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These are described in the specifications thus:

"Fig. 1 is a side elevation of a crane constructed in accordance with my in vention, and Fig. 2 is an end view of the same on a larger scale.

"Referring in the first instance to Fig. 1 of the drawings, 1, 1, represent the main girders upon which the bridge of the crane is mounted and upon which it can travel, said bridge consisting of a pair of longitudinal side girders, 2, with suitable transverse connections at the ends, which connections constitute end carriages, 3, each of the latter having a wheeled truck running upon rails on the main girder, 1, and some of the wheels of these trucks being rotated

by power derived from a motor, 4, which is mounted on the bridge of the crane, so as to effect the movement of the latter back and forth upon the supporting-girders, 1.

"Mounted upon suitable rails upon the traversing bridge of the crane is a trolley, 5, provided with hoisting mechanism of any appropriate character and with a motor and gearing for operating said hoisting mechanism, the hoisting mechanism having two drums, 6, whose depending chains support a bar, 7, provided with depending ladle-supporting hooks, 8.

"In carrying out my invention I provide the crane-bridge with supplementary girders, 9, secured at their ends to the carriages, 3, and located so far inside of the main girders, 2, as to provide ample room between the two sets of girders for the operation of the hoisting-chains from the main trolley. Upon these supplementary girders, 9, is mounted so as to traverse longitudinally a supplementary trolley, 10, which is provided with appropriate hoisting mechanism and with a motor, 11, for operating the same, the chains depending from the hoisting mechanism of the supplementary trolley between the girders, 9, as shown in Fig. 2, in which these chains are illustrated as employed in connection with the ladle-tipping hook, 12."

It will be observed that the auxiliary trolley rails of the invention in suit are not connected with the inside lower edge of the main girders, as were the flanges in the prior art, and that the weight of the supplementary trolley with its load no longer exerts excessive side strain upon the girders, also, as succinctly stated by one of the witnesses: "second, the draft of the main hoisting tackle comes inside instead of outside the base of the supports to the main trolley; third, since the outside of the main girders is now free from the main hoisting ropes, the bridge-driving motor may be located outside and at the center instead of at one end of the bridge to eliminate the long shaft drive; fourth, the auxiliary trolley becomes readily accessible for repairs, particularly the renewal of the supporting wheels, bearings and gears; and, fifth, the range of travel of the trolley on the bridge is increased." We think these advantages are obvious, unless it be the one gained by the removal of the main hoisting tackle from the outside of the main trolley and main girders to points within the base of support of the main trolley and inside of the main girders. It is shown by the evidence that the weight of molten metal carried in a ladle is from 60 to 125 tons, and that when the shock of this great weight is cast upon the hoisting tackle over one end of a main trolley, through the breakage of the hoisting tackle depending on the outside of the other end of the main trolley of an overhanging crane, there is a tendency to tilt and overturn the main trolley. It is shown without dispute that this actually happened in at least one instance. It is true that it occurred under conditions somewhat peculiar; and, also, that the escape in such a case of molten metal might cause more injury than would be caused by the overturning alone of the main trolley. But it is equally true that the accident caused such an influence upon experienced users of overhanging cranes, as to create an unusual demand for a crane with hoisting tackle depending within and not without the base of support of the main trolley. It is not claimed that a trolley could be upset upon a crane with the hoisting tackle so arranged.

The claim made that this advantage cannot be considered for the reason that it is not enumerated among the advantages stated in the letters patent is, we think, not well founded. In one of the objections stated in the specifications to the overhanging trolley of the old meth

od of mounting the supplementary trolley upon tracks fastened to the inner sides of the main bridge girders is that such method "necessitates the location of the hoisting-chains of the main trolley outside of the girders, 2, thus requiring a wide separation of the hoisting-drums, 6, and preventing the location of the bridge-driving motor, 4, upon any part of the bridge except at the extreme end of the same, so that a shaft almost as long as the crane-bridge itself must be employed for transmitting power from such motor to one of the bridge-trucks. This also serves to limit the range of movement of the trolleys on the cranebridge."

Moreover, as appears in the statement, it is expressly stated in claims 3, 4, and 5 of the letters patent that the hoisting-chains depend between the main and supplementary girders, and this fact is also displayed in Fig. 2 of the drawings. Even if the patentee at the time of making his application did not know of this advantage, or knowing failed distinctly to express it, he, in view of what he did state and show, is entitled to have his invention considered with reference to it. Indeed, the crane cannot be constructed and operated in accordance with the plain terms of his description without observing and securing this advantage. This alone is sufficient. Goshen Sweeper Co. v. Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co., 72 Fed. 67, 73, 75, 19 C. C. A. 13; Dowagiac Mfg. Co. v. Superior Drill Co., 115 Fed. 886, 895, 53 C. C. A. 36; Stilwell-Bierce & Smith-Vaile Co. v. Eufaula Cotton Oil Co., 117 Fed. 410, 415, 54 C. C. A. 584.

Thus we have only to assemble and consider the advantages of the patent in suit, in order to gain an appreciation of the departure made from the old art. The sum of these advantages not only marks the progress made, but suggests inquiry into their origin. Is their origin to be found in mental operation of the degree of invention, or only of the degree exercised in mechanical skill? The advantages of the invention seem to be traceable to the idea of so carrying the burdens to be borne by the machine as to avoid strains upon the parts least calculated to bear them; and they are traceable also to the further idea of so adjusting the new parts to the old parts as to attain greater safety and economy and also more extended use and constant operation. The inventor then devised the plan before described for carrying his ideas into execution. This involved at once a novel machine, that could not be rightly classed with the overhanging ladlecrane. It is difficult to understand why this conception is not patentable invention.

While it may not always be helpful in determining whether a given. act or result involves the exercise of constructive faculty rather than mechanical skill to resort either to the fact that the matter in dispute has been allowed to lie dormant for years in the face of needed solution, or to the approval accorded to such solution by men of scientific knowledge and practical experience immediately upon becoming aware of it, yet it is not always easy or advisable to repel the influence of such facts. The evidence reveals persistent and repeated attempts for as much as 10 years prior to the date of the patent in suit to overcome the difficulties solved by this patentee. Then, as soon as the patent in suit became known, cranes offered and made under it met with

the approval of quite a number of mechanical engineers and skilled mechanics, and with sales to experienced users of ladle-cranes. The appellee commenced business with efforts to manufacture and sell ladle-cranes of the overhung type, but failed. When, however, it began the offer and sale of cranes made under the patent in suit, the appellee, according to the evidence and in view of the large cost of the machines, met with remarkable success.

The experts for appellant referred to divers earlier patents and designs for the purpose of showing anticipation, either wholly or partly, of the patent in suit. But, considering the entire evidence, we think these were fairly differentiated. No ladle-crane was ever devised and built which contained the combination of improvements here displayed, prior to the date of this patent. The nearest approach to any substantial portion of this form of crane in the way of design, as distinguished from patent and construction, was in a blueprint devised by one Sawyer and sent with a proposal to build a crane for the Illinois Steel Company; but the proposal was not accepted and no publication of either the proposal or the blueprint was ever made, and the whole matter seems to have been forgotten if not abandoned by the parties themselves, until a representative of appellant, in search. of evidence for the trial of this cause, discovered the papers.

The claim of counsel for appellant is not as under the authorities it could not be that this unused prior drawing is an anticipation within the meaning of the patent statute. The blueprint is offered in support of the claim that the invention in suit lacks patentable quality; and this is upon the theory that the fact that Sawyer devised a plan having certain features corresponding with some portions of the patent in suit indicates that the present patent was obvious to the skilled mechanic. The facts disclosed in the decisions offered in support of the effect that should be given to the blueprint differ so widely in substance and legal effect from the import of the facts disclosed here as to render present discussion of those cases unimportant.

The claim that the patent granted in Germany to Beck & Henkel for a meat hanger is an anticipation of the patent in suit does not seem to be based upon analogy either in purpose or function between the two devices, but rather upon similarity in definition that can be applied to parts of both; and also upon the fact that it is asserted in each patent that it is not limited to the particular device therein described.

We may as well say now as later that we regard claims 1 and 2 of the patent in suit as too broad, both with respect to the prior art and the express objects and scope of the crane described and illustrated. There can be no doubt that the rest of the patent, considered either as a whole or with reference to the remaining claims, contemplates a traveling-crane and motors to drive the bridge mechanism. These main objects and features of the patent in suit are not disclosed and are plainly not intended by the German patent. In view of the weight of the evidence touching the marked differences in mechanism and combination of parts in the two inventions, and of the palpable difference in purpose and use of the two machines, we are satisfied that nothing in either of them would afford material suggestion for the

other. See decision of this court in National Tube Co. v. Aiken, 163 Fed. 254, 258, 91 C. C. A. 114; also Eames v. Andrews, 122 U. S. 40, 55, 7 Sup. Ct. 1073, 30 L. Ed. 1064.

As it seems to us, therefore, the patent in suit discloses novelty and merit sufficient to show patentable invention, and falls well within rules of decision of this court. Goshen Sweeper Co. v. Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co., 72 Fed. 67, 74, 19 C. C. A. 13 (cited above); Muller v. Lodge & Davis Machine Tool Co., 77 Fed. 621, 629, 23 C. C. A. 357; Star Brass Works v. General Electric Co., 111 Fed. 398, 400, 49 C. C. A. 409; Dowagiac Mfg. Co. v. Superior Drill Co., 115 Fed. 886, 895, 53 C. C. A. 36; A. R. Milner Seating Co. v. Yesbera, 133 Fed. 916, 919, 67 C. C. A. 210; Rich v. Baldwin, Tuthill & Bolton, 133 Fed. 920, 66 C. C. A. 464; National Tube Co. v. Aiken, 163 Fed. 254, 91 C. C. A. 114. See, also, Ide v. Trorlicht, Duncker & Renard Carpet Co., 115 Fed. 137, 143, 53 C. C. A. 341; National Hollow B. B. Co. v. Interchangeable B. B. Co., 106 Fed. 693, 707, 45 C. C. A. 544; Anderson v. Collins, 122 Fed. 451, 459, 58 C. C. A. 669; Loom Co. v. Higgins, 105 U. S. 580, 591, 26 L. Ed. 1177; The Barbed Wire Patent, 143 U. S. 275, 283, 12 Sup. Ct. 443, 36 L. Ed. 154; Cash Reg. Co. v. Cash Indicator Co., 156 U. S. 502, 515, 15 Sup. Ct. 434, 39 L. Ed. 511. See, also, discussion of Mr. Justice Day, applicable in principle, in Expanded Metal Co. v. Bradford, 214 U. S. 366, 381, 29 Sup. Ct. 652, 53 L. Ed. 1034.

Upon the question of infringement, we think the evidence shows that appellant's crane is a substantial embodiment of appellee's invention. It appears that prior to the date of the patent in controversy all of appellant's cranes were of the overhanging type, and that, after that date, it constructed and sold ladle-cranes which are the subject of the alleged infringement. The claim of infringement is urged by appellee in several ways. One is that appellant has eliminated from its later type of ladle-crane precisely those objectionable features of ladle-cranes of the old art, as those objections are stated in the specifications of the patent in suit. Another is that appellant has in substance and effect adopted the plan of the inventor of the patent in suit for constructing and operating the alleged infringing machines, and so has taken to itself the advantages of appellee's invention.

The appellant has changed the draft of the hoisting tackle of the main trolley to points within instead of without the base of its support, and so has escaped the objectionable overturning feature. It does this by splitting the main girder of the old type and placing the two parts or their equivalents in parallel so as to furnish space for operating the hoisting chains depending from the main trolley between these girders. It lengthens the main trolley and supports it by doubling its wheel bearings so as to carry its trucks on eight wheels instead of the old bearings of four wheels. It gains accessibility to the supplementary trolley and lessens materially if it does not avoid lateral strain upon each interior main girder by placing two smaller girders between and parallel to the interior main girders aforesaid, and fastening the smaller girders to the larger interior girders by braces or lacework. Upon this interior trackway the supplementary trolley is operated; and the accessibility mentioned is obtained over the passage

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