EXAMPLES.

He adds insult to injury. Sharpen the adze. What can ail him? This is good ale. Ere you go. If e'er it happen. Bring me an awl. The ascent is steep. I give my assent. If aught prevented, you ought to have told me. The arc of a circle. Noah's ark. The bough of a tree. Make a bow. Near the beach stands a bcech-tree. Roll the ball. Do not bawl so loud. The ceiling of He is sealing a letter. The complement of an angle. A complimental notice. Boston is the capital. The Capitol at Washington. Faint with hunger. A feint to deceive. A firtree. A garment lined with fur. A ring of gold. To wring the hands. The seam does not seem water-tight. Have you ever seen a seine filled with fish?

a room.

LESSON III.

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS.

The capital, or larger form of Letters, is to be used 1. At the commencement of every book, chapter, para. graph, and independent sentence; as, The house is large. Great cause there is for regret.

2. At the beginning of every line in poetry; as,

The path may be stony,

The hill may be steep,
The hedge thick and thorny,
The stream strong and deep.

3. The pronoun I, and the exclamation O, or Oh. 4. A direct or formal quotation commences with a capital letter; as, He prayed "Our Father," and pronounced aloud, "Thine is the kingdom and the power, and thine the glory." Jesus said unto him, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart." And the second is like unto it, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself."

An indirect quotation does not require the use of a capital letter; as, Dr. Young has well said, that "procrastination is the thief of time."

5. The first word after a Period (.), or after an Exclamation Point (!), or after an Interrogation Point (?) requires a capital letter.

6. Also, names and pronouns relating to the Supreme Being; as, God, Christ, Holy Spirit, Most High, Almighty, Omniscient, Creator, Saviour.

7. Names of Persons, and honorary and official titles; as, Daniel Webster, President Buchanan, Secretary Cass, Queen Victoria, Emperor Napoleon, Elder Brewster, Deacon Jones, Rev. Mr. Parker.

8. Names of certain individual objects, of Days of the Week, and Months of the Year: also Common Nouns personified; as, Doth not Wisdom cry? Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death! The Sea saw it, and fled.

9. The principal words in the titles and divisions of books; as, Sampson's "Brief Remarker," Macaulay's "History of England," Chapter Fifth, Volume Third.

10. Titles, heads of chapters or sections, inscriptions, signs, &c., are printed usually all in Capitals.

In writing for the press, when it is desired to have any word or words printed IN SMALL CAPITALS two lines are to be drawn under; if in LARGE CAPITALS, three lines. If it is desired to print a word in Italics, a single line is to be drawn under it. These modes of printing are used to indicate emphatic words, phrases, or sentences; or to denote contrasted words and phrases.

11. Adjectives derived from proper names; as, Japanese, Chinese, Calvinists, Roman.

12. Nouns that are designed to be made emphatic.

EXERCISE I.

In the following selections, change small letters into Cap. itals, in conformity to the above Rules.

"in the drama of life it is not to be considered who among actors is prince or who is beggar, but who acts prince or beggar best." so taught epictetus, a celebrated philosopher of ancient greece: and pope has versified him in the following couplet,

"honor and shame from no condition rise:

act well your part; 'tis there true honor lies."

all this is well said. that the point of honor lies, not so much in having a grand or a conspicuous part to act, but rather in acting well the part that providence allots us, is a position which admits of no dispute.

it has been told that cyrus conquered the ionian greeks, his son cambyses, and after him, darius, king of persia, kept the greek colonies as tributaries.

knowledge and wisdom, far from being one

have ofttimes no connection. knowledge dwells
in heads replete with thoughts of other men,
wisdom in minds attentive to their own.

they shall call thee, the city of the lord, the zion of the holy one of israel. and thou shalt know that i the lord am thy saviour, and thy redeemer, the mighty one of jacob.

who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? they that tarry long at the wine. i am reading prescott's life of philip second, chapter fourth. woe unto thee, chorazin! woe unto thee, bethsaida! the first epistle of paul, the apostle, to the corinthians. are they hebrews? so am i. are they israelites ? so am i. the americans and the british, the french and the germans, take rank as the most enlightened nations of the earth.

the english papers announce the death of john pringle nichol, 11.d., professor of astronomy in the university of glasgow, whose visit to the u. s. a few years since will be remembered. His various works, "the architecture of the heavens,"" the solar system," "the planetary system," "the planet neptune," were all written with great power.

EXERCISE II.

In the following extracts, capitals are used sometimes incorrectly. Make the necessary corrections.

When charles v read Upon the Tomb of a spanish Nobleman, "here lies one who never knew fear," he Wittily replied, "then he never snuffed a candle with his fingers."

most Kinds of roots and Barks are Now used as Medicines, Except the cube Root and the bark of a dog.

a Little child, being asked how many gods there are, replied, "One." "how do you know That?" he was asked. "Because there is No room for any more, For he fills everywhere."

A french writer Has said that "To dream gloriously, You must act gloriously when you are awake, And to bring angels down To converse with you in sleep, you Must labor In the cause of Virtue daily."

Quoth tom, "Though fair Her features be,

it is her figure Pleases me."

"what may her Figure be?" I cried.

"One hundred Thousand!" He replied.

the Great Enchanter of the Nineteenth Century is noah webster, whose Spells will Never cease to affect our Literature. "where Shall I Put this paper so as to be sure of seeing it tomorrow?" Inquired Mary jane of Her brother charles. "On the looking-Glass," was the Reply.

Two Men, strangers to each other, Got into A dispute, When one of Them exclaimed, Threateningly, "I will Let You know, sir, That I am mr. hodge!" "Oh, well, I am Equal to Several of you," Said the other: "I am Mr. Hodges."

EXERCISE III.

Copy correctly, from dictation (supplying the points and capitals, as they are needed), an exceedingly interesting account of the late WASHINGTON IRVING, in the latter part of this volume, under the head of " Biography."

LESSON IV.

PARTS OF SPEECH.-THE NOUN.

The things, persons, or places about which we think, or speak, or write, are expressed by words which are called nouns, or names. Some of these things are outward objects that impress the senses; as, book, house, tree. Nouns such as these may be called REAL NOUNS.

Others are things only conceived or felt in the mind; as, virtue, hope, joy, length, breadth, eternity, goodness, truth. Such nouns may be called IDEAL NOUNS.

Words that are used as the names of particular persons or places, are called PROPER NOUNS. Thus, London, James Madison.

Those which are used as the names of a class of persons or things, are called COMMON NOUNS. That is, names common, or belonging to, all objects of the same class. Thus, tree is a name for any and every tree. Bird is a name applied to any bird.

Words which are used as names of qualities of the objects to which they belong, are called ABSTRACT NOUNS. The quality may be considered abstractly, by itself, without reference to the person or thing to which it belongs; as, whiteness, tallness, purity, meek

ness.

A word is sometimes used to denote more than one person or thing: as army, congregation, school. These words are called COLLECTIVE NOUNS, being names for a collection of persons or things. This collection may be regarded either as a whole, or as several individuals combined. Hence we may say, "The congregation is assembled," when viewed as a body or as a whole; and we may say, "The congregation were assembled," when we have reference to the individuals, as such, composing it.