been invented to provide a means for determining the presence of fire-damp, as well as the quantity accumulating in any part of a coal mine. All these and many other equally important discoveries and inventions will be found fully described in this edition.

The utmost care has been taken to learn all the improvements which may have been made in any of the arts and manufactures, or in the operations of mining; and every change introduced, the value of which has been proved, will, it is believed, be found described in these pages.

In preparing this edition, it has been thought desirable to include some sufficient notice of every material known to enter into any process of manufacture, and of some which, although not at present employed, appear likely to come into use within a short time. Some hundreds of articles are thus described in this edition which were not noticed in those which have preceded.

So far as it has been possible to do so, the articles have been submitted to the original Authors. In all other cases the latest authorities have been consulted, and thus it is hoped that the most recent and the best information has been secured.

R. HERRING, Esq.

Author of History of Paper Manufacture. JAMES HIGGINS, Esq.

Calico Printer, &c., Manchester. W. HERAPATH, Esq. M.D. &c. SAMUEL HOCKING, Esq. C.E. Camborne, Cornwall.

RICHARD W. HUNT, Esq.

Brewer, Leeds.

T. B. JORDAN, Esq.

Engineer, Inventor of Wood Carving Machinery.
JAMES JORDAN, Esq.

Assistant in Mining Record Office, Museum of Practical
Geology.

(The late) WILLIAM LINTON, Esq.

Artist, Author of Ancient and Modern Colours. JAMES MCADAM, Jun. Esq.

Late Secretary of the Royal Society for the Cultivation of Flax in Ireland.

(The late) HERBERT MACKWORTH, Esq. C.E. F.G.S. One of H.M. Inspectors of Coal Mines.

HENRY MARLES, Esq. L.R.C.P.

Author of English Grammar; Currying and Leather. DAVID MORRIS, Esq. of Manchester.

Author of Cottonopolis, &c.

JAMES NAPIER, Esq. F.C.S.

Author of Manual of Dyeing, Electro-Metallurgy
Ancient Works in Metal, &c.

D. NAPIER, Esq. C.E. &c.

(The late) A. NORMANDY, Esq. M.D. F.C.S. Author of Handbook of Commercial Chemistry.

HENRY M. NOAD, Esq. PH.D. F.R.S.

Author of A Manual of Electricity, &c. AUGUSTUS B. NORTHCOTE, Esq. F.C.S. Assistant Chemist, University of Oxford. ROBERT OXLAND, Esq. F.C.S.

One of the Authors of Metals and their Alloys. THOMAS JOHN PEARSALL, Esq. F.C.S.

Secretary to London Mechanics' Institution. SEPTIMUS PIESSE, Esq.

Author of Treatise on Art of Perfumery, &c. JOHN ARTHUR PHILIPS, Esq.

Graduate of the Imperial School of Mines, Paris, Author of Manual of Metallurgy.

ANDREW CROMBIE RAMSAY, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. Professor of Geology, Government School of Mines, Local Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

T. READWIN, Esq. F.G.S.

Salford, Manchester.

(The late) EBENEZER ROGERS, C.E. F.G.S.

Late President of the South Wales Institute of Engi

neers.

T. R. RUDLER, Esq.

Assistant Curator, Museum of Practical Geology. CHARLES SANDERSON, Esq. Sheffield.

Author of Papers on Steel and Iron.

E. SCHUNK, Esq. Ph.D. F.R.S. and C.S.

R. ANGUS SMITH, Esq. Ph.D. F.R.S.

Author of various Papers on Air and Water, Life of
Dalton, and History of Atomic Theory, &c.

WARINGTON W. SMYTH, Esq. M.A. F.R.S. and G.S.
Professor of Mining and Mineralogy, Government
School of Mines, and Inspector of Crown Mines,

THOMAS SOPWITH, Esq. C.E. F.R.S. and G.S.
Author of Isometrical Drawing, &c.

(The late) ROBERT DUNDAS THOMSON, Esq. M.D. F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry in St. Thomas's Hospital College.

ALFRED TYLOR, Esq. F.G.S.

Author of Treatise on Metal Work.

A. VOELCKER, Esq. Ph.D. F.C.S.

Professor of Chemistry, Agricultural College, Cirencester, and Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

CHARLES V. WALKER, Esq. F.R.S. F.R.A.S.

Engineer of Telegraphs and Time to the South Eastern
Railway Company, Author of Electrotype Manipula-
tion, Translator of Kamtz' Meteorology, De la Rive's
Electricity, &c.

C. GREVILLE WILLIAMS, Esq.

Author of A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation, &c. WM. MATTIEU WILLIAMS, Esq.

Caergwrle, North Wales.

(The late) HENRY M. WITT, Esq. F.C.S.

Assistant Chemist, Government School of Mines. With special assistance and information from the late Sir Wm. Reid, C.B. Governor of Malta; Sir Wm. Armstrong, C.E. &c.; Robert Mallet, Esq. C.E. F.R.S. &c.; Captain Drayson, Royal Artillery; George W. Lenox, Esq.; and many others.

The Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art; comprising the Definitions and Derivations of the Scientific Terms in general use, together with the History and Descriptions of the Scientific Principles of nearly every branch of Human Knowledge. Fourth Edition, reconstructed and extended under the Editorship of the late Professor BRANDE, of H.M. Mint, and the Rev. G. W. Cox, M.A. late Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford; assisted by Contributors of eminent Scientific and Literary Acquirements. 3 vols. medium 8vo. pp. circa 3,000, price 63s. cloth, or £4 half-bound in russia.

[April 23, 1867.

THE progress of science and general knowledge during the twenty-six years which have elapsed since the publication of the first edition of The Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art,' made it impracticable any longer to render that work a fit representative of existing knowledge, by mere corrections and supplements. It was, therefore, considered advisable to re-write or re-edit it throughout, and thus to make it an entirely new work. It is believed that the names of the contributors to the present edition form a sufficient guarantee that the book may be consulted with confidence by all who wish to make themselves acquainted with the principles of each particular science, with the details and history of many, and with the main facts of the multifarious subjects with which it is necessary, at the present day, for all intelligent persons to have some acquaintance. In all con

troverted or doubtful matters the several opinions entertained are stated with strict impartiality, while the reader is left to draw his own conclusions from the evidence of facts laid before him.

The plan of the fourth edition differs slightly from that of the former ones, but it is more in accordance with the idea on which the Dictionary was originally planned, and which was expressed in the name at first designed for the work. The intention of the Editor was to call it a 'Dictionary of Scientific Terms,' and to limit its contents to a brief explanation of an exhaustive list of Scientific words; but after mature consideration it was thought desirable, in carrying the design into execution, to limit the number of words included in the Dictionary, and by extending the length of particular articles to make it a readable book rather than a mere work of reference. In the present edition it has been the object of the Editors, while retaining the readable character of the work, to diminish the extreme length of some of the articles, and to increase their number; but the total quantity of matter contained in the New Edition is considerably increased. It has been found that, in many branches of Science, and especially in Mathematics, Physics, Geology, Mineralogy, and Botany, the omission of terms now in common use, which are requisite for students and collectors, somewhat lessened the utility of the work. Many new articles have therefore been added in the present edition, and the whole has been brought, as closely as possible, up to the present time. It is not pretended, and indeed it would be impossible, to include all the terms employed in any branch of science, but it is believed that the omissions are few and unimportant, and that, practically, a sufficient number are included to meet the requirements of the general reader and the non-professional student. progress of historical criticism, and of the Sciences of Comparative Philology and Mythology, has rendered it necessary to rewrite the articles which treated of these subjects, and to add many new ones. In assigning derivations, the Editors have sought chiefly to avoid guess-work; but the principles which have guided them in this part of their task are given in detail in the general preface to the work.

The

A larger and more legible type has been adopted than that of the previous editions; but although the size of the work has been thereby, and by the large accretion of new matter, extended to three volumes, the price is not increased.

List of Contributors.

Agriculture, JOHN CHALMERS MORTON, Editor of the 'Agricultural Gazette,' &c.

Architecture, History, Language, Logic, Mythology,

and General Literature, The Rev. GEORGE W. Cox, M.A.

Astronomy, Observational and Descriptive, and Meteorology, E. FRANKLAND, Ph.D. F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great Britain; and J. N. LOCKYER, Esq.

Biological Sciences, comprising Anatomy, Physiology, Zoology, and Paleontology, Professor RICHARD OWEN, F.R.S. LL.D. D.C.L. Superintendent of the Natural History Departments, British Museum; and C. CARTER BLAKE, Ph.D. F.G.S. Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris.

Botany and Gardening, JOHN LINDLEY, F.R.S. F.L.S. late Emeritus Professor of Botany in University College, London; and THOMAS MOORE, F.L.S. Curator of the Botanic Garden, Chelsea.

Building and Engineering, G. R. BURNELL, Architect and Civil Engineer, F.R.I.B.A. F.G.S. F.S.A.; and JOHN BOURNE, Civil Engineer.

General Chemistry and Physics, W. T. BRANDE, D.C.L. F.R.S.L. & E.; E. FRANKLAND, Ph.D. F.R.S.; JOHN ATTFIELD, Ph.D. F.C.S. Director of the Laboratories of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; JOHN BROUGHTON, B.S.; W. F. BARRETT; and HERBERT MCLEOD.

Geology, Physical Geography, and Hydrology, D. T. ANSTED, M.A. F.R.S. F.G.S. &c. Hon. Fellow of King's College, London.

Law, History, and General Literature, HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A. C.B. late Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

Law, ARTHUR P. WHATELY, M.A., of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law, late Student of Christ Church, Oxford.

Mathematics, Pure and Applied, T. A. HIRST, Ph.D. F.R.S. Professor of Mathematics in University College, London.

Military Subjects, Captain HENRY BRACKENBURY, R.A. F.S.A. Assistant-Instructor in Artillery, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

Mineralogy, HENRY WILLIAM BRISTOW, F.R.S. F.G.S. Honorary Fellow of King's College, London; of the Geolog. Survey of Great Britain.

Music, Professor W. POLE, F.R.S. Mus. Bac. Oxon.
Naval Subjects, Mr. DENHAM ROBINSON.

Navigation, H. W. JEANS, F.R.A.S. Royal Naval College, Portsmouth.

Painting and the Fine Arts, Mr. RALPH N. WORNUM, Keeper and Secretary of the National Gallery.

Political Economy, The Rev. J. E. THOROLD ROGERS, M.A. Professor of Political Economy in the University of Oxford; Tooke Professor of Economic Science and Statistics in King's College, London.

Printing, Bibliography, &c., R. J. COURTNEY, Superintendent at Messrs. Spottiswoode & Co.'s Printing Office.

Theology and Ecclesiastical Literature, C. MERIVALE, B.D. Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons; and the Rev. G. W. Cox, M.A.

An Encyclopædia of Architecture, Historical, Theoretical, and Practical, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. F.R.A.S. illustrated with more than 1,100 Engravings on wood by R. BRANSTON from drawings by JOHN SEBASTIAN GWILT. Fifth Edition, revised, with Alterations and considerable Additions, by WYATT PAPWORTH, Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Additionally Illustrated with nearly 400 Engravings on Wood by O. JEWITT, and more than 100 other Woodcuts. 8vo. pp. 1,384, price, 52s. 6d. cloth; or 60s. half-bound in russia.

[March 26, 1867.

THIS HIS Encyclopædia, originally published in 1842, has now passed through four impressions, having received amendments at the hands of its Author, who had noted, in a copy of the last edition, some other useful emendations, which have now been adopted. The continued demand for the work by the public, and by the profession for which it was specially prepared, is sufficient evidence of the extent to which Mr. GWILT's labours have been appreciated. To keep it worthy of thise stimation, the Publishers have deemed it desirable that the book should be accommodated to the present time, and the deficiencies supplied on those points in which recent investigations have given additional information, or have modified previous conclusions.

The preparation, within prearranged limits, of this edition has been entrusted to Mr. WYATT PAPWORTH, Architect, whose additions, beyond the chief alterations about to be named, are indicated by an italic letter following the number of the paragraph.

It was considered preferable to retain Book I. the HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE: with the excep tion therefore of POINTED ARCHITECTURE, which has been entirely rewritten, and a few pages in extension of ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE, both largely illustrated with new woodcuts, this por tion is untouched. The Supplement added by Mr. GWILT on the former subject has been cancelled, but portions of its contents have been inserted in various sections of the work.

In Book II. the THEORY of ARCHITECTURE, the first section on Arithmetic and Algebra has been omitted; this is the only portion absolutely deducted from the late editions. The Second and Third Chapters have been considerably enlarged, and many of the sections have been nearly entirely rewritten to bring them up to the present standard of information on the subjects to which they refer, the chief addition having reference to the results of recent inquiries

into the strength of BEAMS, GIRDERS and PILLARS, both of timber and of iron. This section, it is believed, will relieve the student of much of the perplexity which he encounters in studying the works of the several authors who have written on the subject, while it will also prepare him for the further study of more scientific development in those works. Mediæval masonry, carpentry, and joinery have been dwelt upon at much length; and many of the subjects, new and old, practically illustrated with new woodcuts.

As

In Book III. the PRACTICE of ARCHITECTURE, considerable additions have also been made. the first chapter bad treated only the subject of GRECIAN and ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE, it was thought desirable to draw up a corresponding chapter on MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE, the details of which have been taken chiefly from examples in Great Britain and Ireland. Much of the text with its illustrations previously arranged in the Appendix by Mr. GwILT has been inserted in this chapter, a number of new diagrams being added; while, to secure for reference as large a quantity of illustrations as possible, the chapters on PROFORTION in ARCHITECTURE have been introduced from the end of Mr. CRESY's Encyclopædia of Civil Engineering. That portion of the subject which relates to Mediæval Architecture has been prefaced with a condensed account of the systems of proportion propounded by many investigators. The chapter on PUBLIC and PRIVATE BUILDINGS has received a few supplementary sections; and the original APPENDIX, with some additions, has been placed as Book IV.

The GLOSSARY has been revised, and the ADDENDA TO THE GLOSSARY of the later editions considerably enlarged. As the List of Publications relating to Architecture and its branches, in the former editions, has always been considered of importance, another list, in continuation, has been added in the new GLOSSARY ADDENDUM.

Hieroglyphical Dictionary and Grammar, with a Chrestomathy of historical texts, all printed from a new hieroglyphical fount cast from original tracings made expressly for this work-the Dictionary containing upwards of 7,500 examples, being the only hieroglyphical dictionary published in the English language, and, with the Grammar, forming a complete manual for the study of the hieroglyphs; a comparison of Egyptian and Semitic roots; the translation of the Book of the Dead; and a full Index to the whole work.

In the present volume, the portions of the translation as far as the Funereal Ritual or Book of the Dead, were translated by the late Mr. COTTRELL, and revised by Baron BUNSEN. The Hieroglyphic Dictionary, compiled and inserted into the work as part of the essential portion of it, and the Hieroglyphical Grammar and selected texts also entered into the plan of the English edition of the fifth volume, but were not prepared when death deprived the world of its lamented Author.

The difficulty of translating the Ritual, especially of certain chapters and sentences, is too well known to Egyptologists to make any apology for doubts or corrections necessary. The present is the first attempt to give the whole as it is seen in the Turin copy.

The dictionary is phonetic in its arrangement, the words being placed under the phonetic value of the signs at the time of compilation. A reference to the place where it may be found is given with each word, but it was not possible, without exceeding the limits of this work, to give in every instance the name of the discoverer of its meaning. The Editor's labours have been, as in the first volume, strictly philological, the elucidation of the chronology never having engaged his attention. The hieroglyphic type used in this volume has been made by the direction of the Publishers, and cast by Mr. R. BRANSTON from designs drawn by Mr. JOSEPH BONOMI. It is the sole hieroglyphical fount in this country. In the Egyptian Grammar, a scarcely less important addition, the student will find a much fuller account of the structure of the language than in that of CHAMPOLLION, published in 1836, since whose time many remarkable and valuable discoveries have been made in this branch of the subject, and which are essential to the study of the language. The Chrestomathy of texts, with interlinear transcriptions and translations, has been selected with a view to their historical importance, those most essential for history and chronology having been taken in preference to more extended texts. The introduction of these texts, accompanied by their translations, shows the method of interpretation, and adds a complete