7. Supply a predicate consisting of a verb and a depend. ent clause, or quotation.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE SENTENCES.

The Transitive sentence contains a transitive verb, which requires an Object depending on it to complete the

sense.

Thus: The heavens declare the glory of God. Here glory is the object of the transitive verb declare. Cultivate piety; piety is the object of cultivate. The object of a sentence may be a Noun, a Pronoun, a Word, a Phrase, or a Sentence used as a Noun.

The Intransitive sentence contains none but intransitive verbs: those which do not admit of an object depending on them, but make complete sense otherwise.

As, The sun rises. I am. The stars shine. The Intransitive sentence is one affirming the being, the state, or the condition of its subject, or an act which does not expend itself on an object.

A Transitive sentence may be changed into an intransitive one, by making the object of the verb a subject, the active voice passive, and the subject of the transitive verb the object of the preposition "by." Thus, "He bought the book." "The book was bought by him."

EXERCISES.

1. Write a few Transitive sentences, with the following subjects:

The Queen of Great Britain.

The President of the United States.

The Common School System.
The Press of this country.
The possession of riches.
The abuse of our faculties.
The triumph of Christianity.
The progress of Art.

2. Write a few Intransitive sentences with the following subjects:

1. The snow. 2. The rain. 8. The rivers. 4. The atmosphere. 5. Human philosophy. 6. The ancient orators. 7. The dark ages. 9. Men and women. 10. The Congress. 11. The woods. 12. The fever.

3. Convert the following transitive sentences into intransitive.

1. He has crossed the river. 2. He has acquired prodigious wealth and influence. 3. The year 1859 has borne away to the grave an unusual number of great and good men. 4. All should, in their youth, study English composition, with care and diligence. 5. Those who write much, in conformity to the rules proposed, may expect success, and consequent satisfaction.

LESSON XLII.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

1. A complex sentence contains one or more dependent propositions or clauses, which define or explain the principal sentence; these are called dependent or subordinate, because they make complete sense only when taken in connection with the principal proposition or clause

For example. He eats that he may live. "He eats" is the independent, or primary clause; "he may live" the dependent or

secondary. I am sad when I listen to that music.

"I am sad," is the independent clause; the other is subordinate, and dependent on it.

2. These dependent propositions or clauses, are adjective, relative, adverbial, conjunctive, or participial where they are introduced by a relative pronoun, an adverb, a conjunction, a participle, or by a noun and participle absolute.

(1.) The Adjective Clause: as, A man, eager to learn, applied himself to study.

(2.) The Relative Clause: as, He was admired by all who heard him; who, connects this clause with the independent clause preceding it. "He, whose house you occupy, is wealthy."

(3.) The Adverbial Clause: as, "He retired when he saw fit; commencing with the adverb when. The adverbial clause expresses some circumstances of time, place, mode, cause, or reason.

(4.) The Conjunctive Clause: "I wish that you may be happy ;" commencing with the conjunction that.

(5.) The Appositive Clause consists of, or commences with, a noun or pronoun placed in apposition to a preceding word or clause, which it explains or defines; as, Washington, the father of his country.

(6.) A Parenthetical Clause is one that is embraced in a parenthesis; as, The teacher (having come from Europe) entered upon his duties.

An absolute clause, not dependent for construction on other parts of the sentence; as, Listen to me, my friends.

Sometimes the connecting word is understood-not expressed; as, You cannot say (that) I have been tardy. I believe (that) he is faithful. This is the person (whom) I meant.

(7.) The Participial Clause: as, "The work having been performed, the men withdrew," that is, "when the work had been performed, the men withdrew;" the first clause is the participial, dependent clause. It is not material, so far as the sense is concerned, whether the independent, or the dependent clause is placed first.

(8.) There is another kind of clause which may be termed an Infinitive Clause; it consists of an infinitive verb with its subject

(in the objective case) united to the other clause without a connective, and following a transitive verb as its object; as, "I believe God to be just”—equivalent to, "I believe that God is just.”

EXERCISES.

1. Complete, in writing, the sentences containing the following Relative clauses:

That has excited much surprise.-Who are fairly entitled.-Who presided. Who rendered himself useful.-Who are now instructed in every branch of education.-Whose grandeur surpassed my expectations.-Which overflowed the path.-Who neglected their studies.

2. Complete the following sentences containing Adverbial clauses:

When the retreat commenced.-While all else wore the appearance of gloom. While yet a boy.-However strong his body.-As far as he could go.

3. Complete the following, containing Conjunctive clauses:

That he might be instructed.—That they might be able.-That the poor should be provided for.-That all should honor their Creator.-That time is short.

4. Complete the following, containing Participial clauses: Being determined to follow up the victory.-Having arrived at the city. Being struck with horror.-Losing all presence of mind.-Mistaking the

way.

5. Select and write out the dependent clauses in the following passages, arranging them in their respective classes:

1. After remaining before the city, at a somewhat respectful distance, till the evening of the 13th, they retired to their shipping, and abandoned the enterprise.

2. They had lost, in the battle of the 12th, their commander, General Ross, which doubtless had its effect.

3. During these events, the enemy ravaged the coasts of the Chesapeake, which reflected little credit on the British character, and only served to exasperate the Americans, and to unite them in the attempt to repel a fo that paid so little regard either to the law of nations or to that of honor.

4. The army of the United States, at the north, had been greatly reduced during the spring and summer of 1814; large portions having been ordered to other stations.

6. Express the following dependent phrases by the use of an Infinitive:

He expects that he shall rank first in his class.

He labored that he might reach New York that day.

That I may not wrong your patience, I will stop.

7. Change the infinitive, and its subject in the dependent clause, into a finite verb, with its subject, supplying the proper connective:

I suppose the man to be honest.

I reckon the distance to be four miles.
He denounced the man to be a villain.
We declared the lemons to be good.

They proclaimed the day to be worthy of remembrance.

LESSON XLIII.

SENTENCES.-SIMPLE AND COMPOUND.

A simple sentence has but one subject, and one predicate. It has also but one object (when the verb is transitive); in other words, a simple sentence expresses but one proposi tion; as, Birds sing. The evening has passed away. He is fond of play. He walks into town.

A compound sentence may contain (1), one assertion respecting two or more subjects; or (2), more than one assertion concerning one subject; or (3), more than one assertion concerning more than one subject. For example: The boys and girls study together. The boys study and play alone. The boys and girls study and play together. The propositions composing a compound sentence are independent of each other, as each makes complete sense by itself.