surplus water. shown in fig. the feeders, and D. D. the drains. Fig. 7. t=1.23Vd f. The hydraulic mean depth is a quantity, which when multiplied by the perimeter of the channel in contact with the water, gives an area equal to the area of the section. Example: Suppose a furrow is cut 6 inches wide and 4 inches deep, with perpendicular sides, and that it descends one inch in a rod; to find the quantity of water that will flow in it. It will fall 320 inches in a mile; the perimeter in contact with the water will be, 6 inches on the bottom and four inches at each side 14 inches; the area of the section will be 6 times 4 = 24,—which divided by 14, the perimeter, gives 1.7: the hydraulic mean depth. Then by applying the above rule, = 1.23V320 X 1.71.23 × 7.4-9.1 inches, the velocity per second, or about one gall. per second, or one hogshead per minute. In practice, considerable allowance must be made for rough and uneven sides and bottom, which would tend to In larger channels, the calculation retard the current. would be more accurate. FARMING IN MASSACHUSETTS. THE farm of CHEEVER NEWHALL, Esq., in Dorchester, six miles from Boston, furnishes one of the best examIf this distance from the center be half an inch, the de- ples of productive husbandry, we have any where met with. It consists of sixty acres, a few of which are still scent from one leg to the other will be about one inch. in wood. Several acres are taken up by the grounds This level should be made of light but stiff spars, and with ten or twelve feet span; and the exact course of the about the house, in garden, shrubbery, &c., and there are intended feeder or drain may be conspicuously indicated eight or ten acres in orcharding; yet the farm supports twenty-five cows, one bull, four oxen, and three horses. by a peg driven into the ground at each point marked by All this stock is supported entirely from the farm, with the foot of the level. The general slope of the land may the exception of a few oats occasionally for the carriagebe previously determined by the two sights at the extre-horses, and some wheat bran for the cows. meties of the cross bar. The soil was originally very strong and some of it wet. An objection has been brought to the practice of watering meadows, that the grass though greatly increased SOILING. Mr. Newhall keeps his stock altogether on in quantity is much inferior in quality. This is indeed the soiling system. They are fed mostly in the barn, at the case, but not more so than results from increased all seasons of the year. The cows are turned out for a growth by the use of stable manure. The slight inferifew hours in each day, when the weather will admit ority in this respect has been found by careful and accu- of it, and are driven for exercise to a small, shaded enrate experiments to be vastly overbalanced by the in-closure, about a quarter of a mile from the barn. They Judgment must be exercised in not overdoing the busi- are perfectly healthy, and Mr. N. thinks give quite ness by suffering the water to remain on too long. Two or three weeks, with a short intermission, are admissible in dry seasons, or in autumn; but in spring, when the growth of the grass is rapid, much less time is sufficient. The appearance of scum upon the grass is regarded as an indication for the immediate withdrawal of the water. crease of bulk. as much, if not more, milk, in the course of the year, as they would do if grazed in summer in the ordinary way. The cows average 420 gallons per year, and the milk is sold at the farm at an average of about fourteen cents per gallon. The principal articles for feeding, in the summer seaAutumn floodings are considered as the most permanently sown in the fall, and is the first thing that is fit to cut in son, are rye and Indian corn, cut green. The former is beneficial, as the waters are then charged with the ani- the spring. It may be commenced on as soon as it is mal and vegetable matters which have accumulated du-high enough to mow, and will continue to grow till the ring summer. This season of the year will also be gen- usual time that rye matures, by which time, the corn, erally found most convenient for laying out and plowing the furrows for the channels. When it is remembered that manure is spread in this way without the labor of drawing and shoveling-that the practice would probably be even more beneficial in our hot and dry summers, than in the moist climate of England-that it is in fact, not the transferring merely of manure from one spot to another, but the actual recovery of an immense amount of enriching material now swept through rivers to the sea,-the importance of a greater attention to the subject must force itself at once upon the mind. which is most relied on, is fit to use. He is Corn is the most productive of fodder of any crop which can be grown. The past season, Mr. N. kept twenty-three cows for eight weeks, wholly from two acres and a half of corn. confident that one acre of rich land is more than sufficient to keep a cow the year round-that is, it will afford sufficient green food in summer, and leave enough to be dried to keep the cow through the winter. In 1843, Mr. Newhall measured a square rod, being part of a lot of corn sown for fall and winter use, and carefully weighed the produce, which he found to be at the rate of more than thirty-two tons per acre. It was then carefully dried when it weighed 160 lbs. to the rod, or nearly thirteen He prefers planting in the drill mode, three feet apart, and uses two to three bushels of seed (of the southern corn) per acre. Large quantities of carrots, potatoes, and beets are grown for winter feeding. The white carrot is the kind most cultivated-it is easier raised than other sorts, and generally yields bet ter-giving from 800 to 1000 bushels per acre. Each cow is fed during winter, with from a peck to a half CALCULATING THE VELOCITY OF WATER IN CHANNELS. ly in cutting channels for irrigation, but for surface drains To ascertain the mean velocity of water in a canal or river THE CULTIVATOR. bushel of roots per day, with a little wheat bran, in addition to their dry fodder. SOWING GRASS-SEED.-Mr. Newhall decidedly prefers MAKING MANURE.-Much attention is given to this The manure from the branch of farming operations. cattle and horses is pushed through scuttles into the cel-grass. lar under the barn, and a layer of peat muck thrown The barn-yard is so over it three or four times a week. Much maformed that none of the manure is wasted. nure is also made from hogs, eighteen or twenty of which are kept principally for this purpose. They are fed with the waste of public houses, &c., brought from Boston-frost. FRUIT-TREES.-Fruit, particularly apples and pears, Besides having on which food they get very fat. The pork covers all the expense of keeping, leaving the manure clear gain. is a considerable object on this farm. The hogs are kept with a full supply of marsh mud, peat, an abundance for home-consumption, three hundred dol&c., which being rooted over and mixed with their ex-lars worth were sold the past year, among which were The pens are mostly eight barrels of Bartlett pears, which brought fifty dolcrements, becomes good manure. Mr. Newhall has a large collection of cherries, under roofing. We noticed a contrivance about the sties lars. which we do not remember to have seen before, except plums, grapes, and the smaller fruits. He showed us on the farm of J. W. Haines, in Hallowell, Maine. The some of the finest Isabella and Catawba grapes we have sty consists of an upper and a lower story, and the hogs met with in this latitude. Several of his pears are also resort to either as they find most conducive to their com- very fine. We were shown specimens of Beurré Diel, fort and convenience, by means of an inclined plane, Seckel, St, Germain, Napoleon, &c., which were excelacross which cleats are fastened to answer the purpose of lent. steps and to keep the hogs from slipping down. The upper story, which is always dry, is generally used by the hogs for a bed-chamber-their work is done below, and in very hot weather, they go there to cool their bodies in the moist earth. Besides availing himself of all the means of making manure from his stock, Mr. Newhall has another manufactory which is of great importance. From some large vats which have been provided at several of the large hotels in Boston, he obtains annually about sixty hogsheads of urine. The mode of using this, is to make it into compost with peat-muck. The muck is kept in the barn cellar, and the vehicle in which the urine is brought is driven into the barn, and the liquid is conducted by means of pipes to the muck below. Each hogshead of urine is sufficient to saturate a cord of muck, which is thus made as experience has amply proved-of more value than the same quantity of any other manure used on the farm. BUILDINGS.-All the buildings are convenient and well and substantially made. The barn, (of which we hope to give a cut hereafter,) is one of the best we have seen. It is 120 feet long and 40 feet wide. The floor runs through the whole length, leaving the bay on one side The and the stalls for cattle and horses on the other. Mr. Newhall showed us a lot of pear trees imported from France and Germany, grafted on quince stocks, and The trees are kept trimmed in the shape of a distaffcultivated at the distance of only four by five feet apart. what is called in France the Quenouille form-a mode which we are told succeeds well with these dwarf stocks. The trees are brought very early to bearing, and it is said as much, and as good fruit is obtained in this way for a given extent of land, as by standard planting: though none of the dwarf trees are as long lived as those grafted in their own species and cultivated in the usual manner. REMARKS.-Comment on the above facts seems scarcely necessary, yet we cannot omit to call attention to the great amount of products which Mr. Newhall obtains Here is a farm of only sixty acres, which, besides compared with many farms containing hundreds of acres each. and leaving a large portion of it for merely ornamental affording three hundred dollars worth of fruit annually, grounds, supports more stock than most farms of twice A striking example is here furnishor thrice its extent. ed of the fallacy of the idea that agriculture cannot be prosecuted to any extent or advantage without a large farm. SUBSOIL PLOWING. Col. SHERWOOD, of Auburn, made use of the subsoil A part of the subplow the past season on fifteen acres. The soil was loamy, and the subsoil soiled land was planted to corn, and a part sown with wheat in the fall. hard clay and gravel. He used the subsoil plow of Ruggles, Nourse & Mason. It required four oxen to draw it, and to work to the best advantage at the depth it was run The team worked over There is a deep cellar under the whole barn, a portion in this case, which was one foot, Col. Sherwood thinks of which serves for the safe-keeping and manufacture there ought to be six oxen. of manure as already described, and the remainder as a from an acre, to an acre and a quarter per day. The The space assigned for ve-ground had not been plowed for thirty years. It was nastore-house for vegetables. The effect getables is divided into stalls or bins, arranged along one turally wet, so much so that in a wet time, the water side of an alley, for the convenience of taking out the would stand on it to the injury of the grass. roots. There are scuttles in the barn floor, through of the subsoiling was to render the soil and subsoil so friwhich the vegetables are dropped directly from carts in-able, that the water immediately found its way through, to the bins. The barn doors are made to slide on iron and though a portion of the past season was very wet, the rails, instead of being hung on hinges. This is a plan water at no time remained on or so near the surface as to which has prevailed considerably in Massachusetts for a do the least damage to the crop. That part which was few years past, and we think preferable to any we have seen. The door rests on cast-iron wheels, which run on the rail. The rails are cast with a small ridge in the centre, and the wheels with a corresponding groove. Thus the door keeps its exact place without any trouble, and runs very easily. put to corn, was first planted on the 20th of May, but the seed failed, and it was planted again on the last day of May and first day of June, and grew so vigorously that it got ripe as soon as other corn in the neighborhood. SeThe difference in favor veral strips of twenty to thirty feet wide were left through the field, not subsoiled. FENCES. From the system pursued with his stock, of the subsoiled portion, was very obvious in the ranker The different por(soiling) Mr. Newhall has need of but few interior fen-growth and larger size of the corn on that part-it was so ces. Those required are heavy walls-the stones for plain that it might be seen to a row. which are found on the farm, and they were formerly in tions were not measured separately at harvest time. so great abundance that it was necessary to dig them out effect of subsoiling on the wheat crop, cannot be told at present. before the land could be tilled. The AMONG the various descriptions of horses published in the Cultivator, I have no recollection of having noticed a description of the Clydesdale breed. The above portrait is copied from Mr. Stephen's "Book of the Farm." In the Complete Grazier they are described as being strong, active, hardy animals, of the middle size, remarkably steady, true pullers, of sound constitution, and well adapted to all the purposes of husbandry. They are, therefore, deservedly in esteem among the northern farmers, particularly on heavy soils; they are not, however, so active, nor, consequently, so well adapted for light land, as the Cleavelands; neither are they so handsome. They are said to have been descended from a cross, made by one of the Dukes of Hamilton, between some Flemish stallions, imported many years ago, with the Lanarkshire mares, and they derive their appellation from the district on the Clyde where they are chiefly found. They have already made their way into the bordering counties of England, and there can be little doubt that, as their good qualities become more appreciated, they will yet travel still further south." meeting each other so close under the fundament, as to leave only a small groove for the tail to rest on. The tail strong, heavy to lift, and well haired." "The most common colors of the Clydesdale horse are black, or, more frequently, grey." This description combines most of the best points peculiar to a perfect draught horse for the cart or plow; but it must be apparent that they are not often found united in one animal. Albany, Dec. 5, 1844. C. N. BEMENT. NEW PUBLICATIONS. AGRICULTURAL BOOK FOR SCHOOLS.-We see it stated in our foreign papers, that " A Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology," drawn up by Prof. JOHNSTON, at the request of the schoolmasters of Ayrshire, has alrea dy passed through ten or twelve editions in Great Britain. From the high terms in which we have seen it alluded to, as well as from the practical and common sense This valuable breed of horses, is described by Mr. views which the author takes of the connection of these Aiton as "rising from 14 to 16 hands in height: if be- sciences with the practice of agriculture in his lectures, yond that, they are generally unshapely mongrels, and of his Catechism for publication in this country, by ma we are rejoiced to learn that he has prepared an edition greatly deficient in spirit; the effects of crossing small king such alterations as were deemed necessary to adapt jaded mares with overgrown stallions. They are sound, it to the use of our schools, and that it is soon to be pubfleshy, well-proportioned, strong, and heavy, without lished, with an Introduction and Notes, by our corresponbeing too coarse or clumsy. The head is in due propor-! tion to the body; rather small than large, and not so full dent, Mr. J. P. NORTON, who, it will be remembered, and prominent below the eyes as some of the English mistry, with Prof. Johnston. is now pursuing his investigations in agricultural chebreeds: the nostrils are wide, the eyes full and animated, and the ears erect. The neck is neither long nor slender, but strong, thick and fleshy, with a good curvature, and the mane strong and bushy. They are broad in the breast and thick in the shoulders, the blades being nearly as high as the chine, and not so much stretched back ward as those of road horses. The arm tapers to the knee: the leg rather short, bone oval and strong, but solid and clean. The hoof round, of a black color, tough and firm, with the heels wide, and no long hair on the "OHIO CULTIVATOR."-Mr. BATEHAM, whose retirelegs except a tuft at the fetlocks. The body round and heavy; the belly of a proportional size, neither small nor large, and the flank full. The back straight and broad, but not too long; the loin broad and raised a little; hucks visible but not prominent, and but a short space between them and the ribs. The sides from the shoulders to the hips, nearly straight. The thighs thick and THE HERD BOOK.-The 5th vol. of this work, consisting of two parts of 620 pages each, has been recently issued in England, and we have been favored by GEO. VAIL, Esq. of Troy, with a copy of it. It is devoted exclusively to Cows and their progeny, and contains the pedigrees of a large number of animals owned and bred in this country. We are not aware that any copies of it are for sale in this country. ment from the New Genesee Farmer, we noticed in our last, has removed to Columbus, Ohio, from whence he has sent us his prospectus for "The Ohio Cultivator," the publication of which he proposes to commence in that city on the first of this month. It will be published semi-monthly, 8 pages quarto, at $1.00 a year. Success to him. THE CULTIVATOR. ESTERLY'S PATENT HARVESTING MACHINE-(Fig. 9.) THIS machine is calculated for cutting the heads from standing grain, leaving the straw behind. Where grain stands up well, it is warranted to cut the heads from 25 acres of wheat per day-the power employed being three As the heads of the grain are horses, requiring two men and a boy to manage the machine. It is claimed that from one to three bushels more grain is saved per acre by the use of this machine, than is saved in the usual way. cut off, they are received into a large box, or "receiver," and when that is filled, the heads may be conveyed to the barn, or secured in cribs-the latter being considered preferable, as they afford the grain a better chance to dry. From half an acre to an acre of wheat (according to the condition of the crop,) may be cut at a time, without unloading the "receiver." The operation of threshing is much facilitated by this mode of cutting grain-making a It is confidently believed that this machine is destisaving in this respect of from fifty to seventy-five per cent. ned to effect a great improvement in the saving of labor and expense in harvesting grain, and preparing it for market. By the use of it, the farmer is enabled to cut and secure, at the proper time and in good order, his wheat crop, with only the ordinary number of hands employed on his farm, besides abolishing the severe labor and drudgery of harvesting in the usual mode. The machine is manufactured by the patentee, GEORGE ESTERLY, Heart-Prairie, Wisconsin, and will shortly be for sale at Chicago, and other central points in the western country. PRACTICAL HUSBANDRY. parts, and return with sand to the clayey parts; and be You may spread very liberal in your exchanges, too. Improvement of Worn Out and naturally Poor Lands, Old the clay at once, or allow it to remain a winter in cart load heaps, and spread it in the spring. The sand may All this is merely getting Fields, &c., in the Middle States. be spread, of course, at once. the land ready. A carpenter builds his shop, and "gets I intimated in a late paper in the Cultivator, (vol. 1, p. 344,) that I would shortly give the readers of that excellent work an answer to the question How the im-out" his stuff, before he thinks of "going to work" at his provement of the kinds of land mentioned in the heading trade. So does every other artisan or mechanic. Why of this article, could be accomplished in the cheapest should a farmer not, also, before he goes to work to make way. I now proceed to the fulfilment of my promise. money and a living, first "get his shop in order ?" HavIt may being properly grubbed, drained, and mixed the soil, the Land is poor or rich from various causes. whole. It most probably wants lime to make it compoor naturally, from being deprived of the accumulation next thing to be done is to ascertain the quality of the of decomposed organized matter, by the washings of rain, the overflowing of streams, &c., and by its own gravelly plete. Take a handful here and there from the whole and porous nature, admitting the upward filtering of field, say twenty handsful in all; mix them well togethspring water, as is the case in low gravelly bottoms. It er; then take a handful from the whole mixture, put it fire and let it cool; when cold, pulverize it into a fine may also be poor from the too large a portion of iron in upon a shovel and heat it red hot; then take it from the its composition. But the most universal cause of pover-powder, and pour upon it good cider vinegar; diluted ty of soil, is EXHAUSTION, from over-cropping, taking muriatic acid is best, but vinegar, if good, will do; if it away always, and returning nothing; as was so generally foams considerably, you want no lime in the soil; if it do the practice in old times, and is too much the practice now in all the middle States. In a former paper I have not foam, you must then apply lime. Nearly all the land in expressed the opinion that a man may purchase and im- the middle States wants lime, and is benefited by its appliprove a piece of this poor or worn out land cheaper than will be the cost of removal to, and purchase of a piece of land in the west, especially when the sacrifices incident to such removal are taken into the account. I most sincerely believe in the truth of this proposition. But let us proceed to the subject-the How, not the why, this land should be improved. The first object to be attended to in the improvement of land, is the grubbing up and clearing off every tree and shrub that is not wanted. Let this be done at the begin ning. Allow no clumps or clusters of bushes or briars, or single ones either, to remain in the field. The next thing is ditching and draining of all sunken and boggy places, if such exist. Very often the simple plow furrow will answer, but sometimes a deep ditch must be dug. If it be deep enough, a blind ditch should always be preferred, so that you may cultivate the land over the ditch, and also save your land the inconvenience of open ditches. Having grubbed and ditched, and thus drained the land, the next object is to ascertain the quality of the soil, all parts of it. You may find that the low places you have drained are composed of hard clay. Some of the upper or higher places may be too sandy. You will in such case, employ your carts in carrying clay to the sandy plow in the fall with the deepest working plow you can If by the trial above described, you find your land requires lime, then, before the first plowing, apply twenty bushels of slaked lime to the acre, broadcast, then plow as before directed, sow the corn, and proceed as before, taking care to sow twenty bushels of lime before turning under each crop of corn; sow the lime on the corn as it stands, and turn corn and lime all in together. In this way, a first rate soil may be made out of the poorest old field in Maryland or any where else; and it will be observed that the only cost is in the liming and value of the seed corn, except the labor. Those who cannot afford to speediest fertilizer. Some, and very many, suppose that expend so much labor and money the first season, can the old plan of clover laying is the best and cheapest. I extend the time over several seasons, applying say twen-differ with them. You can only turn under a crop of ty or thirty bushels of lime to the acre, and turning under clover once in two years; you can by an effort turn under but one crop of corn each year. three crops of corn in one year; and I believe that each crop of corn will carry as much nutriticus matter into the soil as each crop of clover can do. The above may be considered a brief summary of the whole argument; and, it seems to me, scarcely requires elveidation. Some may however require explanations, and I therefore proceed to give them. Never undertake the improvement of more land than you are certain you can manage. If you expend your funds upon too large a surface, you will be likely to lose the whole advantage of them. Calculate how much land you can work well, and confine yourself to that and no more. And in all your operations in agriculture, take care not to undertake too much. Suppose you can only work ten acres well in one year, if you undertake twenty acres, some of it will have injustice done it, and the result is obvious. Now in this system of improvement, you have only to purchase the lime, if that be necessary; you can raise the A clay soil requires only sand to make it a good one,seed corn on some part of the farm. All the rest of the so far as constitution is concerned; a sandy soil requires improvement is derived from labor. clay to make it good. These two elements of a good| soil generally exist on all farms; and wherever they do exist in separate places, they should be combined and mixed, that the whole may be made fertile. If your land be too clayey, and you have no sand on your farm, probably some neighbor would be glad to exchange some of his sand for some of your clay, doing half the hauling, and thus both farms will be benefited at half the labor each. Rely upon it, there is more to be obtained in the improvement of land by a judicious admixture of soils, than is generally supposed. Manuring cannot supply its place, however large the quantity applied; and when once made, the effect is permanent, the benefit perpetual, the improvement lasts forever. Deep plowing is one of the most efficient agents in the improvement of soils, as it is in the continuation of good soils. Never omit it. It may pay you scantily for a year or two; but it will ultimately repay you an hundred fold. Without it there cannot be any continued successful farming, no matter what the original soil may have been. Discard all shallow working plows from your farm, except the mere seed and cultivator plows. Some lands will be benefited by 50 bushels of lime to the acre, and by it be rendered sufficiently calcareous; others may require 100 bushels; all this is to be found out only by proper experiments, as above indicated. If the solution of the soil foams freely in the vinegar or muriatic acid, it wants no lime; if but partially, it wants probably 50 bushels to the acre; if not at all, it may require an hundred bushels. If it be a red clayey soil, it wants more lime than if it be white or blue or yellow. If you have no lime, and wood ashes are at hand, you cation. may accomplish all the objects you aim at by their appli As ashes are mostly composed of different kinds of lime, besides their more soluble potash, from 50 to 100 bushels of ashes to the acre, applied in the same manner as directed for lime, will have the same effect as lime, besides giving you the advantage of the potash, the first Low wet places are not only unproductive, but they are unhealthy, unseemly, and an absolute loss of all the land so situated. If your farm consists of one hundred acres, and twenty acres of it is of this low and wet kind, you have but eighty acres of land. Therefore drain, by ditching this low land, make it productive, by adding sand, &c., where necessary, and you will in effect have added twenty acres to your farm. And in draining, take care to avail yourself of the advantages of blind ditches. I do not suppose it necessary to tell you how to make them the way may be found in almost all agricultural works, and they are very simple. A summary of the different plans may be stated as follows. Dig the trench as in the usual way of making an open ditch, of the proper depth and capacity, to carry off the water. Then lay in the bottom of the ditch, stones loosely packed, so that water will freely pass between them, about a foot deep. Then lay upon these loose stones, larger and flat ones, to Keep the earth from filling the interstices, and then return the earth thrown out, leveling the whole surface. Some, instead of stone, lay in the bottom of the ditch, branches and limbs of trees and shrubs, and cover these Where neither lime nor ashes are to be obtained, Plaswith earth; but such blind ditches are obviously subjectter of Paris, as it is called, may be applied to most lands to obstruction from the decay of the wood, and thence from the caving in of the superincumbent earth. Others, in Europe especially, use an arching of tiles in the ditch instead of stones or brushwood; but this is too expensive for this country as yet. Where stones can be had, a good blind ditch may be made permanently effective by their use; next to store, brushwood is to be preferred. year. with advantage. The action of plaster continues to be a subject of dispute. My opinion is, that it simply serves the purpose of fixing the ammonia floating in the atmosphere, and that evolved from decaying animal matters, and thus securing it to the uses of the soil. No matter what its mode of action is, however, it certainly is a ve It surely cannot be necessary to say a word in illustra-other still more effective agents, it should always be used, ry efficient agent in soils generally, and in the absence of tion of the grubbing up of all useless growths of bushes, or at least tried. trees, &c. Never allow your fences to be sheltered by bushes or trees of any kind; they rot the timber, and you lose all the land they occupy. "Head lands," as they are called, are just so much deducted from your measure of acres. Clear out all such. If you have no other clean place in your field, let the head lands and fence corners be clean. I have said nothing of fencing, the most expensive item of farming, because it has nothing to do with the main object of this paper, and because the cheapest fence is that which each locality can afford with the greatest fa cility. One farmer can build a stone fence all around his farm, easier than he can a rail fence, simply because he has too many stones on his land, and in getting rid of them In ascertaining the precise quality of the soil, you ac-he hauls them to the line where he intends to make his complish precisely what every other artisan does when fence, and in the seasons when he cannot be more profithe ascertains his ability to do a certain job. You find out ably employed, he erects the wall. In the absence of what the materials you are to work upon are capable of stone, and where timber is plenty, the rail fence, the post producing. If in that examination, you find your mate-and rail, &c., will of course be the cheapest fencing. I rials deficient in any one necessary ingredient-lime, for have no favorable opinion of hedges, except in the abexample-you, as other artisans would necessarily and solute absence of both stone and timber. They require a instinctively do, apply lime. If you find it deficient in long time to grow; and in this country there is not a sinvegetable fibre, &c., you apply that substance, and if yougle kind of hedge plant that has succeeded satisfactorily. find it deficient in clay or sand, as either of these pre-There are a few instances of good hedges being made, ponderate, you apply the one or the other, as the result but I will venture to say there is not one in the United States that can be imitated profitably as to cost, time, and Having prepared the soil for the reception of manure, efficiency. If nothing but live fences had ever been in the cheapest and most efficient method and material for use, and some inventive genius had discovered the use supplying nutritious principles to the soil, is the next of artificial fencing with rails and stone, he would have matter for consideration. I believe that corn sown broad-been considered the benefactor of his age. For myself, cast, as above directed, is the cheapest, most efficient and though I have traveled much, and have extended my ob of the examination shall indicate. |