named; as, "I shall go to-morrow." On the other hand, will denotes determination, purpose, and as this generally has reference to a future act, the word sometimes carries no other meaning than that of futurity.

6. Harrison thus illustrates the principle: "I shall go to town to-morrow." Here simply the intention of doing a certain thing is expressed, without any anticipation of, or reference to, hindrance. But when I say, "I will go to town to-morrow," I declare my resolution to do so, in spite of all opposition. "I must and will go to town to-morrow." In both these cases, the person who speaks is also the person who is about to act. He, therefore, at pleasure, expresses an act of simple volition, or of fixed purpose, according to circumstances. Both are at his own option; he has the control of both in his own mind. But, when we pass to the second person, thou shalt, or thou wilt, it is to be borne in mind that the first person is still the speaker, though the second person is the actor. If, therefore, the acting of the second person is dependent upon the will of the first, the first person says thou shalt, and not thou wilt, for the willing rests with the first person; but if the first person leaves the second to act as he may think proper, he says thou wilt, and thus claims no authority over that willing. Again, in the third person, he shall, or he will, we see the same principle. When the first person says he shall, he deprives the third of the exercise of his own will; but when he says he will, he leaves him in the exercise of that will, and simply expresses his belief that it is the intention or will of the third person to do this or that.

7. When, however, we pass to the interrogative forms of shall and will, the case is reversed. In the second person of the verb, we simply inquire what the will of that person is, implying that it is not subject to the control of the person asking. We, therefore, say, wilt thou? or, will you? In the third person of the verb, again, the act of willing remains with that person, and we simply ask, will he? if plural, will they? Thus, Shall I go to London? Wilt thou go? Will he go? Shall we go? Will you go? Will they go?

8. Will, as a principal verb, must not be confounded with will as an auxiliary.

9. Would and Should.- Would refers either to present or past

time, and expresses volition; and is sometimes, like should, used as a simple future; as, "He said he would go to-morrow;" or, that "he should go to-morrow."

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Should generally expresses obligation or duty, and that in the past or present. In the former case should is connected with a past tense of the verb; as, John should have gone yesterday. should do it," means, "I feel it my duty to do it." "I should have done it," = "I ought to have done it."

Should sometimes denotes a supposed future event, in all the persons. "If he should attend school, he would find it a great advantage." "If he would attend," &c., refers to volition, determination, as well as to contingency; and implies that there is an aversion to do it.

Should, after the conjunction that, is used indefinitely; as, "He said that he should go."

Should and would are employed to soften the form of expression; as, "It would seem to be wrong," instead of "it seems to be wrong." “I should think him in error," for "I think him in error."

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10. Will or shall follows a present tense; would or should follows a past tense; as, I say that I will come;" "I said that I would come." "I think that I shall attend;” “I thought that I should attend."

Will in the present tense, and would in the past, are used to denote repeated or customary action; as, "He will smoke all day." "He would smoke all day."

Had is sometimes used for would, or would have. "I had rather not," =“I would,” &c. "My fate had been his,” been his."

="would have

May refers to a present or future privilege, might to a past one. "He is attentive to his studies that he may learn;" "he was at tentive, &c., that he might learn.”

Ought is a defective verb, and does not admit before it an auxiliary verb; such as “I had ought,” for “ I ought,” and “Don't ought," for "ought not.”

EXERCISES.

Make the necessary corrections in the auxiliary verbs.

I am resolved that I shall learn my lessons. You promised that

you should visit me. I did hope that I would gain it. If I do wrong, I will be punished. If I should declare them, they should be more than I can express. This man was taken of the Jews, and should have been killed of them. Will I go to New York, or not? The account you was pleased to send. I am just now as well as when you was here. The clock don't tick. I was resolved that I should do my duty. I hope that I will see him. How often will I see you? I will receive a letter when the mail will arrive. All shall receive their money when the work will have been done. I would not be surprised to see him there. I would be pleased to see him. Will we hear a good lecture? Perhaps I will receive some money. Perhaps you shall receive it. In spite of difficulties, I shall go. This dedication may serve for almost any book that has, is, or shall be published. You hadn't ought to speak so rudely. You don't ought to swear. You had ought to study hard. They had not ought to neglect public worship. I had as lief stay. He had better study. It had like to have been worse. You hadn't ought to do this.

LESSON XVI.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS.-ERRONEOUS USE OF THEM.

1. These verbs express simply being or condition; or their action is limited to the agent, and does not pass over to an object.

2. Intransitive verbs are sometimes used improperly as transitive; thus, "Pallas succeeds their enterprise;" that is, makes the enterprise to succeed. "It approaches men to gods." "He retired the army behind the river.”

On the other hand, transitive verbs sometimes are improperly used for intransitive; as, "I must premise with three circumstances." 66 They ingratiate with him by calumniating me." With, in the above, should be omitted.

3. The intransitive verb to lie, simply expressing condi tion, is often confounded with the transitive verb, to lay.

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The following examples, in the present tense, are correct : When Jesus saw him lie," that is, to lie. "Though now they lie grovelling." The following are correct in the past tense: "Then the king lay on the earth." He, with his crew, lay vanquished." The participle of the intransitive verb is properly used in the following example: "He lies upon the straw now, he lay on the straw last night, he is said to have lien, or lain, upon straw last night.” "Thou hast been lien with."

The transitive verb, to lay (which acts upon an object), appears in the following:

"Or lay the spoils of conquest at her feet." "I lay the book down." "The book was laid down." "Oh, that my calamity were laid in the balances!" It should be noticed that lay is the past tense of the intransitive verb to lie, and the present tense of the transitive verb to lay..

4. Intransitive verbs are used as transitive when they bear a causative sense; that is, when they denote the causing of the act expressed; as, "They run a daily coach." "Walk the horse." "The horse was walked over the ground," that is, was made to walk, &c.

5. Intransitive verbs should not be used in the passive, except when rendered transitive by the addition of another word. Thus, the verb laugh becomes transitive by adding at. "He is laughed at by all.” "He laughed at her.”

The transitive verb set is improperly used, sometimes, for the intransitive, sit.

So the verbs fly and flee, flown and flowed, are confounded.

EXERCISES.

Correct the errors in the following sentences:

He repented him of his design. The farmer grows wheat. Why do you lay so long this morning? He laid down a whole hour. Let that book lay. He was laughed by the assembly. He retired

himself early. The instructor learns his pupils. The ship aid at anchor. He succeeded my undertaking. Please to set down. The eagle flees through the air. The man flies from his house. The birds had flowed. The land was overflown with water.

LESSON XVII.

IRREGULAR VERBS-ERRONEOUS USE OF THEM.

1. These are verbs which do not form their past tense and past participle with the termination of ed.

2. A very common and glaring error in the use of some of these verbs is thus exposed by Mr. Harrison: "The past tenses of these verbs, and the passive participles, are so perpetually confounded and mutilated, that they exhibit a perfect grammatical slaughter-house. Shakspeare, Addison, Swift, Pope, Milton, Gibbon, Byron, and a host of others, up to the present day, violate a principle which is obvious to the merest school-boy, in writing any other lan guage than his own. The man of vegetables says, 'Potatoes is rose, or riz, and turnips is fell. The language serves his purpose, and more is not expected; but men of high literary character should take care not to mislead by corrupt example. There is not one iota of difference between 'I had drank,' and 'I had knew,' 'I had rode,' and 'I had blew,' 'I had gave,' ‘a web was wove,' and ‘a stone was threw.' In prose composition there can be no excuse. It is, perhaps, to the poets that we owe these solecisms; for the perfect tense of the verb, in the place of the participle, frequently offers a convenient rhyme, which the participle would not supply. As Pope:

'Doom'd from the hour his luckless life begun,

To dogs, and vultures, and to Peleus' son.'-Iliad.