4. Mr. Pitt's first administration (December, 1783)

5. Mr. Addington's administration (March, 1801).

6. Mr. Pitt's second administration (May, 1804)

7. Lord Grenville's administration (January, 1806)

PAGE

143

. 147

. 153

8. Duke of Portland's second administration (March, 1807)

9. Mr. Perceval's administration (October, 1809).

. 155

. 157

. 161

10. Earl of Liverpool's administration (June, 1812)

11. Mr. Canning's administration (April, 1827)

12. Lord Goderich's administration (August, 1827).

13. Duke of Wellington's administration (August, 1828).

14. Earl Grey's administration (August, 1830)

15. Viscount Melbourne's first administration (July, 1834)

16. Sir R. Peel's first administration (November, 1834)

17. Viscount Melbourne's second administration (April, 1835)

18. Sir R. Peel's second administration (September, 1841)

19. Lord John Russell's first administration (July, 1846)

20. Earl of Derby's first administration (February, 1852)

21. Earl of Aberdeen's administration (December, 1852).

22. Lord Palmerston's first administration (February, 1855)

23. Earl of Derby's second administration (February, 1858)

24. Lord Palmerston's second administration (June, 1859)

25. Earl Russell's second administration (October, 1865).

26. Earl of Derby's third administration (June, 1866)

27. Mr. Disraeli's first administration (1868) .

28. Defeat of Mr. Gladstone's first administration (March 1873)

Tabular view of the administrations of Great Britain from 1782 to

1880

253-258

. 168

. 177

. 179

. 182

. 188

. 193

>Public acts of the Crown to be transacted through the medium of

responsible ministers.

267

Development of the principle of ministerial responsibility

273

Extent of royal interference in affairs of State since the accession of

Queen Anne

275

Character and public conduct of George I. and George II.

Right of the Sovereign in regard to appointments in the royal house-

Right of the Sovereign to employ a private secretary

Constitutional position of a Prince Consort.

Prince Albert, his character and public services.

. 290

294

. 299

.299

Influence of the Sovereign in political affairs.

Right of the Sovereign to select the ministers of State

Circumstances under which Parliament may advise the Crown in the

choice of its ministers

Restrictions upon the Crown in the choice or dismissal of individual

ministers .

Precedents of nomination of ministers by the Crown

Free choice of the Crown in regard to the prime minister

PAGE

. 305

Restrained only by the necessity for obtaining the confidence of Parlia-

ment in the new administration

Proceedings upon the formation of a new cabinet

The prime minister empowered to select his colleagues in office

During a ministerial interregnum, the Sovereign may consult any peer

or privy councillor

. 308

. 309

. 311

. 311

. 313

. 313

. 315

. 316

. 316

€ 317

But whilst a ministry is in office, it should receive the unreserved sup-

port of the Sovereign

335

Cabinet councils not attended by the Sovereign

335

Circumstances under which the royal functions may be delegated

Absence of the Sovereign from the realm

Proceedings during the illness of George III.

Royal prerogative in respect to suits-at-law against the Crown

Petitions of Right

Personal immunity of the Sovereign before all earthly tribunals

Personal acts and opinions of the Sovereign and Royal Family not

cognizable by Parliament .

The 'civil list granted for the support of the royal household

Matters wherein the Sovereign represents the State in dealings with

Epistolary form in which ministers address the Sovereign

Mode of obtaining the sign-manual to official papers

Parliamentary authority to dispense with the royal sign-manual in

certain cases

The prime minister the channel of communication between the Sovereign

and the ministry

4. Interference in the domestic concerns of foreign nations.

Concluding remarks

I. General principles which govern the relations between the Crown

and Parliament in matters of administration

The right of Parliament to tender advice to the Sovereign

Responsibility of ministers is in their freedom in exercising the

lawful authority of the Crown .

414

414

415

Parliamentary control over this right

. 415

Interference of Parliament by resolutions into details of government

injurious

419

Limits of control, by either House, over the Executive Government 420

Encroachments of the House of Commons

Govern

. 421

Ministerial measures open to the censure of either House

. 421

Precedents illustrating this doctrine

422

II. Practice of Parliament in the appointment of select committees to

enquire into administrative questions.

428

Uses to which select committees are applied.

428

Motions of concurrence by the House in the results of the enquiries

of select committees not customary

431

Precedents illustrating the appointment and labours of public com-

mittees with the action of Government taken thereon.

III. Practice in regard to the granting or withholding, by the Execu-

tive, of information desired by either House of Parliament.

Necessity of Parliament being informed concerning the policy and

proceedings of Government

Information that should be granted to, or withheld from, the House 440

Concerning prejudicial debate

Circumstances under which papers have been refused by ministers . 443

Information not to be refused on account of the cost and labour of

furnishing returns

443

Precedents of enquiry instituted in the House, and of resolutions

and addresses affecting matters of administration

. 444-450

Ministers the guardians of the rights of private individuals and
companies against parliamentary intrusion.

Parliamentary ground for ordering papers

PAGE

451

. 453

Summary

CHAPTER VIII.

. 453

CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH PARLIAMENT HAS A RIGHT TO

INTERFERE, IN ORDER TO RESTRAIN THE ILLEGAL

OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY.

Abuse of executive authority

EXERCISE

Authority of the Crown in the issue of orders in council and royal

proclamations.

Limited authority of the Executive in this respect

456

457

. 457

The Crown may declare and enforce the execution of law by pro-

clamation, but cannot add to, alter, or dispense with, any law 459

Jealousy of Parliament in this respect

Orders in council

. 460

Orders and proclamations

. 460

461

When they require the sanction of Parliament

462

Proclamations, as distinct from orders in council

462

Control of Parliament over the issue of orders and minutes of council,

Control of Parliament over Executive legislation.

Mode of questioning provisional orders by Parliament.

When they should be submitted to Parliament for approval.

Parliament the supreme trustee of endowments

Powers of the commissioners to issue orders under the General

Inclosure Acts.

Report on the working of the provisional order system.

Requirements under the Irish Coercion Act of 1881

Necessary caution of Parliament in entrusting legislative powers

Curtailment of powers of judicial tribunals

Powers delegated to the commissioners under the Endowed Schools

Acts.

Contracts of conveyance must be approved by the House
Likewise contracts in excess of grant

Remedy against illegal or oppressive acts by ministers of the Crown
Immunity of ministers of Parliament in courts of law

Unity of responsibility in the cabinet

Protection of officials from liability to actions at law

Constitutional remedy against an executive government by private

individuals who may be wronged

Ministers sworn to keep the king's counsel secret

Not to divulge the same in a court of law

Legal immunity of subordinate officers of State

CHAPTER X.

ROYAL PREROGATIVE IN MATTERS ECCLESIASTICAL.

PAGE

.491

. 493

493

494

494

495

Supremacy of the Crown in Ecclesiastical matters.

I. Position of the Church of England in the mother-country

Appellate authority vested in the Crown of England

Licence of the Crown necessary prior to the consecration of a

Convocations can only assemble by command of the Crown

II. Position of the Church of England in the colonies

Not to be regarded as an established Church in any British

colony

Jurisdiction in the case of Crown colonies

In other than Crown colonies

Decision of the Privy Council in the case of Bishop Colenso.

Effect of this judgment.

Episcopal Church in Canada .

. 510

Episcopal Church in New Zealand.

. 512

IV. Obligations of the Act of Uniformity

III. Position of the Church of England in foreign countries.

. 513

. 516

New terms of clerical subscription

. 517

. 518