disappeared also? must have sunk into the soil to saturate a pretty large It may well be questioned whether it is a possible thing amount of organic acids. But it may be asked Dr. Dana, to apply lime in such quantity as to destroy sorrel, and what organic acids were there in this soil, to be neutra- at the same time leave the soil in a state, fertile for lized? What inert vegetable matter is there, to become other crops. It appears to me there is more nicety acid? The reader is requested to look again at the and precision required, in proportioning properly the description above given of the soil where this lime was lime to the acids, than can be put in practice out of the laid, and where sorrel grew-water-worn cobble stones, laboratory, in the coarse manipulations of the field, by and water-washed, coarse [silicious] sand. If vegetable men untaught in chemistry. Before Dr. Dana's theory, matter is there, it must exist in an exceedingly minute supposing it to be sound, can be made available for the quantity. If organic acids are there, in any quantity, farmer's benefit, it seems necessary that he or some one how came they there? I have very lately been to the should give us some plain and definite rules for the kiln, and will add a further fact. Some young plants of destruction of sorrel by the use of lime-that we may sorret, evidently from seed the past season, were found know with some degree of certainty, in what quantity growing near the mouth of the kiln. One plant was we are to apply it in the very diverse soils found in our growing in a body of slaked lime, which appeared to country, and in the varied condition of the same soil in have lain long enough to become a carbonate. Tracing successive years. Until these rules are furnished, allow the roots with the utmost care, I could not follow any of me to give in answer to Mr. Billing's inquiry, "what is them below the lime, which in that particular spot was the best method to rid the soil of sorrel," the result of from 6 to 7 inches deep. In short, here was a plant of my experience in the matter. Sorrel spreads, as you sorrel growing in carbonate of lime, without any ap- well know, by long stringy roots, running just under the parent vegetable matter. But according to Dr. Dana's surface of the ground. On these roots, for every inch theory the spot where this plant was growing must have or half inch, spring out buds which grow up into contained organic acids in the form of acid salts. This leaves and stems. The buds are formed principally in body of lime, laid there warm from the kiln, in an the spring and fall months and there is a pause in their uncombined state, 6 inches thick, was not sufficient to growth about midsummer. Plowing the ground and turnneutralize the organic acids contained in, and formed ing over the roots, while the buds are growing or ready from the inert vegetable matters within its own mass. to grow, that is in the spring or fall, has no effect to kill Dr. Dana may explain this; probably he can do so satis- them. Hence, putting in a spring crop (not tilled) like factorily to his own mind, and perhaps to that of others; oats, or a fall crop, like rye or wheat, tends rather to but it is beyond the skill of most of us unlearned spread the sorrel than subdue it. But if the ground is farmers to make the explanation. This is all I have to thoroughly broke up about midsummer the sorrel is pretsay upon the soundness of Dr. Dana's theory. To render ty apt to die. Hence a crop of buckwheat, which is say further discussion upon this point, by me, profitable sown in July is very effectual; but a crop of Ruta Baga, to your readers, requires a better acquaintance with ag- sown in the same month, and kept clean with the hoe or ricultural chemistry than I possess. cultivator, is a still better destroyer of sorrel. For the Let it be admitted that Dr. Dana's theory is correct, same reason, if the roots of the sorrel are broken, and the and that if lime enough be applied to the soil it will leaves cut off through the month of July, as may be done in prevent the growth of the sorrel, are there not diffi- tilling a crop of corn, the sorrel will generally perish. culties in reducing this theory to practice, which farmers If it comes up from seed, it is as easily killed by hoeing by find insuperable? And will the application of lime as any weed, provided the hoeing be done soon after the the "best method to rid the soil of sorrel ?" According gun to run. be what your correspondent Mr. Billings inquired after, plant comes up, and before the horizontal roots have beto Dr. Dana's prescription the lime must be applied in to seed upon the land, it will be necessary to keep it un

operation will go in generating acid salts. All this is far beyond the skill of the generality of farmers.

If the sorrel, in previous years, has gone

the soil. "If you only partially neutralize, says Dr. soil to spring up and be destroyed.

there is one rather serious practical difficulty; that is, to Dana, you supply the sorrel with its natural food." Here know what quantity of lime to apply. It would be a great disappointment if the farmer, having been to coniderable expense to procure lime to destroy his sorrel, to||

New-Haven, Ct., Feb. 1, 1844.

NOYES DARLING.

INQUIRIES ABOUT CLOVER SEED.
A correspondent wishes to know what time it is best to

find he had only been supplying the weed with additional sow clover seed on land that is in wheat. We believe food-that instead of preventing its growth he had made that it succeeds well, sown either on some of the last the amount of organic matter which they contain; the ground in the spring, while the soil is soft. Agrow the better. Soils differ much from each other in snows of winter, or soon after the frost is out of the

me soil contains this year more or less than it did the

Another correspondent wishes to know the proper

We

proper to cause the destruction instead of the growth of think the quantity varies from 8 to 12 lbs, or from 4 to 6 In order to apply the lime in the precise quantity quantity of clover seed to be sown to the acre. of organic acids exist in the soil, and also the exact according to the quantity of other seeds sown with it. sorrel, it seems necessary to know exactly what amount quarts-but the quantity of this seed should be varied amount of inert vegetable matter that may be operated As to machines for cleaning seed, we refer H. D.' to an

upon by the lime, and the exact extent to which that article in our Jan. no.