EXERCISES.

Write out the following passages, supplying the nouns of various kinds that are wanting to complete the sense.

1. Supply Proper Nouns.

Edinburgh is the capital of

and London of

most distinguished of our American historians are

The

The most common Arithmetics are those of
The principal towns of the county in

the wonders of the world. Who is not pleased with

and -?

3. Supply Abstract Nouns.

is one of

4. Supply Collective Nouns. The British

composed of two houses or departments. A large

А

and

is equal to any in the world.

The is

of cattle.

their verdict. What a

The

could not agree in

are dispersing.

LESSON V.

NOUNS. THEIR NUMBER, GENDER, CASE.

NUMBER.-A noun denotes either one object, or more than one. In the former instance, it is said to be of the Singular Number; in the latter, of the Plural.

The General Rule for changing the Singular into the Plural form of a Noun, or Name, is to add the letter "s," or "es" as, tree, trees; box, boxes.

Observe the following Special Rules:

1. Nouns ending in y, after a consonant, change the y into ies; as, outcry into outcries; fly into flies. Other nouns ending in y add an 8. Proper nouns in y do not change it into ies, but only add an 8.

2. Nouns in ƒ or fe change these endings into ves to form the plural; as, calf, calves. Nouns ending in ƒfƒ add an 8 in the plural; as, puff, puffs.

3. The plural of nouns ending in 8, sh, soft ch, z, x, or o, is formed by adding es. When ch has the sound of k, only 8 is added to the singular; as, monarch becomes monarchs.

4. Many nouns are irregular in the formation of the plural; as, man, men; child, children; goose, geese; penny, pennies (meaning pieces of coin), or (when value is meant) pence; die, dice; tooth, teeth; index, indexes, or indices; sow (a single animal), sows; sow or swine (the species), swine, &c.

5. Most compound nouns form the plural regularly; as, handful, handfuls; spoonful, spoonfuls.

Compound nouns in which the principal word is first, pluralize the first word; as, father-in-law, fathers-in-law; aid-de-camp, aids-de-camp.

The compounds of man form the plural in men; as, fisherman, fishermen; but there are nouns accidentally ending in man which have the plural formed by adding 8, as in the general rule. Thus, talisman, talismans; Mussulman, Mussulmans. Man-servant and woman-servant pluralize both constituent words; as, men-servants, women-servants.

6. Proper names, when used in the plural, as when two or more persons of the same name are classed together, take the plural form; as, The Browns, The Boyds. With a title, The Mr. Browns; The Miss Boyds. If the persons are to be individ 1alized, the title only is pluralized; thus, The Messrs. Brown ; The Messrs. James and Andrew Brown; The Misses Agnes and Elizabeth Boyd. The name and title should not both be pluralized; as, The Messrs. Browns.

When two or more individuals, holding the same office are spoken of, the name of office is to be pluralized; as, The Bishops Eastburn and Potter; The Generals Scott and Ripley; Lords Brougham and Macaulay.

Any part of speech, used as a noun, or as a mere name, forms the plural like nouns of a similar termination; as, the ayes and noes; the ins and outs; his ands and his buts; the Websters, the Calhouns of the country.

7. Numerical figures, letters, and mathematical symbols, receive a plural form by adding 8, with an apostrophe preceding; as, three b's; four c's; cross your t's and place a dot over the i's. The +'s are more than the -'s.

8. Some nouns have only the singular number; as, iron, lead, milk, sculpture, flour, goodness, wisdom.

Some are used only as plural nouns; as, clothes, dregs, letters (literature), archives, ashes, annals, manners, morals, minutiæ, tidings, thanks, drawers, pincers, scissors, tongs, shears.

Some are used in both numbers, possessing the same form; as, sheep, trout, gallows, pains, ethics, mathematics, pneumatics, series, salmon, deer, species, head of cattle (denoting individual cattle), fish and fowl (meaning the class). When individuals are denoted, the regular plural form must be used—fishes and fowls.

9. After numeral adjectives, the words cavalry, foot, horse, infantry, sail, weight, pair, couple, score, hundred, &c., are used in the singular and plural; as, six hundred, one hundred; three cannon, one cannon. But without a numeral adjective the most of such words take the plural form; as, by hundreds; by dozens. Foot and horse, referring to bodies of soldiers, and people, meaning persons, are regarded as plural; as, "Many people were engaged." People (denoting a community or body of persons) is a collective noun, in the singular, but it sometimes takes the plural form; as, "Many peoples and nations."

Amends and means, referring to one object, are singular; to more than one, plural. In the singular form, mea denotes the middle between two extremes. News is for the most part construed as singular-so also, molasses, measles; alms, and riches, and oats, as plural.

10. Nouns derived from foreign languages often retain the plural form of the languages to which they belong: Datum, data; de

sideratum, desiderata; emphasis, emphases; criterion, criteria; hypothesis, hypotheses; radius, radii; seraph, seraphim; vertex, vertices. Some foreign words, by common use, have acquired also the English plural form: Medium, mediums: memorandum, memorandums; formula, formulas; genius, geniuses (when per.. sons of genius are meant); genius, genii (when aerial spirits are meant).

For more particular rules, and exceptions under them, and more numerous examples, some English Grammar may be consulted. In conformity to the above rules, may be written out the following

EXERCISES.

Correct the form of the nouns, when they require it, in the following examples:

The heros of the Revolution. The echos are remarkably numerous. I counted fourteen ladys. There were three loafs of bread. The Pompies of the age. The Tullies of America. Had I three lifes to spend, they should all be given. Those men were remarkable genii. The Mussulmen of Persia are great opponents of Christianity. These things may be used as talismen. I saw three man-servants and two woman-servants. Use two spoonsful of saleratus, and three handsful of flour. How many die were thrown? How many penny was it worth? How many pence have you? The Mr. Taylors. Miss Jane and Sarah Porters. The Messrs. Harpers and Appletons. The army had two commanderin-chiefs. He was tried by several court-martials. She had two father-in-laws. The datums are incorrect. Margaret had too many beaus. There were five stratums of rocks. Five seraphims were engaged in worship. All the radiuses of the same circle are equal. The emphasises are not correctly laid. Bishop Carter and Lewis. Mind your ps and qs. Dot your is and cross your ts. Look well at the + s and -S. He employed only the dreg of his time. Have you learned the tiding of the battle? He had two pairs of drawer. He made amend to me and this was the mean of avoiding a contest. He employed guns and pistols, and by thris means overpowered me. How many molasses did you purchase? His riches was great.

LESSON VI.

NOUNS.-TIIEIR GENDER.

1. Nouns are of several kinds, so far as they denote objects of the male sex, of the female, or of neither sex, and are thus called nouns of the Masculine, or Feminine, or Neuter Gender. Nouns which denote living beings, and yet do not determine to which sex these belong, are nouns of the Common Gender; as, parent, teacher, sheep, cousin. They are names which may in common, or equally, be applied to beings of either sex. The pronouns, he, she, it, are substituted for nouns of the first three classes, respectively. He or she may be substituted for any noun of Common Gender.

2. The sexes are distinguished

(1.) By the use of different words; as, husband, wife; friar, nun; ram or buck, ewe; uncle, aunt, &c.: or (2), By a different ending, as baron, baroness; duke, duchess; songster, songstress: or (3), By prefixing a word to distinguish the sex; as, a manservant, a maid-servant; a he-goat, a she-goat.

3. Some nouns, which describe things that are without sex, may be changed, by a figure of speech (called Personification), into masculine or feminine.

When an object of strength, or power, or sublimity is spoken of, it is thus spoken of as a masculine object; when an object of delicacy or beauty is described, it is viewed as feminine. Of the sun it is said, "He has risen;" of the moon, "She walks the heavens in her beauty." Wisdom lifts up her voice, and warns. The vessel sails well; she hastens into the harbor.

4. A very young child, or an animal whose sex it is not important to designate, is often represented by the neuter pronoun, it.