b. Heard petitions on law matters. iv. Whence arose CANCELLARIUM

REGIS [Chancery Court], To deal with cases in which the three Common Law Courts gave no relief, according to fairness or equity.

Chief Justiciar and staff of Judges to hold v. FOREST COURTS,

To deal with Placita Forestæ (Cases concerning Forest Laws and Customs).

Edward I. instead of appointing one Chief Justiciar for all the Courts, gave each of the three Common Law Courts a separate president and staff.

Chief Justiciar of England to King's
Bench.

Chief Justiciar to Common Pleas.
Chief Baron to Exchequer Court (for

the Judges of this Court are called
Barons).

When the office of Chief Justiciar was done away with, Edward I. gave all his equitable work to the Chancellor, and to relieve him of his duties at the Exchequer Board created a separate Chancellor of the Exchequer, our present Finance Minister.

C. War.

i. Earl Marshal and his staff,

To (a) Keep order and do justice
in the Court and House-
hold.

(6) Aid in the King's Army.
(c) Decide cases of honour and
chivalry.

Whence came the MARSHALSEA
COURT and the HERALDS'
COLLEGE or COLLEGE OF
ARMS.

ii. Lord High Constable and staff,

To act as Commander-in-Chief
and leader of the feudal levy.
Whence the CONSTABLE'S
COURT.

iii. Lord High Admiral and staff,
To (a) Keep order and do justice
in King's Navy in peace

and war.

(6) Judge law cases connected with sea, ships, sailors, etc., in the ADMIRALTY COURT.

Edward I. first appointed three Admirals, but in Edward III. and Richard II.'s time, and after 1406 always, there was one Lord High Adiniral of England, commanding-in-chief the four fleets of N.E., S.W., Ireland, and Aquitaine.

The Earl Marshal is an hereditary officer. The Duke of Norfolk holds the title.

The Constableship was also hereditary, but it is now in abeyance, like the High Stewardship. In our days the duties of these officers are fulfilled by the ordinary courts or by the War Office and Horse Guards.

The Admiralty and Treasury are now always in commission, i.e. held by a board or committee, Lords of Admiralty and Lords of Treasury, instead of by one man.

The late English Kings' MICYL GEMOT [Great Moot], consisting of

The Norman and early Angevin Kings' MAGNUM CONCILIUM [Great Council of the Realm], consisting of

The thirteenth-century, etc., PARLIAMENT [Deliberative Assembly], consisting of the

Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, and Masters of Orders.

The Judges and Great Officers sat with the Lords, but did not vote unless they were barons by holding land.

1. To counsel the King on all important matters.

In the counties the electors were all freeholders.

The elected members were

At first, knights holding of the King.
Next, knights whether holding of King

or not.

Latterly, any freeholder "of the better of the county.

sort

"

In the cities and boroughs the electors were either

The freeholders of the place, or

The guild-brethren of the place, or
The corporation.

The elected, at first any citizen, after-
ward any freeholder in England.

ministers, for without the consent of Parliament no laws can be made. 2. To give advice as to laws, and to consent or refuse consent to such laws as were brought forward by the King and his

3. To vote taxes, for without the consent of Parliament no tax can be laid on.

4. To form a High Court in certain important cases.

HOUSES OF ENGLAND, LANCASTER, MORTIMER, CLARE, AND DESPENSER.

Edmund,

Earl of

d. 1327.

Edward II., m. Isabel of France.

Thomas, m. Alice,

Earl of heiress of

Kent, d. 1330.

Lancaster, Lincoln

Derby, Leicester,

and

Salis

d. 1321.

bury.

Edmund, Baron Mortimer, d. 1303.

Henry, Wry-
neck, Earl of
Leicester,
Lincoln,
Lancaster,
Derby,

Roger,
Earl of
March,

d. 1330.

Hugh, elder, Earl of Winchester, Baron Despenser, d. 1326.

Hugh, m. Eleanor,

younger, d. 1327.

co-heiress of

Gloucester.

d. 1345.

d. 1377.

Edward III., m. Philippa Henry m. Isabel Maud m. Wm. of Edmund, of Hain- Gros- of Beau