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matter or oil, ånd nitrogenous compounds. These are all organic bodies. The first three are needed to furnish carbon, to be consumed in respiration for the purpose of keeping up the animal heat, and also for making fat in case of necessity. The oil is of value for forming fat directly, and the nitrogenous substance for the production of muscle, cartilage, &c."

Analyses clearly demonstrate that in a given weight of peas, beans or lentiles, there is more aliment or muscleforming material than in an equal weight of any other vegetable food. But to make the most of the aliment of peas and beans, they require additional carbonaceous matter. Good fat pork is just the thing for this purpose. The Labrador fishermen and the lumbermen of Maine, under stand this matter, and vegetable and animal physiology tells of the why and wherefore of it.

3d. There are the inorganic parts of food, the potash, soda, phosphate of lime, and others, which constitute the ash of the plants, grains, &c. In all animal food, phosphate of lime should be prominent, in order that the animal may form its bones strong and of full size. No other phosphate than that of lime, will answer the purpose of making bone. You can no more manufacture bones from phosphate of potash, soda, iron or magnesia, than you can gold dollars L. B.

out of an old brass kettle.

Profits and Diseases of Poultry. MESSRS. EDITORS-I herewith send you my first year's experience in keeping poultry-not for profit, but convenience and pleasure, though having an eye to the cost, as much for my own sake as for others. Having to buy every item of food, a strict account was kept.

Sept. 9, 1858, purchased 27 pullets and 2 cocks-a mongrel bread of Dorking, Shanghae, &c., costing $10.87. The hens began laying October 20th, and continued all winter, spring and summer, to September 9, 1859-(one year from time of purchase)-laid 3,302 eggs, besides raising 133 chicks out of 212 eggs, losing 8 chicks-also hatching 27 turkeys out of 48 eggs (bought,) of which 20 were raised.

The principal food was good wheat screenings, costing from $150 to $1.75 per 100 lbs., and scraps from the butcher's mel ing establishment, at $1.12 per 100-each grown fowl costing one-third of a cent per day; less will raise a chick from egg to one year old The fowls are fed almost to repletin, believing they cannot elaborate eggs unless they have the material to do it. The result is as follows, viz:

To 29 fowls,. feed,.

Total.......

Dr.

$10.87 By 3,302 eggs @ 2c........
35.35 By 29 old fowls, 50c,.......
$46.22
Total cost,....

Driving Bees---Bee-Hives, &c.

In the Country Gentleman of Jan. 5, I noticed the inquiry "g. H. S.," for a method of driving bees from one hive to another. He asks if it is possible? It is, and very easily. done. The simplest mode which I am acquainted with, is to take the old hive a short distance from its usual place, and put an empty one instead. Having protected your hands and face in such a manner that they will not be able to sting you, then jar the live-the bees will fly out, dart back to where domiciled in their new abode. This operation I think is the hive used to stand, enter the new one, and soon become sometimes very beneficial, especially when the comb has become old and dirty-it seems to have the power of rejuvenaold hive, it can be carried into a dark room or cellar, being ting the old swarm. When they have about all evacuated the careful to have a small hole through which a little light can penetrate-the remaining bees will fly to this, and thence find their way to the new home. This plan is a very good one for clearing box honey of bees.

Another plan is to invert the hive-set another one directly on top of it, adjusting it in such a manner that the bees cannot escape without getting into the new hive. Then breathe the hive at the same time-a few moments will suffice for tobacco smoke into the bottom of the old one, gently tapping the bees to clear the old hive. Care must be taken not to apply the fume too strongly, or it will make them so torpid and stupid that they will not stir, resisting all efforts to dislodge them. I think this is the reason why many fail in driving them from boxes with tobacco smoke-they are rendered stupid before they are aware of what ails them. Bees naturally have a strong antipathy to tobacco smoke, and will always get out of the way if a chance is given them.

Still another method I heard spoken of the other day. It does not differ materially from the first however. It is thisCover the face, &c., to prevent stinging-then place a rope of good length around the top of the hive from which you wish to expel the bees-set it off the plank-place another instead-and then carefully place the one containing the bees on your back, holding it to its place by the rope. Then take a stroll out in the lots-a few turns will suffice to dislodge them. I should not prefer the last method for several reasons not worth mentioning.

My father keeps about 40 or 50 swarms of bees. The hive which he uses got up by himself five or six years ago-is very well liked by those who have seen it, and used by a good many. It is different from any description that I have ever seen. Perhaps it would suit the ideas of some of your readers, and I will give a short description of it. The propor tions of the hive are as follows: Height two feet-one foot square clear inside-space in top for box 9 inches high-leaving 14 inches space below the box and partition board for Cr. the bees to form comb in. Door in front, 20 inches, is put on $66.04 4 inches from the bottom. If put any nearer than that, the 14.50 bees when hanging out, are apt to get on it, thus hindering 80.54 the opening of the door. Ventilator in the back of the hive near the top. An auger hole is made through the partition $34.32 board for the purpose of letting the bees into the boxes. À ́ The old fowls are valued at fifty cents each, being larger glass 9 by 12, is placed in the lower part in front, for the purand in better condition than when bought. pose of examining into the wellfare of the bees. He always With proper care and management, one dollar profit per planes and paints thom. annum, can be realized on each pullet raised. The young cocks should be killed or sold when fit for broilers-they are unprofitable-if costing one-quarter cent per day, will cost twenty-five cents at one hundred days, which is nearly or quite as much as they will bring; indeed, without eggs, there would be no profit at all-hence, the importance of raising the best layers, irrespective of size, though large and well flavored with good laying qualities are desirable.

Profit...

46.22

True, there are contingencies. Like all the animal creation they are mortal; disease and death is also their heritage; they require more attention than they usually receive, but will repay all care bestowed on them. This winter disease appeared among mine, and three died before I thought what to do. The first symptoms observed, eyelids swolen and clo ed with thick mucus. On examination, showed ulcerated or putrid sore throat. One, whose head, eyes, mouth and throat were almost a mass of corruption, (so filthy that I scarcely dared touch it,) was washed about the head and eyes with a solution of sugar of lead, and gave inwardly ten globules of mercury (Homoeopathic) and shut it up alone in a warm coop. In two days gave same dose of pulsatilla, and in four days was apparently well, and is now in good condition. All showing similar symptoms receive the same treatment, thus for with equal success. Bergen Pt, N. J.

C. L N.

of coarse book muslin or musqueto netting, or anything which The dress he has for the purpose of hiving the bees, is made will admit of a free circulation of air, and will prevent the bees from getting near his face. It should not be so close as to obstruct the sight It is made something in the shape of a shirt, with sleeves, and reaches down well in the waist. The upper part is entire, with the exception of a hole of three or four inches in diameter. It is drawn on over a hat, the crown of the hat protruding outside. The brim of the bat keeps it clear from the face. This, with the addition of a pair of gloves which come well up the wrist, when they are well tied on, make a rig which costs but little, and one which any person, when they have them on, need have no fear of bees.

There are quite a number of bees kept in this section; but very little pains is taken to house them, however--are generally left out without any protection whatever during the winter. In the spring the colony comes out very much weakened. This I think is one cause of so many failures, together with carlessness in spring when they are hatching. There are exceptions to this rule however, some taking excellent care of them. Still bee-keeping here as an art is in its infancy.

Bees situated a mile from the lake, which is 24 miles wide, often cross it for the purpose of getting honey. E. A. KING. Cayuga Co., N. Y.

Care of Wood-Lots and Preparation of Fuel. The above named are home subjects, that have a direct bearing upon the interests and comforts of all classes of persons in these northern regions of the country, which are so entirely destitute of coal. And these subjects too, will bear "line upon line," and like Thanksgiving and Christmas, they should come round and be noticed at least once a year, by all the agricultural papers of the country. The wholesale destruction of our forests since the general introduction of railroads among us, (there now being over 26,000 miles in operation in the United States,) is any thing but cheering to the interests and prospects of the future, or to those that are to succeed us. The question of late has been a thousand times repeated, "where are the people to obtain their fuel, timber, building materials, fencing stuff, &c., &c., if this reckless sweeping of our wood and timber lots is to continue ?"-and continue it will, without reference to future consequences, just so ong as the "almighty dollar," as Washington Irving termed it, retains its potency over man.

But of these matters it is not our intention to particuarly write at this time, but rather to throw out a few hints and suggestions for the consideration of our readers on the management of wood lots, and the preparation of an ample supply of well seasoned fuel; an item in domestic affairs that adds so much to the comfort, peace, and wellbeing of every farmer's family.

Where the

When the growth of trees are small and thick, as is frequently the case where a new growth has sprung up, after the removal of a previous growth of trees, it is frequently good economy for the farmer to obtain his fuel from the thinnings of this young growth. Thinning out where too thick, and cutting the stinted and most unthrifty. This will give more light, room, and thrift, to the remaining trees, and the decaying branches lopped off from the removed trees, with the decaying stumps and roots, will add greatly to the thrift and growth of the standing trees.

We have recently examined a wood and timber lot mostly covered with a thrifty growth of white and Norway pines, now about fifty years from the seed. The trees on a portion of the lot were thinned out about twenty-five years ago. This portion of the lot is now worth thirtythree per cent. more than the unthinned portion, in consequence of the larger growth of the trees, for boards and ranging timber; the wood thinned out at the time, amply paying for the labor.

During the past summer and autumn we made several excursions in various directions among the rural population of the country, and as we kept our eyes open during our jaunts, we had opportunity to witness all kinds of farm management, from that practiced by "Farmer Thrifty," down to that pursued by "Squire Slipshod."

At most of the farm-houses at which we called, we noticed ample supplies of fire-wood, suitably prepared for the stoves and neatly corded, in the wood-houses or sheds,

In all cases where possible, the first snows of winter where it could readily be obtained without exposure to the should be improved in getting up the year's supply of fire-weather. Upon inquiry, we found in most cases that the wood. It is better to shoe sleds than to break paths wood was cut sled length, and at the same time drawn through three feet snows and six feet drifts. from the wood-lot, in early winter. In March and April, trees on a wood-lot are mostly of an old and large growth, before the hurry of spring's work came on, it was cut or it is better to cut for fuel such as are dead, or appear to sawed and split into suitable billets, and put under cover, be decaying, with dead tops, &c., rather than to take the where it became well seasoned before wanted for use. thrifty growing and sound trees. older settled portions of the country, there will be a continual rise in the value of wood and timber land, and these ancient trees will ultimately come into requisition, and be much more valuable for other purposes than for wood. Therefore they should be scrupulously preserved; we should have some regard to the interests of those who are

In most sections of the

to succeed us, whether they are of our own kith and kin or not. If posterity has done nothing for us, we have something to do for it. Every owner of a wood-lot should manage it as carefully as he would if he had the assurance of living here through the colds of a coming thousand winters. Philanthropy and patriotism should prompt to

this.

Many of this class of farmers had a two years' supply of fuel on hand, and they are enrolled in the same company with Farmer Thrifty.

In some few instances we saw that farmers had drawn up a good supply of wood during the sledding season, and not suitably prepared it for use; it was thrown into a large

pile, where it remained exposed to the weather from early spring till late in autumn. There must be lack of economy in such a process, for all the wood lying on and near the surface of the ground, must become mouldy, lifeless, and water-soaked. Perhaps these farmers did the best they could in this case. We do not wish to judge them harshly, neither shall we turn them over to the "Slipshod" class of farmers, but trust they will yet learn to do better as they grown older.

Occasionally we came in contact with well defined specimens of the Slipshod tribe of farmers. They put off getting up their wood so late into winter, and to them, the snow came so early and so unexpectedly deep, that they could not then think of jamming their cattle through the huge drifts; so the winter, as usual, passed off without a wood-pile at the door, and the standing trees remained for But future growth, unscarred by the "woodman's axe." these families have made out to struggle along, as usual, with what old rails, boards, and other trash the womenfolks and children could pick up, aided somewhat by 00

Upon a wood-lot where the trees have obtained a fair growth or size for fuel and timber, the owner perhaps will do as well to commence at one corner or end of the lot, and cut all clean as far as wanted for his yearly supply of wood, timber and lumber. The lot should be fenced, so as to keep cattle and sheep from browsing the sprouts and seedlings that may spring up. We think but few farmers, comparatively, are aware with what rapidity a new crop of trees will grow on good and moist soils, where a previous growth of trees has been removed, and the fire and cattle have been kept out. We have recently ex-casionally having a green, brushy-topped tree twitched amined a small wood-lot from which the trees were removed about fifteen years ago. We presume, if all were ́cut clean, it would now yield nearly or quite twenty cords per acre, and it is worth two dollars per cord on the stump -in some other locations it would be worth five dollars per cord.

from the pasture by the old skeleton horse. By these aids they have obtained fuel, to raise steam enough to do the cooking and washing after a fashion. But the final result of all such shiftlessness, is to make smoky houses, slipshod and scolding wives, late and half-cooked meals, saucy and unruly children, and the homes of all such anything but pleasant and happy.

Changing Pasture-Shade for Stock.

In regard to changing pastures of dairy cows, we recently copied (Co. Gent., Oct. 20, '59) the opinions of two extensive New-York dairymen, "that cows are more contented, and do better through the season, when not changed from one field to another, unless from a day to a night pasture," or, in other words, that they do best to range at will during the day over the whole pasturage of the farm. Although we have seen other opinions and remarks on the subject since, (some of which we condense below) we see no reason for modifying the opinion then expressed, that, "with a fully sufficient range this may be good policy, but we believe the grass will be more economically consumed, when occasional change of pastures is made." It may, too, be true of some variety of grass, and not of all. Clover, we are sure, and we think it is so with timothy, cannot be employed advantageously as pasture with constant feeding. We find in the Ohio Farmer some report of a discussion by the members of the Ohio State Ag. Society, at their recent annual meeting, on this and cognate subjects. A large majority of the graziers present thought that stock should not be changed from one pasture to another; that if a farmer has one hundred acres of pasture, the division fences should be thrown down. Mr. Seymour, of Ross, said cattle would fatten better confined to one pasture. J. M. Trimble, of Highland, preferred one pasture, without change. Col. Spencer, of Geauga, said that for cheese there should be no change. It always diminishes the curd. Mr. Palmer, of the same county, thought a large range best. W. H. Ladd, of Jefferson, pastures all his stock in one field. Mr. Jones, of Delaware, said that in a blue grass pasture, a large range is best, but doubted about this in clover or timothy.

For increasing the milk, Mr. Trimble thought changing pastures an advantage. Col. Messenger, of Marion, said frequent changes are best for milk, but would have no change for making beef. Col. Alsdorff, of Licking, a grazier, keeping from forty to fifty head of cattle to feed, said part of his pastures were blue grass, and part of timothy and clover. He fed off the blue grass first in the spring, and then put his cattle on the timothy and clover when the latter begins to shoot. He sold his fat cattle in June and saved his blue grass for fall pasture. The question of shade trees in pastures (first started by Hon. A B. Dickinson, Steuben Co., N. Y.,) was also discussed. Col. Kenrick, of Franklin, regarded shade trees in a pasture as a nuisance-the cattle would lie under them until drawn out by hunger. Mr. Seymour concurred in this view, and added that cattle grazed in the sun make better and more solid fat, which weighs more, and stands driving better. Flies annoy cattle more in the shade than in the sun. Messrs. Trimble and Messenger would have no shade trees in cattle pastures. All thought them necessary for sheep. On the other hand, Mr. Palmer, of Geauga, and Col. Alsdorff, looked on shade as a benefit. Mr. Taggert, of Wayne, though admitting that more beef could be made in the sun than with shade, would favor trees as more humane to animals. Thirteen head of cattle died by sunstroke in his vicinity last summer. Dr. Townshend said he believed in shade. The instincts of animals may be trusted, and should be supplied. Exercise diminishes the amount of butter, but increases the amount

of cheese.

Some other matters brought out, we shall report at another time. We shall be pleased to give the views of our readers on the above topics-and especially upon the best method of feeding off clover and timothy, where these are mainly depended upon for pasturage, as in our grain-growing sections.

Cheap and Excellent Ink.

We like ink that is as black as midnight, and glossy as a There is raven's wing. Bad ink is a decided nuisance. scarcely anything more undesirable than to receive a long letter with bad spelling and worse penmanship, on another man's business; but the annoyance is greatly aggravated if written on dull blue paper with ink about the color of muddy

water.

Good, ink may often be had by paying a good price for it, say about fifty cents per quart; but after the manufacturer has got up his reputation, he is tempted to sell a cheap and miserable article The best way is for all to make their own ink, and save at least one thousand per cent, as ink is com

only sold at retail, between first cost and final price. But how shall we make it easily and cheaply? Thus:-Buy exor cheaper by the quantity. Buy also, for three cents, an tract of logood, which may be had for three cents an oance, ounce of bi-chromate of potash. Do not make a mistake and get the simple chromate of potash. The former is orange red, the latter clear yellow. Now, take half an ounce of extract of logwood,and ten grains of bi-chromate of potash, and dissolve them in a quart of hot rain water. When cold, pour it into a glass bottle, and leave it uncorked for a week or two. Exposure to the air is indispensable. The ink is then made; and has cost five to ten minutes labor, and about three cents, besides the bottle. This ink is at first an intense steel blue, but becomes quite black. We have recently given this ink a fair trial, "and know whereof we affirm." So faras we know

it is new.

PRODUCTS OF GOOD COWS.

At the last exhibition of the Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden (Mass) Ag. Society, nine milch cows were entered for prizes. We condense, from the Transactions of the Society, a portion of the statement furnished by the owners of the cows, relative to their products.

1. A. J. Lincoln, Northampton. Cow supposed to be grade Durham. Calved about the iniddle of March-during month of May, 1859, was fed on cut hay and six quarts corn meal and rye bran, equal parts, per day. She gave of milk during this month, 1178 lbs., equal to 38 lbs. per day. June 1st, she was turned out to pasture, and no extra feed given and for the month of June gave 1220 lbs., equal to 40 2-3 10th to 17th, she gave 287 lbs., or 41 lbs. per day. For the lbs. per day. For seven successive days in June, viz., from month of July, she gave 1130 lbs., equal to 36 lbs. per day. For three months ending July 31st, she gave 3528 lbs, equal to 38 1-3 lbs. per day. Milk was sold, and no butter

made.

2. W. B. Hale, Northampton. Grade Durham cow, eight years old. Mr. H. bought her November 25, 1857, two weeks after calving. From this time till June 21, 1859, (when she again calved,) a period of 572 days, she gave 13,056 pounds 3 ounces of uncommonly rich milk, an average daily for the whole time (including 24 days in which she was dry) of 22 lbs. 13 oz., over nine beer quarts or eleven wine quarts. No. butter was made-milk sold.

years old. Calved January 20, 1859. From 1st to the 10th 3. E. Fitte, Northampton. Cow seven-eights Durham, 7 June, she averaged 214 quarts milk per day, weighing 53 lbs. Feed-the best of hay and 1 peck of roots per day.

From the 10th to the 20th of Sept., she averaged 35 lbs. per day-feed, poor pasture and 4 quarts of shorts per day. From the 10th to the 20th of Sept., was made from her milk 17 lbs. of nice butter.

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4. Alfred Clapp, Huntington. Cow, half-blond Alderney, 21 to 28, an average of 23 lbs. of milk per day, which pro4 years old. She gave, on common pasture, from September duced an average of 1 lb. of butter to 15 lbs. of milk, under good circumstances, thus making 1 lbs. butter per day.

5. T. E. Elliott, Southampton. Half-blood Hereford heifer, 3 years old. She caine in the first time June 6, 1858, when two years and six days old, her milk averaging from 28 to 324 lbs. per day for ten months, and making 1 lb. of butter per day on an average.

Chilblain Ointment. It is capital, I can assure you, and has cured a great many MESSES. EDITORS-I will give you a receipt for chilblains persons, both on my own farin and on other farms:

2 Quarts of Lard, 1 Pint of Turpentine, Pound of Camphor.

R. II.

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"Do Good and Communicate."

Some kind friend occasionally writes us to this effect: "I had it in mind togive you a letter for publication the other day, but your columns seem always to be running over; so I concluded to take some other time."

It is a maxim almost too old to be quoted, that what may be done at any time is never done at all. The object with which we now write, is to show how the proverb may be made to apply here, and to invite still more general

discussion from our readers.

L. Precisely when we have the most, is the time when there is most to suggest additional correspondence. If the most practical reader we have—whether experienced with the pen or not, would sit down the first convenient evening after his paper comes to hand, and take up any one article-if it seems to him wrong in its teachings, to combat them with his own experience, and, if right, to support them with additional facts-if, we say, some reader in every town and county would thus contribute something to the debate, upon whatever topic has chanced to interest him particularly- -can we easily estimate the large additional mass of valuable facts which might accumulate?

II. There is no fear of overstocking our supplies-the best will keep until any unusual pressure is over, and keep much better, we may add, for having been actually written, mailed, read, labeled and pigeon-holed in our desk, than it will as a mere tissue of unrecorded events and arguments, which the first busy day may dislodge from the writer's memory.

V. Having thus briefly called attention to several points, on which much more perhaps might be profitably addded, it only remains to express our acknowledgments for the many favors already received since the New Year opened, and, in doing so, to remind our readers once again, that as their circle enlarges with each recurring year, the discussions to which they contribute are ever gathering in interest and importance. That each successive number we isduct of the prolonged labor and careful thought of hardsue "should bear within itself the evidence that it is the proworking American farmers, scattered through every State and Territory of the country," we have already stated to be an object which we keep constantly in view; and we hope that in the one cause of a common Agricultural improvement, if in no other, we can all unite cheerfully and heartily, whatever may be the district in which we live.

MAKING PORK-WINTERING PIGS. Mr. Taggert, of Wayne Co., O., said, at the recent State Society discussions, as reported in the O. Farmer, that he 40 cents into pork worth $5, and makes money. He is was now engaged in raising pork-that he puts corn worth not in favor of keeping hogs long to make them weigh 300 pounds would have such as mature early. In May rings

his pigs, and turns them into a clover fieid, giving them a little corn. In September, when the corn begins to harden, cuts up corn and throws to them three times a day-thinks there is more value then, in the corn and stalk, than afterwards. One bushel of corn in September will fatten hogs more than one and a half bushels in December. He kills

his pork the middle of November.

Mr. T. says that he saves one-third of the feed in winter by providing a sleeping and dining room for his hogs, both warm and clean. He would not crowd with feed-gives them corn meal scalded. We think the importance of comfortable pens can scarcely be overestimated.

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Put 2 quarts of milk on the fire and scald, adding 4 sheets III There is another reason why when our columns are of isinglass broken in small pieces-also 1 tablespoonful of the fullest, we still have occasion to ask the voluntary flour blended with a little cold milk, when the isinglass is discommunications of others. In the larger quantity obtain-solved-strain right on to 3 cups of sugar-flavor to taste

ed, not only can greater selection and condensation be advantageously employed; but if we overlook, amidst the pressure of our engagements, the propriety of inviting especial attention to subjects which are really most seasonable and important, those to whom these topics chance to occur of themselves, cannot favor us more than by at once entering upon their consideration. More than all, in such cases as this, please do not wait for an occasion when no one else seems to be writing.

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IV. We do not go on to the suggestion of particular themes of discussion, because, as it appears to us, no number of this Journal can be made the subject of careful perusal without conveying suggestions fuller and more abundant than we could catalogue here. The true use of an Agricultural paper, as a contemporary lately remarked very justly-is not to dispense knowledge to a set of readers, who, like young robins," are to open their mouths and take in all that is offered. On the contrary, in leading them to think, the very first thing about which they should call both discretion and experience into exercise, is this, "How far is what I read suited to my own circumstances?" And if they conclude in so doing, that the process of thought might advantageously be put into black and white, and result in the benefit of others, all we ask is that while the thoughts and facts are fresh in the mind, they may be at once written down, and sent to us to be set afloat in this fountain of ours, whose waters, gathered from so many sources, are again distributed into channels still much wider and more diverse.

add 2 quarts of sweet cream, and freeze.

If "Jennie" lives where milk and cream are plenty, I would ask her to try the above. I have used one of "Masser's Five Minute Freezers," for the last two years, and think they are the best in use.

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