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Jew who spoke Russian with me, made offer after offer, and demanded a return for his politeness in having let me out of the quarantine for fifteen piasters, and tried even by the threat of keeping me for a longer time in quarantine to frighten me into assent. This I learned all through my faithful porter, whom I had won entirely by feeding him and his child during the days that we lived together. The result was that he bought the watch for about what it had cost me. After all I was glad to get rid of it, for notwithstanding continual reparations it always gained five minutes in twenty-four hours; but the manner in which the Turk plagued me was intolerable.

The 15th of February, in the morning, I loaded a camel with my luggage and myself, and set out on my way to Jerusalem. The country preserved the same character-a fine verdant landscape, covered here and there with shrubs. Early in the afternoon we passed Bethlehem and other places of sacred memory, and about three hours before sunset we passed through the valleys of Himmon and Gihon toward the city. The neighbouring hills were full of Christian families, who were waiting to begin their Lent in the open air. It was their holiday, and it was quiet and peaceful in the delicious evening when I entered the City of Peace. But I had no time to yield to pious thoughts. The only Turkish inn here was filled with people, so that I could find no room; and the first night I spent in a miserable hole on Zion filled with dirt and all sorts of vermin, besides a troublesome band of Turkish soldiers, and with my mat spread on the ground. The next day I, however, found the Prussian viceconsul, Dr. Schultz, and, through his assistance, a room and a friend superior to any I hitherto had found on my journey. But on this day rain and bad weather set in, and cold and dirt, the like of which I had not seen for four years. Incessant rain and hail-showers kept me confined to the house for seven days. Now I have, however, wandered about, visited the Mount of Olives, with its holy places, where the Lord ascended to Heaven, where he taught the Lord's Prayer, the grotto where the Apostles wrote the Credo, &c. &c. I have wandered in the great sepulchral grottoes of the valley of Jehoshaphat and by Kidron's dried-up brook, traversed the Via Dolorosa to the sacred places at the burial vault of our Lord and the place of his crucifixion. have penetrated into Solomon's great subterranean vaults, and the splendid Mohammedan mosque of Omar built over them, where the law is laid down that the Christian who is found within it has to choose between the abjuration of his father's faith and being burnt alive; yet I have avoided the difficult choice. My great turban and the long-studied Sheikhmin have saved me. Meanwhile I feel tired of this idleness. I intend in a few days to set out for Galilee, visit Nazareth, Capernaum, Jericho, &c., and lastly Tiberias. This I think will take me 20 or 30 days, so that I can return here at Easter, and soon after that repair to Cairo, in order to await my instructions, and then decide on my route, whether east or west.

I have written this narrative in the most various attitudes; at one time kneeling with my head bent over the paper, at another sitting on one leg with the paper leaning against the other knee, but most frequently stretched out on my stomach. Often have I had to slip away the paper and conceal it from a man of Damascus, who dwells in the adjoining room and often calls on me; therefore is the writing crooked, and the thoughts too often follow the direction of the lines.

G. A. WALLIN.

I

XXI.-A Chronological Table, comprising 400 Cyclonic* Hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies and in the North Atlantic within 362 Years, from 1493 to 1855; with a Bibliographical List of 450 Authors, Books, &c., and Periodicals, where some interesting Accounts may be found, especially on the West and East Indian Hurricanes. By ANDRÉS POEY, Esq., of Havanna.

Communicated by DR. SHAW.

SINCE the valuable discovery, in the year 1821, by Mr. William C. Redfield, of New York, of the rotary and progressive movement of hurricanes, very able works and contributions have been published. Colonel Sir William Reid, of the Royal Engineers, followed Mr. Redfield in 1838, and wrote the first work on the Law of Storms, and Mr. Henry Piddington, President of Marine Courts of Inquiry at Calcutta, published his 'Sailor's Horn-book for the Law of Storms.' The last-named gentleman has contributed twenty-three Memoirs on the Law of Storms in the Indian and China Seas, which have regularly appeared in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, from 1839 to 1854. Messrs. Thom, Espy, Hare, Loomis, Dove, Mitchell, Bache, Pierce, Maury, Bassnett, Chappelsmith, Brewster, Sedgwick, Johnston, Evans, Rider, Birt, Kerhallet, Keller, Lefebvre, Hommey, and others have also contributed very valuable works and memoirs on the Law of Storms; although the first seven gentlemen do not agree in every point with Mr. Redfield's theory, supported by Reid and Piddington.

It has now been proved by the examination and careful analysis of perhaps more than a thousand logs and of some hundreds of storms, that wind, in hurricanes and common gales on both sides of the equator, has two motions; and that it turns or blows round a focus or centre in a more or less circular form, and at the same time has a straight or curved motion forward, so that, like a great whirlwind, it is both turning round and as it were rolling forward at the same time; but as Mr. Piddington † observes, "in others though our evidence is very deficient, and sometimes indeed we have none at all, we must assume it only to be true; but we do so on very strong grounds."‡

On the other hand nothing is known of the causes which produce hurricanes or gales in any part of the world, nor what causes the rotary (whirling) and progressive movement. Even Mr. Redfield, the father of the research in recent times, as Mr. Piddington calls him, had no particular theory as to the causes of circular storms (cyclones). He thought that our knowledge of their effects was not far enough advanced, and that it was unscientific to attempt to account for them, till better informed, by the exclusive action of any one or more causes. §

*The term cyclone has most happily been suggested by Mr. Piddington to express the circular or highly curved winds observed in the hurricanes, gales, storms, whirlwinds, &c. It is derived from the Greek xuxλws, which signifies, amongst other things, the coil of a snake; and without affirming the circle to be a true one, though the circuit may be complete, it expresses sufficiently the tendency to circular motion in these meteors.

†The Sailor's Horn-book for the Law of Storms, New York, 1848, p. 6.

It can scarcely be assumed that the rotatory system must be applied to all storms. All the inquiries are considered to prove that the Great Tornado of 1852 in America originated and acted on ascensional force, according to Professor Espy's theory.-ED.

Piddington, p. 15.

All these considerations, and many more which the object of this Memoir does not allow me to detail, have engaged me to collect together in a chronological table, all the cases mentioned in ancient and modern works, of hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies and in the Atlantic Ocean, since the discovery of America up to the present period. At the same time to facilitate the study thoroughly of this important question, I have added a bibliographical review of what has been published on this subject. This second part appears to me to be as useful as the first, on account of the great time which it would otherwise take an inquirer to ascertain what has been done before him. The Chronological Table of Hurricanes, with the accompanying reference to the authors who mention them, leaves only the books themselves to be consulted.

The first author, to my knowledge, who has published a chronological list of the principal hurricanes which occurred in the West Indies, is M. Moreau de Jonnès. This list comprises 63 hurricanes from 1495 to 1821.*

The next list of hurricanes was published by "Stormy Jack," alias Lieut. Evans, R.N.; but it only comprises few cases during 123 years, from 1712 to 1835.†

In 1848 Lieut. Evans published a more complete chronological list of the hurricanes which occurred in the West Indies from 1493 to 1847, amounting to 70 cases; with interesting descriptions.‡

The third chronological list of hurricanes and severe gales in the West Indies, from their discovery to the year 1846, was published by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk. § This list, from the year 1494 to 1846, a period of 352 years, contains 127 hurricanes and severe gales, which committed more or less injury in the West Indies.

Lastly, Mr. Alexander Keith Johnston, of Edinburgh, in the first edition of his valuable Physical Atlas, published in 1840, gives a chronological table of the principal hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies within 162 years, from 1675 to 1837, with only 50 hurricanes. But, in the second edition of the Physical Atlas, which has not yet entirely appeared, he has increased that number to 127 hurricanes, in a period of 354 years, from 1493 to 1847. Hitherto the most complete tables on the hurricanes of the West Indies are those of Schomburgk and Johnston, each of which comprises only 127 hurricanes.

The Table which I have the honour to present to the Royal Geographical Society is far more complete than any that has yet appeared; for it contains 400 hurricanes of the West Indies and Atlantic Ocean, which have occurred in a period of 362 years, from 1493 to 1855 inclusive.

In the list of authors, books, and papers treating of hurricanes, unconnected with the West Indies, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean, I have endeavoured to mention only the most important, neglecting many short accounts of gales which have occurred on the European Continent, for fear of giving too much extension to my Memoir. In the Chronological Table are only included the cases of hurricanes and strong gales which have occurred in the West Indies and North Atlantic, and few in the United States adjacent to the Atlantic.

I have to acknowledge my thanks to Mr. William C. Redfield, of New York, for the valuable information which he had the kindness to give me. I shall never forget the pleasant hours which I spent for several days with this learned philosopher, who gracefully helped me to transfer from his Meteorological Journal all the cases of hurricanes which were not indicated in my

*Histoire Physique des Antilles Françaises, Paris, 1822, p. 346.
† London Nautical Magazine, 1837, vol. i. p. 243.
London Nautical Magazine, 1848, pp. 397, 453, 524.

§ The History of Barbados, London, 1848, p. 689.

own Table: these are given in my Table under the authority of Mr. Redfield's Manuscript. I must nevertheless say that I do not represent them all, as different in every case; for, on examination, many may be found to be the same hurricane observed on different parts of its course. I give a few illustrative notes on some instances in which the same hurricane, progressing from one latitude to another, has been taken for two or three different ones. I consider this Table of Hurricanes as being only the first step to facilitate inquiries on this important question on an enlarged scale.

If any names of authors who have written on hurricanes have been omitted, I should be glad to be informed, so that they may be inserted in a second paper which I shall publish shortly on the same subject.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, comprising 400 Cyclonic Hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies and in the North Atlantic Ocean within 362 Years, from 1493 to 1855. By Andrés Poey, of Havanna, Cuba.

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AUTHORITIES.

Columbus, Lieut. Evans (alias Stormy
Jack), A Chronological List of the Hur-
ricanes which have occurred in the West
Indies since the year 1493, with inte-
resting descriptions; Naut. Mag., 1848,
pp. 397, 453, 524-Alex. Keith John-
ston, Physical Atlas, Edinb., 1855-56,
plate 19, p. 61-Capt. Thomas Southey,
Chronological History of the West
Indies, Lond., 1827, vol. i. p. 17.
Jacobo de la Pezuela, Ensayo Histórico
sobre la Isla de Cuba.

Sir Robert Schomburgk's History of Bar-
bados, Lond., 1848-A Chronological
List of Hurricanes and severe Gales in
the West Indies, from their discovery
to the year 1846, pp. 38 and 689-
P. Martyr, Decades of the Ocean, 1st
Decade, book iv., p. 26-Herrera-
Evans-Southey, vol. i. p. 35.

P. Martyr, Decade I. book v.— -Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 7-Benzoni, lib. i. cap. 10Herrera, lib. ii. cap. 18-Moreau de Jonnès, Hist. Phy. des Antilles, Paris, 1822, p. 386.

Southey, vol. i. p. 41-Evans.

Desiderio Herrera, Memoria sobre los
Huracanes de la Isla de Cuba, Habana,
1847, p. 46.

Moreau de Jonnès, p. 386.
Charlevoix, Histoire de l'Ile Espagnole,
Amsterdam, 1733, vol. i. p. 281-Schom-
burgk Johnston Evans-
Southey,
vol. i. p. 76-Herrera, lib. v. cap. 2-
Moreau de Jonnès.

Columbus-Evans-Johnston-Southey,

vol. i. p. 82.

* Between Cape de Cruz and Manzanillo.

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St. Domingo..

1509. Feb. or Mar. Gulf of Mexico

1509. July 29

AUTHORITIES.

Charlevoix, vol. ii. p. 19-Southey, vol. i. p. 98-Evans.

Oviedo, Hist. Gral. de las Indias, lib. vi. cap. 3-Piddington, The Sailor's Hornbook, New York, 1848, p. 260-Charlevoix, vol. ii. p. 63-Herrera-Schomburgk--Evans, Naut. Mag., 1841, p. 746 -Southey, vol. i. p. 107-JohnstonMoreau de Jonnès.

Hernandez de Cordova-Evans-Johnston.

St. Domingo.. Oviedo, lib. vi. cap. 3-Charlevoix, vol. ii. p. 63-Schomburgk-Southey, vol. i.

St. Domingo
St. Domingo

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Herrera, lib. x. cap. 10-Schomburgk-
Southey, vol. i. p. 156-Evans-Johnston
-Moreau de Jonnès.

Desiderio Herrera, p. 46-Schomburgk-
Humboldt, Essai Politique sur l'Ile de
Cuba, Paris, 1826, vol. i. p. 97-Johnston
-Ramusio, vol. iii.-Moreau de Jonnès.
Porto-Rico, Cuba. Herrera-Schomburgk - Evans . John-
ston-Moreau de Jonnès.
Oviedo, cap. 10-Moreau de Jonnès.
Huracan de 1846: Reseña de sus Estragos

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St. Domingo
Cuba

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en la Isla de Cuba, Habana, 1846, p. 6. Caribbean Islands R. Bohun, A Discourse concerning the Origin and Properties of Wind, with an Historical Account of Hurricanes and other tempestuous Winds, Oxford, 1671, p. 260. Desiderio Herrera, p. 46-Reseña de los Estragos del Huracan de 1846, p. 5. Southey, vol. i. p. 212-Evans-John

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ston.

Schomburgk-Southey, vol. i. p. 252-
Evans-Johnston.

Du Tertre, Histoire Générale des Antilles,
Paris, 1667, vol. ii. p. 71-Southey,
vol. i. p. 294-Evans-Humboldt, vol. i.
p. 97.
Du Tertre, vol. ii. p. 71-Humboldt, vol. i.
p. 97-Southey, vol. i. p. 294-Evans.
Du Tertre, vol. ii. p. 71-Schomburgk-
Southey, vol. i. p. 294-Evans-John-
ston-Humboldt, vol. i. p. 97—Moreau
de Jonnès.

Du Tertre, vol. ii. p. 29-Moreau de
Jonnès.

Du Tertre, vol. ii. p. 71-Schomburgk-
Evans-Pelléprat, 2nd part, p. 21-
Moreau de Jonnès.

Du Tertre, vol. ii. p. 71-SchomburgkEvans-Johnston-Pelléprat, vol. ii. p. 71-Moreau de Jonnès.

Du Tertre, vol. ii. p. 71-Pelléprat, vol. ii. p. 21-Moreau de Jonnès.

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