to the regulation of the board, and who shall, on application, grant licenses to individuals to use exclusively portions of flats outside such public grounds for the private cultivation of shell-fish. Revising the system of collection of taxes. Authorizing the owners and agents of vessels to refuse payment to a stevedore until satisfied that all laborers hired by him upon the vessel have been paid, and making such owners or agents who neglect to comply with this statute liable to such laborers for any unpaid wages.

Providing for the employment of convicts upon certain railroads.

Requiring incorporated and private banks in the State to make reports to the State Treasurer.

Providing that appeals to the Supreme Court in criminal cases shall not have the effect of vacating the judgment appealed from, but only of staying execution, and authorizing the sheriff to carry out the judgment at once on receipt of notice from the Supreme Court that the appeal is not sustained.

Making the same provision regarding appeals in civil cases.

Declaring it unlawful to purchase seed-cotton in smaller quantities than what is usually baled, unless a public record of such purchase is kept by the pur

chaser.

To prohibit the advertisement of lotteries. Amending the local option law by providing that elections shall not be held oftener than once in two years.

Abolishing free tuition at the State University, and reducing the tuition-fee to $60 per annum. Requiring marl-pits to be fenced.

To establish a legal oyster measure.

To provide a method for the drainage of low lands. To prevent the poisoning of cattle. To provide for the working of convicts upon the public roads of the State.

To establish a reformatory in connection with the State Penitentiary for convicts under fifteen years of age.

Requiring license from the county commissioners in

order to sell dynamite and other explosives.

A large number of railroad companies were incorporated.

Increasing the annual appropriation for the Colored Normal Schools from $2,000 to $6,000.

Appropriating $100,000 annually for the State Penitentiary, $37,000 for the School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, $56,000 for the Insane Asylum, and $65,000 in 1887 and $85,000 in 1888 for the Western Insane Asylum.

Finances. At the close of the fiscal year ending Nov. 30, 1886, there was in the treasury a balance on account of educational fund of $23,223.38; of public fund $172,327.06. During the year ending Nov. 30, 1887, there was received on account of educational fund $6,920.48; on account of public fund $850,177.70, making the total funds of the State for the year ending Nov. 30, 1887, $1,052,648.62. Of this fund there was disbursed during the year on account of educational fund $5,524.21; on account of public fund $885,389.78, making the total disbursements $890,913.99, and leaving a total balance in the treasury on account of educational and public fund on Nov. 30, The valuation of as1887, of $161,734.63. sessed property in the State for 1888 is estimated at $209,000,000.

Banks. In accordance with the law of this year, requiring incorporated and private banks to report their condition to the State Treasurer, the following summary of the standing of the

incorporated class (twelve in number) and of six private banks has been ascertained. Incorporated banks: total resources $2,492,552,52, in which is included loans on real estate, $161,636.30; other loans, $1,520,432.51; State bonds, $34,100; gold coin, $47,262; silver, $37,273.18; legal-tender and national-bank notes, $184,788.23. Among the liabilities are: $697,401.94 for capital stock paid in, and $55,578.33 in undivided profits. The resources $510,248.47. Their capital stock paid in is and liabilities of the private banks amount to $148,770.55, and their undivided profits $15,903.18.

Cotton.-The first report of the State Bureau of Statistics, published at the close of the year, presents the following facts regarding the cotton-manufactures of the State: In 1880 the number of establishments was forty-nine, with 1887 the number of mills had increased to a capital of $2,855,800 and 92,385 spindles. In about eighty, with a capital of over $4,000,000 and operating over 200,000 spindles. The quantity of cotton consumed annually by these establishments is estimated at 30,000,000 pounds. The average number of hours a day required of operatives is from 10 to 123. Men get from 50 cents to $1.50 a day; foremen from $1.00 to $2.66; women from 35 cents to $1.00; boys, 25 cents to 65 cents, and girls from 30 cents to 55 cents. The State has need of a law regulating the number of hours that shall constitute a day's labor.

NOVA SCOTIA. Government.-The Lieutenant

Governor is Matthew Henry Richey. Executive Council: President and Provincial Secretary, W. S. Fielding; Attorney-General, J. W. Longley; Commissioner of Works and Mines, Charles E. Church; without portfolio, Thomas Johnson, Angus Macgillivray, and Daniel McNeil.

Commerce. The following table shows the imports and exports of the province for five

years:

principal sources of revenue are the Dominion subsidy and interest, and the mining royalties; the former amounting in 1886 to $432,884.13, and the latter to $127,149.97.

Mining. The following is the estimated mineral production of Nova Scotia in 1886: Gold, 23,362 ounces; iron-ore, 44,888 tons; manganese-ore, 427 tons; barytes, 230 tons; antimony, 645 tons; coal raised, 1,502,611 tons; gypsum, 123,753 tons; building-stone, 8,000 tons; coke made, 31,604 tons; limestone, 20,265 tons; grindstones, etc., 1,600 tons.

Legislation. The Legislature met on March 10, 1887, and the House of Assembly elected Mr. M. J. Power, Speaker. The Hon. Mr. Fielding, Premier, moved the following resolutions:

That the Province of Nova Scotia was on the first day of July, 1867, made a member of the Canadian Confederation with the consent of the Provincial Legislature, but against the well-understood wishes of the people;

That the consummation of the act of union, without the approval of the people of Nova Scotia, was a grave wrong, which produced widespread discontent and marred the future of the Dominion;

That previous to the union of the provinces, the Province of Nova Scotia was in a most healthy tinancial condition;

That by the terms of the union the chief sources of

revenue were transferred to the Federal Government That strong objections were taken at the time of the union to the financial terms thereof, relating to the Province of Nova Scotia, as being wholly inadequate to meet the requirements of the various services left under the management of the Provincial Legislature;

That an appeal was made to the Imperial Government and Parliament for a repeal of the union, as far as it related to this province;

That while they refused to assent to such repeal, until a further trial of the union was had, the Im

perial Government, in the Colonial Secretary's dispatch of the 10th of June, 1868, to Lord Monck, requested that the Government and Parliament of Canada would modify any arrangement respecting taxation, or respecting the regulation of trade and fisheries, which might prejudice the interests of Nova Scotia;

That the request of the Imperial Government has never been fully complied with by the Government and Parliament of Canada;

That after many years' experience under the union successive governments in Nova Scotia found that the objections which were urged against the terms of union at the beginning applied with greater force than in the first year of the union, and that the feeling of discontent with regard to the financial arrangement was more general and more deeply fixed than before;

That urgent representations on this subject were from time to time made to the Government of the

Dominion by the governments of Nova Scotia, representing all shades of political opinion;

That in the year 1884 a joint address of the two branches of the Legislature was unanimously adopted and forwarded to his Excellency the Governor-General, setting forth the absolute necessity of larger allowances to the province from the Federal treasury; That the advisers of his Excellency, after long de lay, replied to the said address in a dispatch dated

December 18, 1885, which was laid before the Legislature in the session of 1886, in which dispatch the claims of the province were rejected;

That the two branches of the Legislature in 1886 reaffirmed their declarations of 1884, as respects the disadvantages under which the province labored; of the leader of the Government, the House of Assembly adopted a series of resolutions in favor of the withdrawal of the maritime provinces from the Canadian Confederation and the formation of a maritime union, or, in event of such changes being found impracticable, the withdrawal of the Province of Nova Scotia alone, and inviting an expression of the opinion of the people on such proposed change at the general elections then approaching;

That on the 10th day of May, 1886, on the motion

That the general election, which took place on the 15th day of June, 1886, resulted in the return of a large majority of members in support of the Government's policy;

That, while the representatives of the people of Nova Scotia in the Provincial Parliament were thus favorable to the policy of separation from the Dominion of Canada, a majority of the representatives of the province in the Federal House of Commons were known to be opposed to such policy;

That the importance of having the representatives of the province in the two Parliaments in harmony on this question was generally recognized;

That on the 22d of February, 1887, a general election for the Parliament of Canada was held throughout the Dominion, affording the people of Nova Scotia an opportunity of electing members of the House of Commons in sympathy with the views of the majority of the representatives in the House of Assembly;

That at the said general election for the House of Commons in February, 1887, the Province of Nova Scotia returned a majority of members opposed to the policy of separation from the Dominion;

That in view of such recent action by the people of the province, an application to the Imperial Government and Parliament for the release of Nova Scotia from the Canadian Confederation could not be favor

ably received by the Imperial authorities. and it is at present inexpedient to make such application;

That this house strongly reaffirms the declaration advantages in the union, and declares its opinion that of the last house, that Nova Scotia suffers great disand commercial relations, whereby the position of the unless a material change takes place in financial affairs province is improved, the discontent in Nova Scotia again submit the question of separation from Canada will continue and increase, and it will be necessary to to the people of this province for their decision.

Dr. McKay moved an amendment, which was negatived by 5 to 25. The Premier's resolutions were adopted by 24 to 8. On motion of the Premier, the House of Assembly adopted resolutions in favor of the abolition of the Legislative Council, asking for a conference by committee with the Upper House on the subject. The Legislative Council declined the conference.

vote at civil and municipal elections upon An act was passed conferring the right to widows and spinsters having the same property qualification as men that have the right to vote; also upon married women who hold property under the Married-Women's Property Act of 1884, whose husbands are not qualified to vote.

OBITUARIES, AMERICAN. Abbott, Horace, an American manufacturer, born in Worcester County, Mass., July 29, 1806; died in Baltimore, Md., Aug. 8, 1887. He learned the blacksmith's trade, and in 1836 removed to Baltimore, secured the Canton Iron Works, owned by Peter Cooper, and began manufacturing wrought-iron shafts, cranks, and other similar material in iron for steam-vessels. He made the first large steamship shaft of wrought-iron (weighing 26,000 pounds) in this country, for a Russian frigate. In 1860 he added three rolling-mills to his plant, from which he turned out the largest rolled-plate then made in the United States. During the civil war he executed many large contracts with the Government, furnishing among other work the plates for the first monitor, and subsequently the armor-plate for nearly all the vessels of that class built on the Atlantic coast. After the war the plant was sold to a joint stock company, of which he became president. He was identified with many charitable institutions, and was a liberal promoter of religious interests.

Abeel, Gustavus, an American clergyman, born in New York city, June 6, 1801; died in Stamford, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1887. He was a son of the Rev. John Neilson Abeel, for many years pastor of the Collegiate Church in New York city, and a grandson of Col. James S. Abeel, of the Revolutionary army. He was ordained a minister of the Reformed Church in 1824, and after having charges in English Neighborhood and Belleville, N. J., was settled in Geneva, N. Y., for fifteen years. In 1844 he became the first settled pastor of the Second Reformed Church, in Newark, N. J., and remained there till 1864, when his health compelled him to withdraw from active work. He filled many responsible offices in his church organization, and was a member of the New Jersey Historical Society, and the oldest minister of the Reformed classis of Newark.

Adams, James Osgood, an American journalist, born in East Concord, N. H., June 5, 1818; died on his farm in Boscawen, N. H., Feb. 7, 1887. He learned the printing-trade, fitted for college under his brother, Rev. Ezra Eastman Adams, at Lyndon (Vt.) Academy, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1843. For a time he was principal of Lyndon Academy; afterward at Manchester, N. H., teaching and reading law. Mr. Adams was nine years publisher and editor of the "American." During this time he established and published for six years the "Granite State Farmer." At a later date he was editor of the "Mirror and American." He was clerk of his ward six years, moderator nine years, member of the common council in 1847-'48, and president the last year. He was a member of the Manchester School Board four years, and Superintendent of its schools from

1855 till 1859, and from 1861 till 1867. He became a member of the Legislature in 1852, and was re-elected to the House for nine years, and was the Republican candidate for Speaker of the House in 1871, a year when his party was in a minority. He was five years Secretary of the New Hampshire Agricultural Society, and edited the first five volumes of its reports, and was delegate from that body to the World's Fair, London, in 1851. He was Secretary of the Board of Agriculture from Aug. 23, 1870 till 1887. At his death he was a member of the school board of Boscawen. The fifteen annual reports of the Board of Agriculture which he edited are a valuable contribution to the agricultural literature of the State, and a testimonial to his great interest and labor in that department.

In

Aiken, David Wyatt, an American agriculturist, born in Winnsboro, Fairfield County, S. C., March 17, 1828; died in Cokesbury, S. C., April 6, 1887. He was educated at the Mt. Zion Collegiate Institute and the South Carolina College, being graduated at the latter in 1849, and directly afterward was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the former. 1851 he visited Europe, and gave much attention to the study of agricultural science. On his return he established himself on an impoverished farm, where his successful application of science to exhausted nature developed a fondness for agricultural pursuits which was maintained to the close of his life. He conducted costly experiments, and spoke and wrote upon almost every subject connected with farmlife and stock husbandry. In 1860, when his State seceded, he volunteered as a private soldier, but was soon afterward appointed adjutant of the Seventh Regiment of South Carolina Infantry, and a year later was elected its colonel. At the battle of Antietam he was shot through the lungs and left for dead on the field. On recovering he resumed command of his regiment, serving till the close of the Gettysburg campaign, when, his health failing, he was assigned to less laborious duty. He was elected a member of the State Legislature in 1864-'66, and a member of Congress in 1876, 1878, 1880, 1882, and 1884, serving in the latter body on the committees on agriculture and patents, and as chairman of the committee on education. Mr. Aiken was an early and enthusiastic member of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. He served two years as Master of the State Grange, and fourteen as a member of the executive council of the National Grange.

Aiken, William, an American legislator, born in Charleston, S. C., in 1806; died in Flat Rock, N. C., Sept. 7, 1887. He was graduated at the College of South Carolina, in Columbia, in 1825, and, after spending several years in traveling, became a rice-planter on Jehosse Isl

and, near Charleston. At one time he was the largest slaveholder in the State. From 1838 till 1843 he was a member of the State Legislature, in 1844 Governor, and from 1851 till 1857 a Representative in Congress. He steadily opposed both nullification and secession, and took no active part in politics after leaving Congress, excepting in 1866, when he was again elected Representative, but not admitted to a seat. He was one of the first trustees of the Peabody Education Fund, and contributed liberally to charitable and educational interests. Alexander, Andrew Jonathan, an American soldier, born in Sherwood, Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 21, 1833; died near Utica, N. Y., May 4, 1887. He was appointed second lieutenant of mounted rifles July 26, 1861, and the same day first lieutenant in the Third U. S. Cavalry. During that summer he was on duty in the office of Gen. McClellan. He was present at the battle of Williamsburg, and with the advance of the Army of the Potomac, and in the Seven Days, battles, and was afterward on duty with Gen. Banks in the Department of Washington. In September, 1862, he was appointed lieutenantcolonel and assistant adjutant-general Third Army Corps, with which he served in the battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863 he was transferred in the same capacity to the cavalry corps then being organized, and participated in Sherman's raid, the engagements at Beverly Ford, Middleburg, Upperville, Hanover, and the battles of Gettysburg, Boonsboro', and Williamsport. During the winter of 1863-'64, he was on duty at the cavalry bureau, Washington, D. C., and then, being appointed assistant adjutant-general, Seventeenth Army Corps, was engaged in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain, those before Atlanta, and at Jonesboro' and Lovejoy station, in the pursuit of Gen. Hood to Gainesville, Ga.; and, on being transferred to Gen. Thomas's army, in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, the actions of Spring Hill and Pulaski, and the subsequent pursuit of the Confederates to the Tennessee river. In the spring of 1865 he was placed, on his brevet rank of brigadier-general, in command of the second brigade, fourth division, cavalry corps of the Mississippi, taking part in all the movements in that section, capturing eight pieces of artillery from Gen. Forrest, and after the battle of Columbus, Ga., becoming chief of staff to Gen. Stoneman, commanding the Department of Tennessee. He received several brevets in the regular army for distinguished skill and gallantry in cavalry engagements, and after the war served actively on the frontier till July 3, 1885, when he was retired for disability incurred in the line of duty. He died on a railroad train near Utica, while on his way to his home near Auburn, N. Y.

Anderson, Luther Wilson, an American educator, born in Londonderry, N. H., June 10, 1821; died in Quincy, Mass., June 13, 1887. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1846, and immediately took charge of an ad

vanced school in East Braintree, where he remained two years, when he was appointed Master of the Winthrop School in Charlestown, Mass. In September, 1852, he became a teacher and usher in the English High School in Boston, and, after passing intermediate grades, was appointed head master in 1867, which office he filled with ability till his death. During his thirty-five years of service in this institution he was absent from his post but six days in all. He was the founder and first head master of the Evening High School in Boston, and an original trustee of the Crane Public Library and Adams Academy in Quincy. Mr. Anderson was considered an expert in matters pertaining to English literature and history, and for several years prior to his death had spent the summer months in giving instruction in his specialties to teachers. He was the lecturer on history at the Saratoga Summer School of Methods in 1885-'86, and, besides performing a large amount of literary work in the direc tion of criticising and rewriting the works of others, had published school-books on natural history and language.

Ash, Abraham Joseph, an American clergyman, born in Senjatisch, Poland, in 1821; died in New York city, May 9, 1887. He came to the United States in 1851 with a mind already well stored with Talmudical and other religious learning, and, settling in New York city, engaged in the humble occupation of a glazier. Gradually making the acquaintance of well-todo Hebrews, his quiet demeanor and knowledge of the ritualistic and dietary laws of their faith led to the formation of a small congregation, over which he was installed as rabbi. Aided by a wealthy Hebrew, the congregation became incorporated under the name of Beth Hamedrash, and opened a small synagogue on Elm Street. The membership rapidly increased under Rabbi Ash's ministrations, and the congregation sought larger accommodations from time to time, till at length they secured the Episcopal church, on the corner of Norfolk and Broome Streets. For many years no one could kill animals for purposes of food for the Jews in this country without a certificate from Rabbi Ash. He personally instructed several hundred men in the peculiar laws of Judaism relating to the manner of killing animals for food, fitting them to act as inspectors at the slaughter-houses. He was a man of simple habits, extremely modest in all his relations, and possessed of high scholarly attainments.

Ashburner, William, an American mining engineer, born in Stockbridge, Mass., March 28, 1831; died in San Francisco, Cal., April 20, 1887. He studied for two years at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, and in 1851 went to the School of Mines, Paris, where he completed his professional studies. In 1854 he returned to the United States and devoted some time to examining the mining region of Lake Superior, and later was engaged in the exploration of a part of Newfoundland. In

1860 he went to California with Josiah D. Whitney, to engage on the geological survey of that State. His services were then retained as mining expert by the Bank of California, and ultimately he devoted his attention exclusively to that branch of work, traveling extensively through the mining districts of the United States, British Columbia, and Mexico, and also in the more distant regions of South America and Asia. He was appointed one of the commissioners of the Yosemite Valley and of the Mariposa Big-tree Grove in 1864, and held that office until 1880. In 1874 he was elected Professor of Mining in the University of California, and after organizing the School of Mines of that institution, was made honorary occupant of the chair, also in 1880 he was appointed one of the Board of Regents of the university. He was chosen by James Lick to be one of the trustees of the California School of Mechanical Arts, and likewise was a trustee of the Leland Stanford Jr., University. Prof. Ashburner was an active member, and for some time a trustee of the California Academy of Sciences, also President of the Microscopical and member of historical and geographical societies of California, and one of the founders of the Harvard Club of San Francisco.

Ashe, Thomas Samuel, an American lawyer, born in Orange County, N. C., July 21, 1812; died in Wadesboro, N. C., Feb. 4, 1887. He received an academic education at the Bingham School, Hillsboro, N. C., and was graduated at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in 1832. Studying law in the office of the late Chief-Justice Ruffin, he was admitted to the bar, and took up his residence in Wadesboro in 1836. In 1842 he was elected a member of the House of Commons of the Legislature, in 1847 was elected by the Legislature Solicitor of the Fifth Judicial District of the State, in 1854 was elected to the State Senate, and in 1861 was elected a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention, which, however, was not called at that time on account of an adverse popular vote. He was a member of the Confederate House of Representatives, and, while serving his term was elected a member of the Confederate Senate in 1864. Two years later he became a Councilor of State, serving during the administration of Gov. Worth. In 1872 he was elected a member of Congress, and in 1874 was re elected. At the expiration of his second term, while arranging to resume the practice of law, he was elected an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and in 1886 was re-elected.

Astor, Charlotte Augusta, born in New York city, Feb. 27, 1825; died there, Dec. 12, 1887. She was a daughter of Thomas S. Gibbs, an educated man of business and wealth, who had removed from the South to New York, and Miss Vanden Heuval, of an old and rich family. With her two sisters she received all the educational advantages of the day, including thorough instruction in the French, German, and Italian

languages, music, and painting. Miss Augusta, as she was usually called in the family, married John Jacob Astor on Dec. 9, 1846, and had one child, William Waldorf, recently U. S. Minister to Italy. To the great fortune of her husband she brought a large personal one derived from her parents, and this, together with her husband's allowances, enabled her to gratify her philanthropic desires. While the range of her benefactions showed a noble catholicity of spirit, she made herself the special promoter of some of the best-known movements in charity. She was particularly interested in the Children's Aid Society, and besides spending a large sum of money annually in gathering little waifs from the streets, and placing them in good homes in the West, she provided, for many years, a grand dinner at the various branches of the society in the holiday season. When her sister, Mrs. Cullone, provided for the founding of the New York Cancer Hospital she gave $225,000 for the erection of the buildings, which were formally opened a few days before her death. For twenty years she supported and personally labored in an industrial school founded by herself, where poor children of German parentage were fed, clothed, and educated. She was also a warm friend of the homeless newsboys, frequently visiting their lodging-house, and caring for their wants. During the past ten years she gave them their Thanksgiving-dinners, and at an expense of $20,000 provided homes in the country for 1,413 of them. From 1872 till her death she was a manager of the Woman's Hospital, giving it liberally of her means and time. Besides these interests, she was actively identified with the Five Points' Mission, St. Barnabas Home, St. Luke's Hospital, and foreign and domestic missionary societies, including the work among the Indians of Dakota and other Territories. She bequeathed $25,000 to the Woman's Hospital, $25,000 to the Young Women's Christian Association, $35,000 to the Children's Aid Society, $25,000 to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute of Virginia, $25,000 to the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church, $1,000 to the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, $1,000 to the Orphan's Home and Asylum of the Protestant Episcopal Church in New York, and $1,000 to the Society for the Relief of the Destitute Blind.

Ayres, Willlam Orville, an American physician, born in New Canaan, Conn., Sept. 11, 1817; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 30, 1887. He was graduated at Yale University with the class of 1837, and during the ensuing fifteen years was employed as a teacher, his last engagement as such being in Boston, Mass., from 1845 till 1852. In the latter part of this service he began the study of medicine in Boston, finishing his course at Yale and receiving his degree in 1854. Removing directly thereafter to San Francisco, Cal., he was engaged in prac