connection between the protasis and apodosis of a Period, by bringing up the whole meaning of the former to a single word, and placing this word, with grammatical redundancy, at the head of the latter; thus:

The guardian of my youth, and the friend of my maturer years; my physician in sickness, my prudent adviser in health; he surely will not be long absent from me in this emergency."

Antanaclasis (or Reciprocation) consists in calling up, after intervening clauses, the words which preceded, so as to bring them to that part of the period with which they are to make construction; and the words so brought up may, or may not, be accompanied by a slight variation or addition; thus:

"The man in whom I had placed full confidence, who owed all to my kindness, who had the custody of what I most valued, and who had vowed to be faithful to me; this very man, I say, was the first to betray me."— "Every sentence contained in it (if the interpretation of words is to be settled, not according to fancy, but by the common rules of language), every sentence, I say, contained in this little book, is to be found in the brightest pages of English literature, and the most sacred volumes of English law."

The grammatical figure Apposition is often used with something of the same effect as those two which are more strictly rhetorical figures. The repetition of a word for the same end is, under certain circumstances, called Anaphora, and sometimes Echo. Of the Apposition, the following are examples:

"Music and poetry, arts which address the imagination and feelings through the sense of hearing, originally existed as one and the same thing."—"William of Normandy, a man whom the Saxons feared as well as hated, vainly endeavored to change the language and institutions of the country."—" He was in his seventieth year; an age when one ought to be well prepared for eternity."-" Man, said he, is born to trouble; a truth often expressed, because often experienced."—"He gave his mind up to low pleasures; pleasures which destroy the health toth of soul and body."

It is this last way of recovering the sense of a clause or sentence, which, by some, has been called Echo; it is, also, in instances like this, called Anadiplosis.

LESSON CXVII.

EXERCISES ON THE FIGURES IN THE PRECEDING LESSON.

Improve the following sentences:

By the use, or by avoiding the use of Parenthesis, or o Analepsis, or Antanaclasis;

Or, by the insertion, when advantageously practicable, or a noun to bring up the sense, with the same effect as in using the other forms of Analepsis.

1. If we never experienced the bitter of life, we should be incapable of a relish for its sweets; and every one, at times, must experience it.

2. In lying down to rest, it is sweet to be able to say, "Since I left this couch, my walk has been with my Maker;" if, indeed, a child of dust can ever truly say.

3. He who, when he rises in the morning, has no settled duty, no fixed good purpose before him, will be almost inevitably and unconsciously led, during the day, to sins of omission or commission, that must call for bitter repentance at night; and how many there are who rise with their minds thus vacant for evil!

4. Never delay till to-morrow (for to-morrow is not yours; and though you should live to enjoy it, you must not overload it with a burden not its own) what reason and conscience tell you ought to be performed to-day.

5. We must not imagine that there is, in true religion, any thing which overcasts the mind with sullen gloom and melancholy austerity (for false ideas may be entertained of religion, as false and imperfect conceptions of virtue have often prevailed in the world), or which derogates from that esteem which men are generally disposed to yield exemplary virtues.

6. He that aspires to be the head of a party, he will find it more difficult to please his friends, than to perplex his foes.

7. That man who pursues noble ends by noble means, whether he prosper, and take, in consequence, his lot among princes, or whether he fail, and sink to the lowest depths of calamity,-is great indeed.

8. The generosity which robs Peter that it may give lavishly to Paul, which neglects the claims of honest creditors that it may retain wherewithal to squander on gamblers, which is niggardly to the poor, and bounteous only to those who already have,-if, in compliance with a faulty custom, we must call it generosity, is not a virtue, but a widely hurtful vice.

9. The event in life which we have most desired, which we have tried to bring about by unceasing contrivances, which we have prayed to reach

on each appearing morn, and sighed to have missed on each returning night; when at length attained, often proves the great calamity in life's career; the epoch from which are to be dated only reverses and woe.

LESSON CXVIII.

HYPERBATON. ANACOLUTHON.-APOSIOPESIS.

Hyperbaton, or Transposition, is an arrangement of words for rhetorical effect, different from that which grammar or logic would prescribe; as, "Silver and gold have I none;" "Great is the Lord!" Sometimes there is grammatical redundancy joined with this figure; "Your fathers, where are they? And the prophets, do they live forever ?" It is then both hyperbaton and pleonasm.

A transposition is called Hysteron when that which should be last comes first; as, "Bred and born," for born and bred: and it is called Anastrophe when a governing word, that usually comes first, is placed last; as, "the woods among." Hyperbaton, as a general term, includes all three figures.

Anacoluthon, or Inconsequence, is an interruption of the grammatical construction, the protasis not having its proper apodosis. If, however, the interruption occurs less as an effect of emotion, than of a sudden purpose in the speaker to hold back what he was about to say, it is called Aposiopesis, or Silence.

Anacoluthon, though a grammatical defect, is a rhetorical beauty, if naturally produced or imitated; as, "If thou art he-but, oh! how fallen!" "He who hath seen life in all its shapes, and fully knows its good and evil-No! there is nothing on earth which can make a wise man desire a greater length of days than heaven appoints." These are instances, in which the break-down is the effect of emotion. The following is an example of Aposiopesis:

"I declare to you that- but we must not now lose time in words."

The design of the Aposiopesis is, when, from emotion or

violent affection, the speaker breaks off his speech before the sense is completed, in order to aggravate the purpose of his address.

Thus, "Let me close the scene-Humanity cannot sustain it."

Thus, also, the compassionate Saviour of the world seems to have been so full of grief when he uttered the exclamation, “If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things that belong unto thy peace," that he could not give utterance to that inevitable and intolerable misery which was coming on the rebellious city of Jerusalem; and, therefore, having made a silent pause and let his tears speak what his tongue could not utter, he left the sentence imperfect, and then most awfully added, "but now they are hidden from thine eyes."

Adam's declaration to Eve is a beautiful exemplification of this figure, declarative of the loftiest aspirations to display the utmost courage and daring in the presence of loveliness and innocence. "While shame-thou looking on," &c.

LESSON CXIX.

REPETITION AND REDUNDANCY.

Repetition gracefully and emphatically repeats either the same words, or the same sense in different words. The second oration of Cicero against Antony contains a beautiful example:

"As trees and plants necessarily arise from seed, so are you, Antony, the seed of this most calamitous war. You mourn, O Romans, that three of your armies have been slaughtered by Antony! you lament the loss of your most illustrious citizens! They were torn from you by Antony; the authority of this order is deeply wounded by Antony; in short, all the calamities that we have ever beheld (and what calamities have we not beheld?) if we reason rightly, have been entirely owing to Antony. As Helen was of Troy, so the bane, the misery, the destruction of this State, is Antony."

The figures of Repetition and Redundancy, are subdivided into the following:

1. Anaphora, which continues a sentence by emphatically repeating the same word or words at the beginning of clauses; as "Peace crowns our life; peace breeds plenty."

2. Epiphora, or Epistrophe, which repeats the same word or words at the end of clauses; as, "We are born in sorrow; we pass life in sorrow; and we die in sorrow."

3. Epanaphora, or Symploce, which unites the practice of both the preceding figures; as, "Vice, for a moment, brings pleasure; vice, forever after, destroys pleasure."

4. Anadiplosis ends a clause and begins the next with the saine word; as, "Prize wisdom; wisdom is a jewel."

5. Epanalepsis begins a clause with a word that is made to end the next clause; as, "Sins stain the soul; forsake thy sins." 6. Epanodos repeats words in inverted order; as, "Woe unto them that call good, evil; and evil, good; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness."

7. Epizeuxis repeats words or phrases in the paroxysm of passion; as, “O my son Absalom! my son, my son Absalom! Would I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son!"

8. Synonymy uses different words. of the same meaning; as, "Rogue, villain, scoundrel! no name is too bad for thee."

9. Exergasia uses different phrases or short speeches with the same meaning; as, "What was thy sword doing? against whose breast didst thou raise its point? how were thy weapons employed?"

10. Pleonasm is a general name for redundancy of words, in order to dwell upon a meaning with energy or passion; as, "He is the very same person;" False traitor;" "The most Highest."

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LESSON CXX.

THE ALLITERATION.

Alliteration is the placing of words together, or near together, that begin with the same letter or sound; as "Ruin seize thee, ruthless king.”

Homoioteleuton is a similar placing of words together which have the same ending, or rhyme; as, "To the fail ings of his friends he was kind, but not blind."