LESSON LXXVIII.

ADDITIONAL

SYNONYMS.

(1.) To expect, to hope.

We expect an event, whether agreeable or otherwise, which we think will probably take place; we hope for an agreeable event, which we greatly desire to occur. We may expect, but not hope for, an event which we know will give us pain.

(2.) To bury, to inter.

To bury, is to conceal under the ground; to inter, is to place in the ground with solemn ceremonies.

(3.) Vice and sin.

Whatever violates the laws of morality is a vice; whatever violates the laws of God is a sin. The same act may be at once a vice and a sin—a vice as being injurious to society, and a sin as being prohibited by God.

(4.) Temper, humor, mood.

Temper belongs to the permanent character of a man, and exercises an influence over his general conduct; humor is a state of mind produced by particular circumstances, and is transitory. We speak of the humor of the moment; of the temper of youth or old age. Temper modifies the actions and opinions, as well as the feelings.

We may be in a humor for writing, or reading, or talking; for what is gay, or for what is serious. Humor and mood agree in denoting a particular and temporary state of feeling, the former attributable to the physical state of the body, the latter to the moral condition of the mind.

(5.) Attitude, posture.

A posture denotes the visible position of the body, as a horizontal, erect, siceping posture; an attitude is an expression of internal feeling by a corresponding position of the body. We speak of an attitude of despair, or of melancholy. An attitude is a posture with expression. It is employed by painters and sculptors. Attitude and posture are figuratively applied to other objects besides the body.

(6.) Duty and obligation.

Duty consists of what is right or due from one being to another. All duty depends upon moral obligation, which subsists between man and mati,

or between man and his Maker. We have duties to perform as husbands and wives, parents and children, &c. ; the debtor is under an obligation to discharge a debt, and he who has promised is under ar obligation to fulfil his promise. An obligation is what we bind ourselves to do, independent ly of our natural duties.

(7.) Occasion, opportunity.

Occasion means what falls in our way; opportunity, that which happens fit for our purpose. They are applied to the events of life. Opportunities are particular occasions. An occasion presents itself; an opportunity is desired and sought, embraced or improved. We do things as the occasion requires, or as the opportunity offers.

(8.) A picture, a painting.

The former is a representation of objects; the latter is a representation by means of color. Every painting is a picture, because it represents something; but every picture is not a painting, because every picture is not painted. Figuratively speaking, the poet paints in glowing colors; the historian draws a lively picture.

(9.) Bravery, courage.

The former is constitutional; the latter is acquired by reflection; hence there is no merit in being brave, but much in being courageous. Brave men are naturally careless of danger; the courageous man is aware of danger, and yet faces it calmly.

(10.) To exert, to exercise.

To exert, is to put forth; to exercise, is to put forth repeatedly. To exert authority, is to employ it in single instances; to exercise authority, implies continuance and repetition of the act. We exert the voice in calling to one at a distance; we exercise it in learning to sing or to practise oratory.

(11.) To grow, to become.

To become, is to be one thing from having been another; to grow, is to be approaching towards another state. To grow, is to become by degrees.

EXERCISES.

1. Write a sentence embracing each of the foregoing synonyms, and in a proper sense.

2. Fill the blanks below with the right synonyms.

(1.)-1. Such was the violence of the storm that none of the passengers

the vessel could outlive the gale. 2. The father had

would rise to eminence in his profession.

that his son

(2.)-1. William I. caused the body of Harold to be 2. The house fell in, and the workmen were

- on the sea-shore. in the ruins.

(3.) Virtue and

this world;

other world.

-chiefly imply the relation of our actions to men in and holiness rather imply their relation to God in the

that I do not think I

(4.)-1. My friend is a man of such excellent ever saw him in an ill- 2. My cousin is much altered; she has no onger the same low for which she was so remarkable, but frequently falls into fits of which make her a disagreeable companion. 3. He but when in the could unbend and of a man; it

-

of affairs

was a man of very reserved be communicative. 4. There is no calculating on the depends upon his whether he progresses well or ill. (5.)—1. Armies assume a menacing 2. In a critical great skill is required on the part of government. (6.)-1. I feel myself under very great to my instructor. 2. The officss of a parent may be discharged from a sense of their

(7.)-1. It is hard to imagine one's self in a scene of greater horror than on that --. 2. At the Louvre I had the of seeing the king. 8. Have you heard the of this custom? 4. Neglect no of doing good. 5. On particular – — a commander must be severe; but a humane one will embrace every proper · to show his lenity to offenders. (8.)-1. You cannot easily to yourself any thing more unpleasant than my situation. 2. The prize for the greatest improvement in drawing was a beautiful water-color by a first-rate artist.

(9.)-1. King Alfred displayed great in resisting the Danes. 2. It requires quite as much in a minister to guide the state in safety through all her political storms, as in a general to insure victory to his country amidst surrounding dangers.

- immediately about things, an act of command upon or employ

(10.)-1. This faculty of mind, when it is is called judgment. 2. When the will has any faculty, it has done all that man can do for the actual ment of such faculty.

(11.)—1. A dying man— weaker every hour; very weak. 2. As we

much pain has

more virtuous. 3. Authors, like coins,

a patient who has suffered older, it is our duty to

dear as they

4. The Lord breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man living soul.

old.

8

LESSON LXXIX.

SYNONYMS, CONTINUED.

(1.) To hear, to listen.

Like "to see" and "to look," these are synonyms of degree. We often hear involuntarily; we listen with intention. We may hear persons talking without listening to what they say.

(2.) To lament, to deplore.

We lament with loud exclamations and cries; we deplore with deep feel ing and with tears. The latter word expresses more intense grief than the former. A field of battle or a city overthrown by an earthquake is a spec tacle truly deplorable; it is lamentable to see beggars putting on all the disguises of wretchedness, in order to obtain what they might earn by honest industry.

(3.) To overcome, to conquer, &c.

By overcoming, we prove that we are superior to our rival or enemy; by anquering we gain possession. An enemy is conquered; an antagonist is overcome. Those who are taken prisoners are conquered; those who yield in the contest are overcome. Alexander conquered the Persians, after having overcome Darius in three great battles. In his march across the Alps, Hannibal overcame every difficulty.

We conquer an enemy by whatever means we gain the mastery over him; we vanquish him, when by force we make him yield; we subdue him by whatever means we check in him the spirit of resistance. Persons or things are conquered or subdued; persons only are vanquished. One conquers by ordinary means and efforts; one subdues by extraordinary. Prejudices and prepossessions are overcome; obstacles and difficulties are surmounted.

(4.) To perceive, to discern, to distinguish.

We perceive things by themselves and in reference to objects of the same sort; we discern them amidst many others, separating them by the eye and considering them apart from the rest. We perceive that which is obvious; we discern that which is remote, or which requires close attention to get a clear idea of it.

To discern signifies to see only one thing or class of things; to distinguish, to see two or more in quick succession, and not to confound them. Experienced persons may discern the signs of the times; it is just to distinguish between an action done from inadvertence, and that which is done from design.

(5.) To receive, to accept.

That is received which simply comes to hand; that is accepted which we express our willingness to take on ourselves. Thus, we receive a letter when it comes to hand; we receive news when it reaches us; we accept a present which is offered us; we accept an invitation to dine, &c.

(6.) To forgive, to pardon.

Small offences are forgiven; great offences are pardoned. We use the former word on familiar occasions; the latter in cases of importance. Equals in life exercise forgiveness; superiors grant pardon to inferiors.

The expression in the Lord's prayer, Forgive, &e., accords with the endearing title Our Father, which we use in the beginning.

(7.) To furnish, to supply.

I furnish that another may use; I supply that another may not want. What is wanting to make a thing complete must be supplied; what is required for occasional use is furnished. Our wants are supplied; our comforts are furnished. The poor are supplied with blankets and fuel during the winter; the rich man's table is furnished with delicacies. What is furnished we keep by us for use; what is supplied, we use immediately. Hence a house is furnished with tables and chairs; a larder is supplied with meats and vegetables.

(8.) Veracity, truth.

The former regards persons; the latter, things. We speak of the truth of history, but of the veracity of the historian. If the thing said be true, the person who said it was veracious.

(9.) To caution, to warn.

We are cautioned against acting injudiciously; we are warned of what may act injuriously upon ourselves. We warn a man of approaching danger; we caution him against running into it.

(10.) To defend, to protect.

To defend is to ward off; to protect is to cover over. We defend those who are attacked; we protect those who are liable to be attacked. Swords and spears, a garrison and cannon, are arms of defence; helmets and shields, fortification and natural position, are means of protection. Houses protect us from the inclemency of the weather; brave soldiers defend their country.

EXERCISES.

1. Write sentences embodying each of the foregoing synonyms correctly used.

2. Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with appropriate synonyms:

(1.)—If you a conversation, you may many improving remarks. On entering the harbor, we — a loud explosion. We attentively, thinking it might be repeated, but we —— nothing more. There is an old proverb: " never- any good of themselves."

(2.)-1. The condition of a dying man suffering under the agonies of an awakened conscience, is ; the situation of the relation or friend who witnesses the agony, without being able to afford consolation to the suf