It will be seen that there are fewer restrictions and obligations than many English landlords would have thought necessary, but enough I was assured, to protect sufficiently the interest of the proprietor. I had made some further memoranda that might have served to complete the foregoing statement, but cannot now find them, and enough has perhaps been said to show the general working and design of the arrangements referred to. Upon the Norfolk estate of Lord Sondes, there are 160 allotments of a half acre each, let at the moderate rate of $3.00 per year for the land. The rent of the cottage is about 13 (say $15)-from 1s. per week, upwards. The carrot is quite a favorite crop on these allotments-Lord S. sometimes purchasing for his own use 1500 or 2000 bushels of thein per year from his cottage tenants, at the rate of about 4d per bushel. nous grasses, can be moderately fed, especially on low and tough pastures, at an early stage. We bined with fresh grass and good hay, we think oil-meal, An experienced farmer of Central New-York, says that I am forced also to close for the present, with no more a bushel of corn-meal fed to an animal when being turnthan a passing allusion to the pleasant grounds and fine ed from hay to grass, is worth three dollars." Taking the gain in flesh from such treatment into comparison with gardens attached to the plain and substantial mansion the loss in weight which would be incurred without the which constitutes Lord Sondes' residence. It is not only grain, (and hay at night,) the estimate is no doubt within here, moreover, that my obligations are heavy to the kind-bounds. It is more difficult to get stock from hay to grass ness of Mr. Fulcher, as now imperfectly acknowledged, without loss, than many imagine, and we should be glad but the columns of the Co. GENT. have before contained to publish, more largely, the experience of our farming the record of a visit in the south of England, above allu-ed with beef-making, we must add the remark, that milch friends on the subject. Though not immediately connectded to, marked by similar courtesies on the part of his cows very much need this hay at night, and a regular feed lordship and Mr. NEAME, the manager of the Kent estate. of grain or roots once a day, for a month at least after going to pasture. It will be the most profitable attention we can give them. FEEDING LEAN CATTLE FOR BEEF. Conversing with "A Young Farmer," on the above subject, he asked us, "At what time in the year can one best and soonest fatten lean stock?" Having no very extended personal experience in the matter, we gave him the views of some who have long made it a business to supply butchers with fattened stock, and our own opinions as made up from these and other sources. We must first remark, that well-kept, good conditioned stock, unlike those which are lean, can readily be fattened at any season of the year by extra feeding, and generally with profit. Lean cattle are not readily started in growth -they cannot be fed high with safety or economy. They must be fed moderately at first, and at the most favorable season of the year, to gain in size and weight with the smallest amount of grain and care. A well known stock-feeder says, “No farmer ought to buy lean cattle to fatten in winter. They should be fair beef to begin with." But while stock are kept in the way a large majority of farmers keep them, plenty of lean cattle must be fed for beef, if not profitably, then unprofitably. That it would be better for the farm and the farmer to keep all stock at all times in fair order, can scarcely be questioned. Their value would be double what it now is, at no real increase in expense of keeping.. We trust the improvement now manifest in this respect, will go on until good keeping shall be the rule instead of the exception, as is now the case. NEW APPLE-INSECT. MESSRS. EDITORS-I have been this morning examining my young orchard, which has been set, a part four years, and a part three-with a few trees that have been filled in this spring in vacancies. I find a few trees killed by the winter as I suppose; but the worst of all is about ten or twelve, which were set this spring, that have been destroybuds; and some limbs on my trees that have been set four ed by an insect of some description, by eating out the years, have been served in the same way. I enclose four of the buds taken from a tree that has been set four years, that you may see the way they have served me. A neigh bor of mine told me that he lost over four thousand last year of young seedlings one year old. He told me that a worm similar or the same as the cut-worm in our corn, is what destroyed his. Now I wish you or some of your numerous correspondents, would tell me how to prevent them from destroying I think their work is finished this my trees another year. have got too far advanced for them to do much injury to. spring. The trees that have not been already destroyed, Plattsburgh, N. Y. A SUBSCRIBER. We have no knowledge of this insect, nor do we find a notice of any quite like it in either Harris or Fitch. There are some insects that destroy the center of the buds and draw the outer leaves together with a web and form a nest; but no web nor nest was found in these specimens. This depredator appears to have known just where to find the most delicate morsel for his food, and has accordingly eaten out clean the center of the young bud, while yet unexpanded, and perhaps not swollen over a fourth of an inch But to return to the feeding of lean stock. We are in- long. We should think it must be a smaller grub than clined to think spring by far the best season to bring them the common cut-worm, as the cavity eaten out is only about a twentieth of an inch in diameter. Its work apmost readily and cheaply into good condition. Commence pears to be quite similar to that of the Haltica chalybea feeding grain-only a small quantity at first-as soon as or grape-vine beetle, which treats the buds of the vine in grass starts so as to give a fair bite in the spring, and keep the same way. If our correspondent finds the insects, we in the stable at night with plenty of good hay before them. hope he will preserve them, and send specimens by mail It depends a great deal on the character of the pasture as in a small vial or quill to Dr. Asa Fitch of Salem, Washto the best time to turn stock upon it in the spring. Clo-ing them well supplied with apple-buds as food until they ington Co., N. Y., and place others in a gauze cage, keepver and timothy are materially injured by feeding too early; change to the pupa state, and to the perfect insect, sendwhile June grass, white clover, and various other indige-ing these also to Dr. Fitch. THE MOLE PLOW. The three and a half feet deep, although in the experiment but two and a half were attained. An experiment was lately made with Case's mole plow In a stiff clay subsoil, we have no doubt that the moie, by J. Dunham, of Etna, Tompkins Co., N. Y., on the grounds of Robert B. Howland of Union Springs. Much without tile, if three feet deep or more, would endure for an indefinite term of years. In a looser or more porous interest having been lately felt on this subject, and having witnessed the experiment, we think our readers may like subsoil, tile would be indispensable. Our readers may to hear the results. This mole plow is briefly spoken of in a easily estimate the cost, where a machine is purchased communication on page 235, current volume of the Co. and large farms are drained; the wear and tear, cost of Gent. The statement there made of the amount of labor team, and of three men, being about five dollars a day, or a little over six cents per rod. For smaller jobs, the procapable of being performed, appears to be correct. machine was worked with ease by two horses attached to prietor of the machine charges ten cents a rod, the farmer a sixteen inch capstan by means of an eighteen foot lever, furnishing team and two hands, which is not any cheaper the force being thus multiplied 27 times, and the double than cutting ordinary drains three feet deep by means of the new ditching plow, in connection with shoveling out cable, running over a pulley, again doubling this power to 54 times. Estimating the friction at one-third, the actual by hand; but is much cheaper than the old mode of cutmultiplication of force would be 36 times-equal to a 72 ting drains wholly by hand. There is one advantage possessed by the mole plow which should not be forgottenhorse power to move the coulter and its mole. a meadow or pasture may be thoroughly drained from one side to the other, without ever breaking the sod. The experiment was successful. The subsoil was a strong clay, clear of stone-the kind of soil best adapted to this mode of draining. It made a smooth, clear mole about 4 inches in diameter, and two and a half feet deep. The coulter left an open slit in the soil about three-fourths of an inch wide, but the lower part was immediately closed by the pressure of the mole. The horses walking at the rate of three miles an hour, formed a drain at the rate of about five feet per minute, or 18 rods per hour. Allowing about half the time for removing and adjusting the machine, it will be found capable of cutting at the rate of 80 to 100 rods per day-this amount has been generally accomplished where the soil is adapted to its working, as in the present instance. This modification of the mole plow (Case's patent,) is probably one of the best that has been used. Like Fowler's English drain plow, it is furnished with a vertical screw for altering the depth, as the surface of the ground may require, while it is much simpler and cheaper than that ponderous and complex machine-the entire cost of Case's is, we think, only $150. Butter from Twenty-five Cows. At the winter meeting of the Chenango Co. Ag. Society, in January last, the prize of $25, offered "to any dairyman in the county who will produce the most in value, in proportion to the cows kept, not to be less than ten," was awarded to Mr. JOHN SHATTUCK of Norwich, whose statement, copied from the Transactions of the Society, we annex: To the Committee on Winter Premiums.-I wish to be considered a competitor in the Dairy premiums, and would make the following statement of the amount produced from twenty-five cows: Total, Deduct for value of hogs in spring,. Leaves a nett balance of....... Whole amount,... 4,601 lbs. $150.52 $28.00 40.50 ($117.52 117.52 $1,352.22 54.08 This average to the cow is without any allowance for milk or cream used in the family. Statement of manner of making Butler.-The milk is For the first time, during this experiment, the attempt was made to draw tubular tile into the mole, like Fowler's mode, and was entirely successful. From 50 to 100 feet were strung at a time on a large rope, which was attached to the rear end of the mole. The work appeared to be performed in a perfect manner. About a hundred feet could be introduced at a time, when it became necessary to dig a hole down in order to draw out the rope, and in-set in tin pans, and allowed to stand about 36 hours in warm troduce a new string. Hence there was more delay in this weather, when the cream is taken off and churned by dog power. Temperature of cream about 550 Fahrenheit. When process than by simply cutting a mole. We cannot see, the butter comes, it is removed from the churn, and washed however, any objection to the use of a longer rope, so as to in cold water until the buttermilk is removed, and then salted with Ashton salt, about one ounce to the pound of butter, and draw in at least two hundred feet of the tile, judging from then covered tight and set in the cellar for 24 hours, when it the ease with which this was apparently accomplished. is worked over and packed in firkins, being careful not to Three men, with this machine and one pair of horses, could work it only just sufficient to remove the buttermilk. Manner of keeping through the season.-I keep the butundoubtedly introduce sixty rods of tile in a day, and poster covered with strong brine from same kind of salt used for salting the butter. sibly eighty rods. In this first experiment, from three to four were drawn in per minute, and twelve rods were finished in about three hours, including all delays and stoppings. We had no opportunity of witnessing the effect of obstruction by stones. We were however informed that small stone was readily pressed to one side, and that the horizontal joint of the mole enabled it to pass to one side of larger ones. But where still larger ones existed, it was necessary to dig down and remove them, which of course caused much delay. Hence this machine is not adapted to stony ground. It is capable of cutting drains teen cents per pound. Cost of making the butter is about seven Manner of feeding Calves.-I generally let them suck the cow until the milk is good, and then commence feeding them skimmed milk on the start, letting it stand twelve hours at first, and as they grow older let it stand longer, and they will soon get so as to drink it sour and do well. Manner of fallening Pork-Last spring I had four shoats that would weigh about 80 pounds each, and I bought four. igs, and fed them nothing but sour milk and buttermilk from the dairy, until October, when I commenced feeding them a little soft corn, (I suppose you all know what that is this season,) not enough to destroy their appetite for the milk, and continued to feed in this way until butchering time. They consumed fifty bushels of ears valued at 25 cents per bushel, DUANE'S SEEDING MACHINE. The above cut represents a new labor-saving implement, invented by Col. J. B. DUANE of Schenectady, of which a Schenectady paper says: We witnessed on Thursday last, the trial of Col. John B. Duane's Sod Seeding Machine. As this is an entirely new implement in agriculture, and as on the trial all the purposes which it was built to accomplish were well, fully and satisfactorily answered, we shall make no apology to our readers for giving rather a full and particular account of what the machine is. But before attempting to do this, we must be allowed the privilege of at least hinting that the name chosen to designate the machine is not at all descriptive of its character; it will, it is true, answer an admirable purpose as a sod seeder, for which it is peculiarly adapted, but it is also fitted for so many other uses that a more comprehensive and expressive name should be found for it. The machine, then, is a combination in which the processes of cultivating the ground, sowing oats or other seeds of whatever kind, harrowing in the seed, sowing clover and timothy, rolling the land after sowing, and sprinkling plaster evenly over the surface of the ground, are all accomplished with ease at one operation by a twohorse team. The advantages to the farmer may be briefly stated thus: 1. It leaves the ground in a light and friable condition; as the team travels in front of the whole operation, the ground is never poached by the horses' feet after the crops are put in. 2. The Cultivator and Drag are so constructed that they clear themselves of all obstructions. 3. The driver and team go over the ground but once, while the ordinary mode of cultivation requires the ground to be traversed six times. 4. The seed is sown more evenly than can be done by hand. Oats, clover and timothy, in fact any seed, can be sown equally as well and with the same uniform evenness in a gale of wind. The construction of the seed-sower is such that the farmer can regulate at will its operation, and sow one peck or five bushels to the acre at his pleasure. 5. It covers the seed most perfectly. 6. It sows plaster with great evenness. 7. The driver can maintain his seat at all times on the box. 8. By dynamometer test, the draught is found to be about equal to that required for turning up the sod. 9. By the peculiar formation of the cultivator and dragteeth, the machine is admirably adapted for the cultivation of newly turned sod. 10. A great feature in the machine is its power of freeing itself from any obstructions that may lie in its path, passing over them easily. The trial was made in a field from which a crop of broom corn was harvested last year, and in which the stalks were quite thick. In no single instance did it fail to free itself, nor was it any time so clogged as to need to be freed from these surface obstructions. The inventor, Col. John B. Duane, after spending the best ten years of his life upon a large farm, became so impressed with the imperfectness of the implements in ordinary use, that he set himself resolutely to the task of inventing machinery which should overcome the tediousness of the operations of the farm. To this end he has applied himself with untiring industry for a year or so past, in developing and perfecting the machine which so fully vindicated his claim to the title of Inventor in the trial made on Thursday afternoon; so confident was he that the machine would perform satisfactorily all that he claimed for it, that he ventured upon a publie exhibition after but one private test, and we are happy to record the unqualified success of the experiment. There is one other advantage it would be reasonable to state, and which might not enter the consideration of some, that it will sow up and complete until a storm actually occurs, leaving the farmer under no apprehension that he cannot cover all he might sow on the appearance of a storm. [For the Country Gentleman and Cultivator.] USE OF THE MOLE PLOW. MESSRS. EDITORS-In answer to your Iowa correspondent, I would say that I began last year to use the mole plow. Our first attempts were in a measure failures; but after becoming a little skilled, we succeeded to perfection, the underdrains still working. Mr. Trimble of Highland, O., underdrained last year 230 acres with mole plow, and claims 20 bushels corn on the acre increase, making 4,600 bushels corn in favor of its use in a single season. Edwin Reed, Huron Co., O., underdrained ten acres last year, still operating well. This mole plow is so constructed that it is self-holding, drawn with team adjustable to any required depth-easily drawn back in case of obstructions, and course changed, so that land must be very stony to prevent its successful When no obstructions occur, with sufficient team it use. can be drawn with the same speed as the ordinary plow.. On prairie lands from 10 to 18 miles can be made in a day. I could multiply testimonials if I felt warranted in taking up space-shall be willing to answer any communications by letter or otherwise. Monroeville, Huron Co., O. H. R. JEROME. EDS. COUNTRY GENT.-I notice that an Iowa subscriber or correspondent, wishes the opinions and experience of farmers in reference to the mole draining plow. Having had some experience myself as well as observing the operations of others, I will here give my opinions for what they are worth, if worth anything. Several machines have been constructed in this city and vicinity by various persons, and most of them have received a patent therefor. The most prominent of these I have examined. Two years ago, while mole plows were a new thing in this section to most of us, myself and several others made a trial of their work. I had some 300 rods of this ditching put in, on what might be called a level prairie, but having a slight descent. This was put in the wet year-with us in Illinois, (two years ago.) I was highly pleased with its operations for a time, as it discharged finely until late in the fall, when it ceased, as I then supposed from want of water in the ground, the rains in the latter part of the season having ceased, and the ground being comparatively dry. Early the following spring it was for a short time very wet, and I looked in vain for my drain to discharge the surplus water that I knew must lie in the ground; but it did not discharge a drop to my knowledge. With this, I came to the conclusion that my drain had filled up so as to obstruct the passage of water. My drain was put down from 3 to 4 feet below the surface. It was put in with a machine not regulated for the elevations and depressions of the surface; consequently the moulding and all, made my drain as varying as the surface from a level. Since this time, these machines have been very much improved, in such a way as to keep the mole at a certain depth in the ground, no matter how uneven the surface, thereby having no ups and downs in the drain, which is far preferable, as all angles in the drain are acted upon by the water more or less, having a tendency to block the drain, as I think was done in my case. The conclusion I arrive at, after observations in my case, and I can bespeak the same of others in my vicinity, are these: That the mole machine will work and give satisfaction when operated in a slough where there is water to discharge all the season round. I know of instances of this kind, where the water has been taken to water stock, and the drain has not yet failed, although sunk some five years since. But I do not think it of any use to run this kind of a drain where the water will be likely to run but certain times in the year, as I am of the opinion that after the water has ceased to occupy the drain, that it (the sides of the drain,) begin to dry and flake off into the drain, and ultimately close it so as to stop the passage of water, as in my case. Perhaps others may have been more fortunate with theirs. If so, should be glad to hear from them. A. P. P. S. I would say to Frank Bassit, that I operated with a piece of ground likely to bake in wind and sunshine by plowing deep, and at the same time ridging as much as possible in lands not over 40 feet in width. My dead furrows are 20 inches lower than the back furrow, and I have no hesitation in saying that this piece of ground is as porous and in as good condition as is usually seen. Galesburg, Ill. A. P. [For the Country Gentleman and Cultivator.] Importance and Value of Manure. NEAR GENEVA, 21st May, 1860. The difference between the good and bad farmer lies in the making good or bad manure, if the land is dry. When I first came on this farm, and my neighbors saw me heaping and gathering all the dung I could, some of them would ask me if all the old country folks liked as well to work among manure as I did? I told them that all those that made anything by raising grain did. Some said they would rather do with less grain than work that way. JOHN JOHNSTON. FIELD CULTURE OF THE ONION---II. GENTLEMEN-In a late communication about the culture of the onion, I concluded by promising to add a a few ob servations about harvesting and marketing the crop. After the onions are tolerably grown, their tops fall and wilt a little; at this period they are pulled and thrown together in beds of about a dozen rows in each; here they are permitted to lie about one week, when they are collected and taken under cover, generally to the open barn floor. Here they are sorted and cleaned of all refuse ma terial, and laid away to be barreled or taken in bulk to the market, which is generally found at Boston. Sometimes a dozen or more wagons will start together early in the morning, so as to be on hand to deliver as soon as the purchasers are ready to receive them. Others barrel up the onions, and hold on upon them until they command the common flour barrel. The price per barrel has lately ranged from $2 to $4-and the product per acre has been from one to two hundred barrels, according to the quality of the land, the quantity of the fertilizers applied, and the industry used in the cultivation. MESSRS. TUCKER-Some years ago I had an article published, I believe in the Genesee Farmer, about the waste of valuable manure made by cattle and hogs at the distil-highest price of the season. About 3 bushels will fill a leries, which is almost in all cases, washed into the stream or river on which the distillery is situated. In the article alluded to, I offered, if any farmer living near a distillery would get from 12 to 20 loads, and put it on an acre of ground as directed, for either grass or grain, (if his land was not already rich enough,) if it did not pay for his labor and expenses in his first crop, that I would pay him for his labor in getting the manure. I never heard from any one on the subject. I have a farmer friend who lives at no great distance from a distillery where a large number of cattle, say some 400, are kept and fattened, from five to eight months in the year, besides many hundreds of hogs. This farmer was often complaining to me that nothing could be made at farming on such land as his, but on such land as mine a man could make money. I knew this to be nonsense, as his land naturally is as good, and I think better than mine. When I bought mine, one acre of his would have been valued higher than two of mine. When he complained about the unprofitableness of farming, I would tell him he did nothing to improve his farm, only putting on manure made from straw. In that way he only got straw in return; he must have something better than straw manure to make grain, seeing the virgin soil was exhausted. I asked him why he did not draw some of those thousands of loads of manure that were washed into the river from the distillery every year? Oh, he said, it would never pay. I asked him how he knew, when he had never tried it, and told him that I was confident that it would pay me, if it was as near me, and told him if he would try 20 loads on an acre, if it did not pay the first crop, in either grain or grass, I would pay the expense. After much talk on the subject, I got him to commence drawing in winter to manure ten acres, the worst part of his corn field; and now for the result. That ten acres produced 30 bushels ears per acre more than the unmanured part, and more than double the quantity of stalks, and you must remember that the manured part was the highest, and by far the stiffest clay soil; besides I don't think he gave it a fair chance in testing the difference between the manured and the unmanured, as he took the five rows adjoining the manured part, and five rows of the manured, and the manured part being the highest land, part of these five rows undoubtedly got some benefit from the manured five. When drawing the manure home the first year, as almost every load passed, I understood he said, there goes another shilling, the price paid for having it taken out of the stables. But last winter I was told he drew enough to manure 25 or 30 acres fully, and when the These are the general features relative to the culture of our onions. I speak of what was before the devourer came in the form of the onion maggot. When this appeared the onion died, or nearly so. This insect is grown in this manner. A small, light colored fly is seen fluttering about the onions as soon as they are fairly out of the ground and beginning to be seen in rows. This fly depos its its small white eggs near the bottom of the plant, whence springs a worm that insinuates itself into the growing plant, and eventually into the bulb as it enlarges. It is not uncommon to find a dozen or more of these maggots or worms in a single bulb, and wherever they go they are death and destruction to the onion. Whether they are limited in their operations to the plant in which they orig inate, or whether they migrate from one plant to another, I am not advised, but think it probable their operation's are limited to the plant in which they originate. Nevertheless, I have known them so numerous as to destroy the entire crop on fields of several acres. For three years last past, 57, 58 and 59, they have been a serious obstacle in the way of this culture; so much so. that many cultivators have contemplated giving up the growing of onions. Unwilling to do this, others are holding on, hoping for "a better time coming," flattering themselves that their dreams of imaginary wealth from fancied crops of onions, are not so soon to be disappointed. South Danvers, Mass. J. W. PROCTOR. P. S.-It may be remarked, in connection with the culture of the onion, that it affords a convenient employment for the young, both boys and girls. In the season of weeding there is a demand for all the laborers that can be obtained. Well trained boys, from 12 to 16 years, will do as much as men, and are glad to work for half the price of men. The shrewd calculator who has an eye to the windward, is careful to avail himself of this advantage. The same is done after the crop is gathered to the barn, by employing girls of these ages to sort the onions. I have heard young girls when thus employed, say they could earn fifty cents a day by sorting onions at one cent per basket, holding a bushel. This was before they began to mount their crikolines-with these of full dimensions, I think it would be as difficult for them to approach the pile of onions, as it is for a man of 240 pounds to engage in weeding them; and this I know to be almost impracticable. EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE. GREENFIELD, FRANKLIN Co. MASS., June 8. With the view of spending Wednesday at Brattleboro', as intended when I left home, I have also had the pleasure of accomplishing a long cherished purpose to see some thing of New-England Agriculture in this part of the Connecticut Valley. My letter at this late date must not be as long as I should like to make it, and I can therefore only note down as concisely as possible some of the earlier gleanings of the past three days. Upon the invitation of FRED. HOLBROOK, Esq., an early contributor of our own, and long the President of the Vermont State Ag. Society, a little party assembled day before yesterday to witness the trial of what has been named the "Universal Plow." It is the result of much time and labor expended by him during a number of years upon the problem of improving this important implement, and although it has now been in use to some extent in this part of New-England for two or three seasons, Mr. H. has, I believe, from time to time been perfecting its details, and a description of what is now attained will probably be new to most of our readers. depth to which the soil had been previously plowed, and the newly inverted subsoil would shell off slightly in turning; otherwise the furrow slice was laid over very handsomely, its surface, as finally exposed, seamed and cracked, and ready to pulverize under farther cultivation. Next came a smaller size, intended for three cattle, or "four cattle light," which was put in about seven inches by fifteen. Thirdly, we had one yoke of oxen before a still smaller size, running six inches deep and twelve or thirteen wide. The "intervale" plow, it should be added, has a wheel ten inches in diameter, and the same is also used upon the "sod and subsoil," but the "bog plow," of which we shall speak later, had a smaller and broader one. The trial of the smallest size "sod and subsoil" proceeded after a change of mould-board, the removal of the coulter, and the addition in front of the small "skim" plow. The mould-board here employed differs in principle from that upon the "intervale" plow, being the same as is used for the upland or "stubble" plow-making a shorter twist, and throwing the ground over so as to break it up finely. The depth cut was eight to nine inches, and the breadth about eleven-the sod cut neatly off, laid perTHE FIELD.—The trial took place upon the farm of fectly flat at the very bottom of the furrow, and then the RICHARDS BRADLEY, Esq., near Brattleboro', on a meadow rest of the earth so loosened up and shaken over the buin admirable condition for plowing. Mr. HENRY BROOKS, ried sod, that the bottom of the furrow was 21 inches beof Acton, Mass., was the plowman-a winner of numerous low the surface of the field when plowed. The next trial was with the largest size "sod and sub-soil," when the furprizes, I understood, in this department of agricultural exertion, and under whose management nothing but a good row was fully 12 inches deep and wide, and the labor of liftplow was necessary to render the work all that could be ing this weight of soil and turning it over in a condition desired. The first operation was in turning over the sod so thoroughly broken up, above the sods laid down beupon a part of the field that had lain in grass five years-neath, was the most striking point in the day's exhibition A difficulty in the action of the old Michigan sod and soil a clayey loam,. verging in a narrow strip across the furrows, upon a more sandy character; no stones; proba- sub-soil, has been that the forward skim doubled up the sod instead of turning it flat over, and consequently the bly never plowed before deeper than six or seven inches. THE PLOW.-The idea of the Universal Plow is to fur- work was badly performed. In the present trial it was innish a skeleton, accompanied by a series of changeable cast-verted completely, and when the oxen were started up ings, such that the farmer can either select any one kind more briskly, the earth raised over upon the top of it came of the latter for a particular object, or by choosing three out in what might almost be called a shower of thoroughor four, obviate the necessity of purchasing and storing ly broken fragments, and it was thrown up so loosely that just so many complete and separate plows. The number on measuring from a level with the highest lying clods to the bottom of the furrow where the plow was running "intervale " of mould-boards provided is 12, forming an deepest, the depth taken in this way was found to be 26 " upland" series, also series, flat furrows of five sizes, an inches-in other words, both sizes of the sod and subsoil lap furrow" mould-board flat furrows, of four sizes, one loosened up the respective quantities of earth through 99 "stubble or old ground sizes. for stiff clays, and two which they passed, so as to make it occupy something more than double its original space. By adding to the last mentioned a small forward or "skim" plow, we have also two "sod and subsoil" sizes. The above require three changes of land-side shoe, of different lengths. By the use of steel in the share, land-side and mould-board, the same implement is employed for breaking up bog and prairie. " As already intimated, it is not supposed that a single purchaser will be likely to want it for the whole variety of uses to which it may be put, but the object has been to make it take the place of several of the different sorts which otherwise he would have to procure separately. One farmer, for instance, who was present, remarked that he had seven plows, but with this he could dispense with four, only retaining beside it, I think, a one horse corn plow, and a side-hill reversable one. THE TRIAL.-With this preface I can more briefly refer to what was actually done in our presence. The beginning was made with two fine yoke of oxen before the largest size of “intervale flat furrow," opening the first furrows 8 inches deep and 16 wide, and then set to run an inch still deeper and two inches wider. This was going below the We did not see the "Stubble" plow tried, but the same mould-board used in the "Sod and Subsoil" is there employed, so that we could easily see how it would operate to invert and pulverize on old upland soil. THE BOG PLOW.-The next trial was in cutting a bog which had never been plowed before, where the tussocks of grass and roots were exceedingly well matted together, The latter was at requiring a sharp edge to detach them, and great force in the first furrow to throw them over. length accomplished mostly by hand, and then the work proceeded without difficulty, taking out a slice 8 or 10 inches deep and 20 to 24 in width. Upon this plow a circular cutter is attached, and it has a wide steel edged share, and a draft rod so that both oxen may walk upon the sod, as one could not easily have found a footing in the When taking out its largest mire at the furrow bottom. furrow, its action was very fine; it is desirable to have the whole of the grass completely buried in, in order that none may have any chance of growing—an end which was accomplished quite perfectly throughout. LAP FURROW-The day concluded with the turning of several furrows, lapping one upon another, at an angle of 45°, 7 inches deep and 10 wide, and the work equally well performed with what had preceded it. |