States Supreme Court in 1882, but declined. He died in New York City, April 18, 1888. Renominating Grant.-The following is Senator Conkling's speech before the National Republican Convention, in Chicago, on June 6, 1880, nominating General Grant for a third Presidential term: "When asked what State he hails from, Our sole reply shall be, He came from Appomattox And its famous apple-tree." In obedience to instruction I should never dare to disregard-expressing, also, my own firm convictions-I rise to propose a nomination with which the country and the Republican party can gladly win. The election before us is to be the Austerlitz of American politics. It will decide, for many years, whether the country shall be Republican or Cossack. The supreme need of the hour is not a candidate who can carry Michigan. All Republican candidates can do that. The need is not of a candidate who is popular in the Territories, because they have no vote. The need is of a candidate who can carry doubtful States. Not the doubtful States of the North alone, but doubtful States of the South, which we have heard, if I understand it aright, ought to take little or no part here, because the South has nothing to give, but everything to receive. No, gentlemen, the need that presses upon the conscience of this convention is a candidate who can carry doubtful States, both North and South. And believing that he, more surely than any other man, can carry New York against any opponent, and can carry not only the North, but several States of the South, New York is for Ulysses S. Grant. Never defeated in peace or in war, his name is the most illustrious borne by living man. His services attest his greatness, and the country-nay, the world-knows them by heart. His fame was earned not alone in things written and said, but by the arduous greatness of things done. And perils and emergencies will search in vain in the future, as they have searched in vain in the past, for any other on whom the nation leans with such confidence and trust. Never having had a policy to enforce against the will of the people, he never betrayed a cause or a friend, and the people will never desert or betray him. Standing on the highest eminence of human distinction, modest, firm, simple, and self-poised, having filled all lands with his renown, he has seen not only the high-born and the titled, but the poor and the lowly in the uttermost ends of the earth, rise and uncover before him. He has studied the needs and the defects of many systems of government, and he has returned a better American than ever, with a wealth of knowledge and experi ence added to the hard common-sense which shone so conspicuously in all the fierce light that beat upon him during sixteen years, the most trying, the most portentous, the most perilous in the nation's history. Vilified and reviled, ruthlessly aspersed by unnumbered presses, not in other lands, but in his own, assaults upon him have seasoned and strengthened his hold on the public heart. Calumny's ammunition has all been exploded; the powder has all been burned once; its force is spent; and the name of Grant will glitter a bright and imperishable star in the diadem of the republic when those who have tried to tarnish that name have mouldered in forgotten graves, and when their memories and their epitaphs have vanished utterly. Never elated by success, never depressed by adversity, he has ever, in peace as in war, shown the genius of common-sense. The terms he prescribed for Lee's surrender foreshadowed the wisest prophecies and principles of true reconstruction. Victor in the greatest war of modern times, he quickly signalized his aversion to war and his love of peace by an arbitration of internal disputes which stands as the wisest, the most majestic example of its kind in the world's diplomacy. When inflation, at the height of its popularity and frenzy, had swept both Houses of Congress, it was the veto of Grant, which, single and alone, overthrew ex pansion and cleared the way for specie resumption. To him, immeasurably more than to any other man, is due the fact that every paper dollar is at last as good as gold. With him as our leader we shall have no defensive campaign. No! We shall have nothing to explain away. We shall and the arrows have all been aimed at him, and they lie broken and harmless at his feet. ave no apologies to make. The shafts ages your railway or your mill, the doe tor into whose hands you give your life. or the minister who seeks to save your soul, what man do you reject because by his works you have known him and found him faithful and fit? What makes the Presidential office an exception to all things else in the common-sense to be applied to selecting its incumbent? Who dares-who dares to put fetters on that free choice and judgment which is the birthright of the American people? Can it be said that Grant has used official power and place to perpetuate his term? He has no place, and official power has not been used for him. Without patronage and without emissaries, without com Life, liberty, and property will find a safeguard in him. When he said of the colored men in Florida, "Wherever I am, they may come also "-when he so said, he meant that, had he the power, the poor dwellers in the cabins of the South should no longer be driven in terror from the homes of their childhood and the graves of their murdered dead. When he refused to see Dennis Kearney in California, he meant that communism, lawlessness, and disorder, although it might stalk highheaded and dictate law to a whole city, would always find a foe in him. He mittees, without bureaus, without tele. meant that, popular or unpopular, he would hew to the line of right, let the chips fly where they may. graph wires running from his house to this convention, or running from his house anywhere else, this man is the His integrity, his common-sense, his candidate whose friends have never courage, his unequalled experience, are threatened to bolt unless this convention the qualities offered to his country. The did as they said. He is a Republican only argument, the only one that the wit who never wavers. He and his friends of man or the stress of politics has de- stand by the creed and the candidates vised, is one which would dumfounder of the Republican party. They hold the Solomon, because he thought there was rightful rule of the majority as the very nothing new under the sun. Having tried essence of their faith, and they mean to Grant twice and found him faithful, we uphold that faith against not only the are told that we must not, even after an common enemy, but against the charlainterval of years, trust him again. My tans, jayhawkers, tramps, and guerillas countrymen! my countrymen! what stulti--the men who deploy between the lines, fication does not such a fallacy involve! and forage now on one side and then The American people exclude Jefferson Davis from public trust. Why? Why? Because he was the archtraitor and would-be destroyer; and now the same people are asked to ostracize Grant, and not to trust him. Why? Why? I repeat: because he was the archpreserver of his country, and because, not only in war, but twice as Civil Magistrate, he gave his highest, noblest efforts to the republic. Is this an electioneering juggle, or is it hypoc risy's masquerade? There is no field of human activity, responsibility, or reason in which rational beings object to an agent because he has been weighed in the balance and not found wanting. There is, I say, no department of human reason in which sane men reject an agent because he has had experience, making him exceptionally competent and fit. From the man who shoes your horse to the lawyer who tries your case, the officer who man on the other. This convention is master of a supreme opportunity. It can name the next President. It can make sure of his election. It can make sure not only of his election, but of his certain and peaceful inauguration. More than all, it can break that power which dominates and mildews the South. It can overthrow an organization whose very existence is a standing protest against progress. The purpose of the Democratic party is spoils. Its very hope of existence is a solid South. Its success is a menace to order and prosperity. I say this convention can overthrow that power. It can dissolve and emancipate a solid South. It can speed the nation in a career of grandeur eclipsing all past achievements. Gentlemen, we have only to listen above the din and look beyond the dust of an hour to behold the Republican party advancing with its ensigns resplendent with illustrious achievements, marching to certain and lasting victory with its greatest marshal at its head. Connecticut, one of the original thirteen English-American colonies, was probably first discovered by a European, ADRIAN BLOCK (q. v.), at the mouth of the Connecticut River, in 1613. That stream the Dutch called Versch-water (freshwater) River; the Indians called it Quanek-ta-cut, “long river.” The Dutch laid claim to the adjoining territory by right of discovery, while the English made a counter-claim soon afterwards, based upon a patent issued by the King to English subjects. The agent of the Dutch West India Company took formal possession by proclamation of the Connecticut Valley as early as 1623 in the name of the StatesGeneral of Holland, and a peaceable and profitable trade with the Indians might have been carried on had not the Dutch exasperated the natives by seizing one of their chiefs and demanding a heavy ransom for his release. A Dutch embassy which visited Plymouth tried to get the Pilgrims to abandon Cape Cod Bay and seat themselves, under the jurisdiction of New Netherland, in the fertile Connecticut Valley, and a Mohegan chief, moved by equally strong self-interest, invited them to the same territory, his object being to make the English a barrier be tween his people and the powerful and warlike Pequods. granted the valley to English subjects, and the Dutch must "forbear to build there." Van Twiller courteously replied that the Dutch had already purchased the country from the Indians and "set up a house, with intent to plant." The Dutch finally withdrew, and in 1635-36 the first permanent settlement in the valley was made at Hartford by emigrants from Massachusetts. The first church was built, there in 1635, and the first court, or legislative assembly, was convened at Hartford in 1636. The next year occurred the distressing war with the Pequods, which resulted in their annihilation. A year later a settlement was begun on the site of New Haven, and a sort of theocratic government for it was established. Governor Winthrop's son, John, came from England and assumed the office of governor of the colony in the Connecticut Valley in 1636, with instructions to build a fort and plant a colony at the mouth of the Connecticut River. A dispute with the Plymouth people arose about the right of emigrants from Massachusetts in the valley, but it was soon amicably settled. A constitution for the government of the colony in the valley was approved by a general vote of the people (Jan. 14, 1639). It was a remarkable document, and formed the basis of a charter afterwards obtained from the King. On the restoration of monarchy in EngIn 1632 Edward Winslow visited the land, the Connecticut colonists had fears Connecticut Valley, and confirmed the regarding their political future, for they truth of all the pleasant things the had been stanch republicans during the Dutch and Indians had said about it. interregnum. The General Assembly The fame of it had already reached Old therefore resolved to make a formal England, and two years before Winslow's acknowledgment of their allegiance to the visit Charles I. had granted the soil of King, and ask him for a charter. A that region to Robert, Earl of War- petition to that effect was signed in May, wick, and he transferred it to Will- 1661, and Governor Winthrop bore it to iam, Viscount Say and Seal; Robert, Lord the monarch. He was at first coolly reBrook, and their associates. This was the ceived, but by the gift to the King of a original grant of Connecticut, and the precious memento of the sovereign's dead territory was defined as extending west- father, the heart of Charles was touched, ward from the Atlantic to the Pacific and, turning to Lord Clarendon, who was Ocean. The Dutch, having purchased the present, he said, "Do you advise me to valley from the Indians, the rightful grant a charter to this good man and his owners, built a redoubt just below the people?" "I do, sire," answered Clarensite of Hartford, called Fort Good Hope, don. "It shall be done," said Charles, in 1633, and took possession. Governor and Winthrop was dismissed with a hearty Winthrop, of Massachusetts, wrote to Van shake of his hand and a blessing from Twiller at Manhattan that England had the royal lips. A charter was issued May 1, 1662 (N. S.). It confirmed the popular constitution, and contained more liberal provisions than any that had yet been issued by royal hands. It defined the boundaries so as to include the New Haven colony and a part of Rhode Island on the east, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The New Haven colony reluctantly gave its consent to the union in 1665, but Rhode Island refused. A dispute concerning the boundary-line between Connecticut and Rhode Island lasted more than sixty years. 66 some unimportant subject was continued until after the candles were lighted. Then the long box containing the charter was brought in and placed upon the table. A preconcerted plan to save it was now put into operation. Just as the usurper was about to grasp the box with the charter, the candles were snuffed out. When they were relighted the charter was not there, and the members were seated in proper order. The charter had been carried out in the darkness by Captain Wadsworth, and deposited in the trunk of a The charter, engrossed on parchment hollow oak-tree on the outskirts of the and decorated with a finely executed village (see CHARTER OAK). Andros was miniature of Charles II. (done in India- compelled to content himself with disink by Samuel Cooper, it is supposed, solving the Assembly, and writing in a who was an eminent London min- bold hand FINIS" in the journal of iature painter of the time), was brought that body. When the Revolution of 1688 across the sea in a handsome mahogany swept the Stuarts from the English box, in which it is still preserved in the throne, the charter was brought from its State Department of Connecticut. It was hiding-place, and under it the colonists of of so general a character, and conferred Connecticut flourished for 129 years aftersuch large powers, that when Connecti- wards. cut became an independent State it was considered a good fundamental law for the commonwealth, and was not changed until 1818. It provided for the election of the governor of the colony and the magistrates by the people, substantially as under the previous constitution; allowed the free transportation of colonists and merchandise from England to the colony; guaranteed to the colonists the rights of English citizens; provided for the making of laws and the organization of courts by the General Assembly, and the appointment of all necessary officers for the public good; for the organization of a military force, and for the public defence. Under the charter given by Charles II., in 1662, Connecticut, like Rhode Island, SIGILLUM STATE SEAL OF CONNECTICUT. Determined to hold absolute rule over New England, King James II. made Andros a sort of viceroy, with instructions to take away the colonial charters. For the purpose of seizing that of Connecticut, whose General Assembly had refused to surrender it, Andros arrived at Hartford, where the Assembly was in session in their meeting-house, Oct. 31, 1687 (O. S.). He was received by the assumed independence in 1776, and did Assembly with the courtesy due to his not frame a new constitution of governrank when he appeared before them, with ment. Under that charter it was governed armed men at his back, and demanded until 1818. In 1814, Hartford, Conn., bethe charter to be put into his hands. It came the theatre of a famous convention was then near sunset. A debate upon which attracted much anxious attention GOVERNORS OF CONNECTICUT-Continuea. Name. W. T. Minor............. Charles H. Pond.. R. D. Hubbard O. Vincent Coffin... ..... UNITED STATES SENATORS. Name. Oliver Ellsworth. William S. Johnson. Date. 1853 to 1854 1854 1855 1855" 1857 1857 1858 1858" 1866 1866 1867 1867 1869 1869 1870 1870 " 1871 1871" 1873 1873 1876 1876" 1879 1879 " 1881 1881" 1883 1883 1885 1885 1887 1887" 1889 1889 "1893 1893 1895 1895" 1897 1897 1899 1899" 1901 1901 1903 1903"1905 1905 1907 1907 1909 John Winthrop.. 1659 1665 Stephen Nix Mitchell... "1795 James Hillhouse 66 1811 Until this time no person could be elected to a second term immediately following the first. GOVERNORS OF THE NEW HAVEN COLONY Jonathan Trumbull.. ❝ 1796 Uriah Tracy. " 1807 Chauncey Goodrich. 10th 12th 1807 Samuel W. Dana.. 11th 16th Date. 1658" 1660 1661 1665 David Daggett...... 13th 15th 1813 66 1819 16th 18th 1819 " 1825 17th 1821 "41823 18th to 19th " 1831 "1833 1835 1835 "1839 1837 "1843 Thaddeus Betts.. 26th 1839 46 1840 Roger S. Baldwin.. Lafayette Foster Orris S. Ferry.. William A. Buckingham.. Jabez W. Huntington. 28th 30th 1843 46 1849 30th 31st 1847 "1852 31st "33d 1854 32d Fraucis Gillett... "34th 33d 34th to 39th James Dixon.. 35th "40th 40th 44th 1867 " 1875 41st "43d 1869 "46th 44th 44th to 45th 1875 1881 1875 "1877 46th "59th 1875 44 1879 1905 Joseph R. Hawley.. 47th 59th 1881 66 1905 59th " 1905 46 1905 to New York and |