North.

N. N. E.

N. E.

E. N. E.

East.

E. S. E.

S. E.

S. S. E.

South.

S. S. W.

S. W.

W. S. W.

West.

W. N. W.

N. W.

N. N. W.

Calm or var.

Direction of
resultant.

25 34 36 41 20 16 12 45 18 29 23 37 8 13 14 29
35 48 21 78 29 33 27 51 42 43 26 69 22 44 41 49
July
34 99 36 59 37 30 7 32 13 40 25 31 12 29 17 43 41 N. 32 35 E. .22
August 31 93 31 73 33 45 26 62 41 61 53 30 22 32 12 36 31 S. 76 13 E. .11
September 34 40 29 31 23 23 8 27 12 26 20 33 12 19 22 30 20 N. 14 40 E. .13
October 18 48 33 55 29 30 14 36 15 33 31 28 23 43 14 30 44 N. 45 21 E. .08
November 2 30 3 29 22 45 42 52 24 43 26 34 11 13 16 19 16 S. 21 58 E. .29
December 5 26 28 37 17 36 36 58 49 13 13 18 16 19 8 16 14 S. 42 25 E..26
The year 226 489 264 471 251 319 238 488 304 393 280 349 156 263 175 314 263 S. 44 27 E..10

1 Computed from the resultants for the seasons.

29

11

16

3 8

8 1

10 37 3 3 2 24 8 4

29

10

8 10 19

48

66

57

67

S. 24 W. .04
S. 17 W..18
S. 24 W. .02
S. 18 W. .25

135

39

67

110

(Nos. 168 to 176(b).) Southern Algeria, Tripoli, and Northern Egypt.
Observed at the following places, viz. :-

Geryville and vicinity, Southern Algeria, by Messrs. Ferronnays, Gauverit and Merés, from
October 23, 1856, to February 7, 1857, including the observations made by Dr. Merės during the
last half of a journey from Oran to Geryville, extending, say, 100 miles north of the latter place.
Desert of Sahara, lat. 30° to 33° N., long. 0° to 1° W., by Dr. Paul Merés in January and
February, 1857.

Gardeia, Tuggurt, and adjacent portions of the desert of Sahara, lat. 32° to 344° N., long. 2° to 70 E., by Dr. Paul Merés from March 7th to June 21, 1858.

Ghadamis, Desert of Sahara, by Rohlfs.

62 April, 1875,

Biskra, Southern Algeria, in the desert of Sahara, by E. Renou, during the years 1845-6–7–8– 51-52 and 53.

City of Tripoli, for an aggregate period of 32 months in the years 1843 to 1846 inclusive, and 1855.

Alexandria, Egypt, during a period of three years, 1858 to 1861.

Cairo, Egypt, by Lefebvre, for 41 days, in February and March, 1839; by Destouches for seven years (date not given), and by Hubbard at Cairo, and on the road to Suez for five days in the year 1857. Also for 5 years, 1857 to 1861, inclusive, by Caneval, J. Franz, Prof. Dr. Keyer, Dr. Lantner Bey, and Prof. Dr. Bilharz.

Ismalia, by A. Gepek, six times a day from June 1, 1866, to May 31, 1868, two years.
Port Said, by Vabre, six times a day, from June 1, 1866, to May 31, 1868, two years.
Rosetta, Egypt, by Hunter, for 71 days in November, 1777, and January and February, 1778.

(Nos. 177 and 178.) Eastern Mediterranean Sea and its Islands.

Observed as follows, viz. :—

At Sea, during a period of three years, date not preserved.

At Larnaca, Cyprus, from October, 1866, to March, 1867, inclusive, by T. B. Sandwith.

Bahmdun, Mount Lebanon, Syria, by Rev. S. H. Calhoun, with some interruptions, from November, 1844, to September, 1845, inclusive.

Bassora, from February to June inclusive, in the year 1784.

Beirut, Syria, by Dr. De Forest, from September, 1842, to August, 1843, and from November, 1843, to March, 1844, both inclusive,' and 80 days, the date of which is not preserved; also by another observer during the years 1846 to 1854, inclusive.

Damascus, Syria, by Dr. Joseph Dickerson and Frederick Hubbard, from May 27 to June 6, 1857. Jerusalem, Palestine, by Dr. McGowan, from May, 1846, to February, 1847, and from April to July, 1847, both inclusive, and by Dr. T. Chaplin for a period of 5 years, from 1863 to 1868, inclusive.

179. Jerusalem.

Spring
Summer

0

50

5

36 0 15

42 0 10

32 0 10

0 34 0120, 0

.........

0 31 0 63 0

10 0 10 0 62 0 0:0 25 35 0 30 0

0 5 47 0 22 1 28 0

55 0 51 2 67 1 51 026 0 69 0 79 0142 0 N. 46° 48′ W..22 59 1 16 0 11 0 13 010 0 25 0105 1367 1 N. 49 59 W..75 Autumn 104 0 49 3 83 0 30 0 5 0 40 0 76 0155 0 N. 20 20 W...38 Winter 33 0 67 12 88 0 20 025 0116 1 84 6 86 1 N. 69 25 W. .14 The year 251 1 183 17 249 1114 066 0250 1344 7750 2 N. 44 16 W..37

N. 55 W. .40 613
N. 50 E. .15 546
S. 28 E. .24 540
2282

1 Except 19 days wanting in December, 1842, 10 in May, 1843, 7 in November, 1843, 1 in December, 1843, and 10 in March, 1844.

2 The following extract from a letter of Rev. J. F. Lanneau to the author will serve to give an idea of the winds of Palestine generally :

"There are, however, some general remarks which my long residence in Syria and the Holy Land enables me to make concerning the direction of the wind and other topics alluded to in your letter, and which may be of some interest to you.

"The whole of Palestine is intersected by a chain of hills, or small mountains, rising to an elevation of nearly three thousand feet, and extending north and south nearly midway between the Mediterranean and the Jordan. On the sea coast the wind generally blows off the land,' or from the east or southeast during the night, and follows the sun as the day advances, toward the south, southwest and west, and, perhaps, onethird of the time continuing on to north and northwest, increasing toward sunset, and shortly after dying away to a calm, which lasts until about midnight, when the land breeze again commences. At Jerusalem, however, and in the hill country of Judea, the direction of the wind is almost always from the northwest during winter and summer, except when the Shileak, the Arabic term for the wind commonly known elsewhere as the Sirocco, or east wind, blows from the desert. So uniformly prevalent is the northwestern, that the olive trees in the interior, situated so as to feel its constant influence, are inclined toward the southeast, and their branches checked in their opposite direction by its force, so that, in some cases, three-fourths or more of them

are on that side, thus:

This is very strikingly noticed immediately around Jerusalem.

"And this leads me to an obvious answer to one of your questions, viz.: 'Are there any local influences that would affect the direction of the wind?' I have always thought the position of Jerusalem, and that whole region, with the immense evaporation from the Dead Sea, and the Arabian desert to the southeast of it, must be the physical cause of the northwest direction of the wind the greater portion of the year, while the deep

gorge in the mountains, extending all the way from the valley of Jehoshaphat and Hinuom to the Dead Sea, occasions a stronger current over the Holy City and the Mount of Olives. The Arabs have a saying, that Jerusalem is the most windy place in the world, the centre of the earth, and thus attracting all the wind there, etc. During the winter the southwest wind on the coast, and the northwest wind in the interior, generally accompany a rain, though occasionally there is a shower from the southeast. A north wind on the sea coast always drives away rain, but it is generally a very chilly and uncomfortable one, and is considered by the natives as unwholesome. The rainy season commences about the 1st or 15th of October, and continues until the middle of April. Sometimes a few showers fall in September and May."

:

The following description of the winds of Palestine is taken from Dr. Wm. Smith's Bible Dictionary :"N. W. from the Autumnal Equinox to November 1st; west from November to February; east from February to June; and north from June to the Autumnal Equinox."

Sixteen of the W. and S. W. observations are marked "sea breeze" in the original record, and if these be rejected the resultant for the year is S. 87° 56′ W. .28.

2 Computed from the resultants for the seasons.

3 Six of these observations were marked "sea breeze" in the original record, and if these be rejected the resultant for the winter is S. 50° 57′ W. .51.