nearly all the large counties. Strenuous efforts were made by the friends of license to recover the ground swept from them by the tide of prohibition sentiment at the previous election, but outside of Atlanta they were attended with only slight success. In that city, after a spirited contest, in which the young men bore a conspicuous part on each side, the Prohibitionists were defeated by 1,122 votes out of a total vote of 9,244. The majority against license in 1885 was 225 out of a total of about 7,000 votes. Of the enforcement and effect of prohibition in the city during the year a local

paper says:

In consideration of the small majority with which prohibition was carried, and the large number of people who were opposed to seeing it prohibit, the law has been marvelously well observed. Prohibition has not injured the city financially. According to the assessors' books, property in the city has increased over $2,000,000. Taxes have not been increased. Two streets in the city, Decatur and Peters, were known as liquor streets. Property on them has advanced from 10 to 25 per cent. The loss of $40,000 revenue, consequent on closing the saloons, has tended in no degree to impede the city's progress in any direction. Large appropriations have been made to the waterworks, the public schools, the Piedmont fair, and other improvements. The business men have raised $400,000 to build the Atlanta and Hawkinsville Railroad. The number of city banks is to be increased to

five. The coming of four new railroads has been settled during the year.

Farmers' Convention.-There was held at Atlanta in August an important and interesting interstate convention of farmers, at which all the Southern States were represented, and at which the causes and remedies of the existing agricultural depression in that region were discussed at length. Between 200 and 300 delegates were in attendance. The following are some of the resolutions adopted:

Whereas, The cotton States of the South need capital to develop their resources, and the farmers the facilities for borrowing money at a low rate of interest; therefore, be it

Resolved, That in the opinion of this convention it is expedient that the National banking act be so amended as, first, to repeal the tax now existing on the issue of State bank circulation; second, by repealing the clause of said act that prohibits national banks from accepting land as security for the loan of

money.

Resolved, That our Senators and Representatives in Washington be requested to use all efforts in their power to advance the Department of Agriculture to the dignity of a Cabinet position.

Whereas, It appears, and really is a fact, that great depression exists throughout the whole cotton-growing region; and, whereas, we believe it to be the duty of

this convention to ascertain the cause and to find a remedy; therefore, be it

Resolved, 1. That we believe the cause to be twofold, to-wit: first, undue taxation; second, the raising of too much cotton, thereby neglecting to produce home supplies.

Resolved, 2. That we believe the remedy for the first is the united efforts of our public servants in the Legislatures and in Congress, and this convention earnestly request both these bodies to grant us relief.

Among the many evils under which the agriculture of the South is laboring, and among the serious obstacles to its progress, is the crop-lien and chattel-mortgage system, now being a part of the business methods

of large portions of the States here represented; therefore, be it

farmers throughout the South the pressing importance Resolved, That this convention urges upon the of bringing to bear upon the Legislature of their respective States all legitimate influences which may tend to give speedy relief to our farmers and final abolition to this pernicious and ruinous system. We desire that Congress shall pass a law returning through the States, to those entitled to the same, the money unjustly collected on what is known as the cotton tax.

Whereas, Certain corporations and individuals have from time to time combined and conspired to destroy or to depreciate the value of some of the agricultural products of the cotton States by such speculation or gambling as that usually termed "dealing in futures," operations of the American Oil Trust Company in their with the prospective cotton-crop as a basis, and by the well-nigh successful effort to crush out all competition either in the purchase of seed, or the sale of the prod

ucts thereof; therefore

Resolved, That the influence of the entire agricultural population of all the States here convened be brought to bear upon the legislative powers of our respective States to secure the enactment of such laws as will properly define these crimes and furnish commensurate penalties therefor.

The cotton-crop of Georgia for 1887 was estimated at 890,900 bales, raised upon 2,950,000 acres. A severe cold and frost, which visited the State early in March, did great injury to growing fruits, wholly destroying the crop in some sections.

GERMANY, an empire in central Europe, founded on treaties concluded between the North German Confederation and the Grand Duchies of Baden and Hesse on Nov. 15, 1870, the kingdom of Würtemberg on Nov. 25, 1870. the kingdom of Bavaria on Nov. 23, 1870, and The ratifications of the treaties were exchanged on Jan. 29, 1871, at Berlin. For these treaties was substituted, by the decree of April 16, 1871, the Constitution of the German Empire, which went into force on May 4, 1871. The headship of the empire belongs to the Prussian crown. The hereditary dignity of German Emperor was accepted by King William I of Prussia at Versailles on Jan. 18, 1871, in a proclamation addressed to the German people. The confederation of states forming the empire is invested with sovereign imperial power, exercised by the crown of Prussia and by the Fedthe confederated states. The imperial power, eral Council, composed of representatives of in the exercise of certain functions, requires the consent of the Reichstag or parliament, composed of representatives freely elected by the German people. This assembly exercises also in certain regards a right of control.

The Emperor William was born March 22, 1797. The heir-apparent is Prince Frederick William, born Oct. 18, 1831. The next in succession is his son, Frederick William (called Prince William), born Jan. 27, 1859, whose eldest son, named also Frederick William, was born May 6, 1882. (See illustration, page 321.)

The Chancellor of the Empire is Prince Otto von Bismarck, who is also President of the Council of Ministers of State, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Commerce in the

Prussian Government. The ministers, who are under the direction of the Chancellor, are as follow: Secretary of State in the Office of Foreign Affairs, Count Herbert von BismarckSchönhausen; Secretary of State in the Imperial Office of the Interior, Herr von Bötticher; Chief of the Imperial Admiralty, Lieut.Gen. von Caprivi; Secretary of State in the Imperial Ministry of Justice, Dr. von Schelling; Secretary of State in the Treasury of the Empire, Dr. Jacobi; President of the Imperial Office for Railroads, Herr Maybach; President of the Court of Audit, Herr von Stuenzner; President of the Administration of the Invalid Funds, Dr. Michaelis; Chief of the Imperial Post-Office, Dr. von Stephan.

Area and Population.-The area of the several states of the empire in square kilometres and their population as shown by the final results of the census of Dec. 1, 1885, are as follow:

Area.

Total population. 848,347 24 13,893,604 14,424,866 28,318,470 75.859-71 2,639,242 2,780,957 5,420,199 14,992-94 1,542,405 1,639,598 8,152,003 19,503 69 960,510 1,034,375 1,995,185 15,081.13 782,083 819,216 1,601,255 7,681 83 473,740 482,871 956,611

284.241 290,911 575,152 151,996 161,950 813,946

Main, 154,513; Königsberg, 151,151; Magdeburg, including Neustadt, 143,471; Hanover, 139,731; Stuttgart, 125,901; Bremen, 118,395; Dusseldorf, 115,190; Nuremberg, 114,891; Dantzic, 114,805; Strasburg, 111,987; Chemnitz, 110,817; Elberfeld, 106,499; Altona, 104,717; Barmen, 103,068.

The number of foreigners naturalized in 1885 was 4,893; the number of Germans who renounced their rights of nationality, 18,877, of whom 13,965 were emigrants to the United States. The total emigration in 1886 was 76,687, as compared with 103,642 in 1885 and 143,586 in 1884. The emigration to the United States in 1886 was 72,403, as compared with 98,628 in 1885, 139,339 in 1884, 159,894 in 1883, 189,373 in 1882, 206,189 in 1881, 103,115 in 1880, 30,808 in 1879, and 20,373 in 1878. The total emigration from Germany since 1820 is reckoned at 4,700,000 persons, of whom 3,600,000 settled in the United States.

Commerce. The Custom-House returns for 1885 and 1886 give the values of the imports and exports of the German Zollverein, in millions of marks and tenths of millions, as follow:

Mecklenburg

872.452

Fermented beverages Colonial produce

Tobacco

Saxe-Meiningen..

2,465 45

105,061

109.823

214.884

Saxe-Altenburg..

161,460

Saxe-Coburg

Gotha..

Anhalt...

Schwarzburg

Rudolstadt

Schwarzburg

Sondershausen.

Waldeck

1,121 05

1,956-50 95,581 103,298 193,829 2,347-35 122,676 125,490 245,163 940-42 40,783 43,103 83,886 862-11 35.906 87.700 78.606 26.901 29,674 56,575 28,507 55,904

Reuss (cadet line).

Textile materials

825 67

53,947

Timber

Schaumburg

Lippe

Lübeck...

Pottery and glass....

Partly manufactured

Waste materials and fertilizers Drugs, dyes, and chemicals Gums, fats, and oils.. Miscellaneous

27-7

29.4 177-4 157.1 186.2 209.1 186-1 50.4 9.3

6.7

12.2

165-7

74-2

0.5

414.2 2,944 4

45.5

872.6 252-6 2,888 4 2,860-8 56.6 55.0

252-6

2,985-6 65.8

Navigation. The movement of shipping in German ports for the year 1885 was as follows:

FLAG.

Entered:

vessels.

tons.

cargoes. tons.

ers.

tons.

German. 45,506 5,169,701 87,046 4.650,915 18,760 8,641,570 Foreign. 15,218 5,020,882 12,707 4,598,569 7,877 4,184,545 Total.. 60,719 10,190,088 49,758 9,244,504 21,657 7,776,115 Cleared:

German. 45,421 5,174,522 85,316 4.208.478 18,758 3,645,144 Foreign. 15,218 5,085,089 10,228 8,304,662 7,881 4,181,895 Total.. 60,639 10,209,611 45,544 7,518,140 21,689 7,776,589

The merchant marine on Jan. 1, 1886, comprised 4,135 vessels, as compared with 4,257 in 1885 and 4,315 in 1884. The aggregate tonnage was 1,282,449, as compared with 1,294,288 in 1885 and 1,269,477 in 1884. The crews numbered 38,931 men. The steam-vessels were 664 in number, as compared with 650 in 1885 and 603 in 1884. Their tonnage was 420,605, having increased from 413,943 in 1885 and 374,699 in 1884. Of the total fleet, 2,525 vessels belonged to North Sea ports, with an aggregate burden of 861 083 tons; and of the steamers, 337, of 297,808 tons. The vessels of the Baltic ports numbered 1,610, of 421,366 tons, of which 327, of 122,797 tons, were steamers.

Railroads. The state lines of railroad in operation in April, 1887, had a total length of 33,782 kilometres. The lines belonging to companies had a length of 4,644 kilometres, besides 290 kilometres managed by the Government. The railroads of Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Russian Poland, the joint-stock rail

roads of Roumania, and some of those of Belgium, are under the control of the Union of German Railroads, which has its office in Berlin, and regulates the traffic and arrangements on the 38,146 kilometres of German lines, 23,201 kilometres of Austrian lines, 2,676 kilometres in Holland, and 2,499 kilometres in other countries, making in all 66,522 kilometres. Posts and Telegraphs.-The telegraph-lines of the empire had in 1886 a total length of 86,

VOL. XXVII.-21 A

were paid, and 974,890 official internal messages, and 2,433,676 departing, 2,783,237 incoming, and 725 transit international mes

sages.

The postal traffic of the Imperial, Bavarian, and Würtemberg post-offices in 1886 was as follows: Letters, 858,587,550; postal - cards, 261,056,660; letters under bands, 245,618,370; circulars, 20,187,170; newspapers, 539,615,480; money-orders, 64,817,455; packages, 98,654,840, of the aggregate weight of 404,255,460 kilogrammes.

PRINCE WILLIAM AND HIS SON.

Bavaria and Würtemberg retain the administration of their telegraphs and postal service. The receipts of the Imperial, Bavarian, and Würtemberg postal and telegraph administrations in the fiscal year 1886-'87 were 202,346,932 marks, and the expenses 175,076,000.

Finances. The budget of the empire, as approved on March 30, 1887, places the revenue for 1887-'88 at the following amounts in German marks:

Receipts. 245,665,000

8,191,000

8,208,000

552,000

16,696.600

26,846,098

1,200,000 72,597,791

The total expenditure decided on for the year ending March 31, 1888, was 745,207,436 marks. An annex to the law fixed the expenditure on the Imperial Bank at 138,000 marks, and on June 1, 1887, a supplementary credit of 176,085,950 marks was granted, of which 19,408,019 marks were for permanent and 156,677,931 for non-recurring expenditures, the latter to be covered by a loan. Of this 80,225,077 marks is devoted to the army administration, 29,500,000 marks to strengthening fortresses, and 36,314,000 marks to railroads for military purposes.

The debt of the empire, of the nominal amount of 450,000,000 marks, was raised on 4per-cent. bonds at various times. Issues of 3 per-cent. bonds have been authorized, and 5,073,500 marks had been emitted on March 31, 1887, while 316,264,473 marks were still to be realized. An imperial decree was issued on June 24, 1887, for the issue of a loan of 238,004,970 marks, the proceeds of which were to be employed in covering the expenses connected with the incorporation of Hamburg and Bremen in the Custom's Union, the construction of the North Sea Canal, the ariny and navy administration, and the completion of the railroad network in the interests of the national defense. When 100,000,000 marks of these bonds were put on the market on July 5, 1887, they were subscribed for more than seven times over. The currency notes in circulation on April 1, 1887, amounted to 133,868,475 marks.

The invalid fund on March 1, 1887, amounted to 492,719,529 marks, besides 3,671,397 Frankfort florins in securities, and 7,491,884 marks in silver. The fortress construction fund was 20,479,691 marks; the Reichstag-building fund, 19,743,721 marks; the war fund, 120,000,000. The budget for the Kingdom of Prussia, as adopted for the year ending March 31, 1888, makes the total gross receipts 1,316,717,307 marks, and the net revenue 684,543,761 marks. The ordinary expenditures, including 632,173,546 marks for financial administration, are calculated at 1,283,120,623 marks, and the total disbursements, including extraordinary and

The Army. The peace effective of the German army, under the new army law of 1887, is 19,262 officers, and 468,409 rank and file, with 1,500 guns and 84,077 horses. The general staff numbers 1,972 officers, with 65 soldiers employed; there are 513 battalions of infantry of the line, numbering 10,361 officers and 312,495 men; 21 battalions of Jägers, 446 officers and 11,816 men; Landwehr cadres for 277 battalions, 316 officers and 4,862 men; total infantry, 811 battalions, 11,123 officers, and 329,173 men. There are 465 squadrons of cavalry, numbering 2,358 officers and 64,590 men, with 62,469 horses. The field artillery, consisting of 265 batteries, with 1,500 guns, counts 1,939 officers and 38,098 men, with 18,232 horses. The fortress artillery is divided into 31 battalions, and numbers 730 officers and 17,226 men. Of pioneers there are 24 battalions, having 558 officers and 12,285 men; train, 18 battalions, numbering 256 officers and 6,111 men, with 3,360 horses; special corps, 326 officers and 861 men. The rank and file of the army is divided into 55,447 non-commissioned officers, 19,270 musicians, 378,290 soldiers, 3,704 hospital-attendants, 10,850 workmen, and 848 assistant-paymasters. Not included in these figures are 1,777 surgeons, 641 veterinarians, 840 paymasters, 803 armorers, and 93 saddlers. The horses, as enumerated, do not include the officers' mounts and the work-horses. The Bavarian, Royal Saxon, and Würtemberg armies are independently organized and under the command of the rulers of those states. while all other parts of the empire are under the Prussian military jurisdiction. The Prussian army consisted of 14,937 officers and 362,468 men, with 66,010 horses; the Bavarian army, 2,257 officers and 54,185 men, with 9,004 horses; the Royal Saxon army, 1,261

officers and 31,810 men, with 5,369 horses; the army of the King of Würtemberg, 807 officers and 19,946 men, with 3,694 horses. The increase in the peace effective of the German army under the septennate law of 1887 is 41,135 men. Of these, 33,298 go to increase the infantry. Of the 31 new battalions are created four new Prussian regiments and one Saxon, while fourth battalions are added to 15 Prussian regiments, and a new battalion of Saxon Jagers is formed. The effective of each Prussian battalion is raised from 569, including 18 officers, to 592. Of the 335,328 troops in active service, 42,967 are stationed in Alsace-Lorraine. The system of reserve which has been adopted enables Germany to fill the cadres of 166 fourth battalions on the day following mobilization, and thus have 700 battalions available for service. The artillery batteries are increased from 340 to 364, while arrangements are introduced for the formation of 91 more in case of mobilization.

The German army is divided into 18 army corps, viz., 11 Prussian, besides the Guard, which forms a distinct corps; the Saxon, Baden, and Würtemberg corps, which are numbered 12, 13, and 14; the new AlsaceLorraine corps, which is called the 15th; and 2 Bavarian corps, which have no numbers. A Hessian division is attached to the 11th corps. During the past five years the peace effective of the German army has been increased 65 battalions and 385 guns.

The fortifications on the French frontier, with the railroads, have been designed with reference to a rapid offensive movement. Strong works and strategic railroads have also been built on the Russian frontier, but more of a defensive nature and without the same facilities for rapid concentration. The German troops on the Russian frontier have been increased 21 battalions of infantry, 27 batteries of artillery, and 15 squadrons of cavalry. Since 1878 Germany has built in the eastern provinces 4,850 kilometres of railroads. There are 11 German railroads, by means of which troops can be forwarded to the Russian frontier, and ten junction stations where they can be thrown out of trains and concentrated. Germany has created first-class fortresses at Thom, Posen, Dant zic, and Königsberg, and is building a similar fortress at Grandenz.

In the autumn session of the Reichstag, bills were introduced for the reorganization of the Landsturm, and the modification of the conditions of service in the Landwehr. Both the Landwehr and the Landsturm will henceforth be divided into two classes. In the first class of the Landwehr the term of service is, as now, five years; while in the second class, in which there is no drill and no periodical roll-call, with liberty to emigrate, the liability to service continues until the men have completed their thirty-ninth year. The first class of the Landsturm consists of persons who have, for some reason, not served in the army, but who remain

liable to serve until they have completed their thirty-ninth year. The second class of the Landsturin will only be called out in the last line of defense, and will be composed of men who have already served, or are still liable to service, and are between the ages of thirty-nine and forty-five.

The Navy. The war fleet on April 1, 1887, consisted of 13 armorclad ships, carrying 143 guns; 14 smaller iron-clads and protected vessels, with 17 guns; 9 frigate cruisers, with 122 guns, 8 corvettes, with 94, and 5 other cruisers with 22; 5 gunboats, with 16 guns; 5 avisos, with 12 guns; 11 school-ships, with 84 guns; and 31 vessels for various purposes, having 9 guns. The aggregate tonnage is 182,102; the number of men in the crews, 16,581. The military marines, according to the budget of 1887-'88, number 15,256. The "Schwalbe," a new cruiser of 1,300 tons, was launched at Wilhelmshaven in 1887. She is intended for service on the coasts of the African colonies, and has a speed of 134 knots. The armament consists of 4 Krupp guns of 10 centimetres' caliber, firing fore and aft, and 4 revolving cannon of the same description.

Dissolution of the Reichstag.-On January 11 the Chancellor made his final appeal to the Reichstag in behalf of an increase of the army by 41,000 men, and a new septennial army budget. "The probability of a French attack on us," he said, which does not exist to-day, will arise upon the accession to power of another Government than the present, if France has any reason to believe that she can overcome us. Then, I believe, war will be quite certain." If the French, he added, thought that their army was more numerous than that of Germany, their artillery more efficient, or their armament more effective, the resolution to go to war might be taken, for as soon as they believed themselves able to win, they would begin war. That was his firm and irreversible conviction, which he based upon long experience in politics. He had no fear of Germany being worsted, but they must allow for the possibility. Those who pretended that the army needed no strengthening were civilians; but generals and officers who had been in contact with French sabers were of a very different opinion. It would not do to underestimate the strength of France. "France," said Prince Bismarck, "is a great and powerful country, as powerful as we. France has a warlike people, and a brave people, and at all times has possessed skillful generals. It is an accident that the French have succumbed to us. You underestimate the French in a most mistaken way, and it would be vanity to say that France might at once be regarded as beaten if she were opposed to us." Moltke expressed his conviction that if the demands of the Government were refused war would be certain.

Dr. von Stauffenberg, a deputy of the Opposition, moved to fix the peace establishment of the army at 468,409 men, the figure de