more latitude is allowed, and such objects as caverns, torrents, cascades, and objects of apparent peril, such as imitations of the Devil's bridge,' &c., are admissible, but even then the emotion of fear must not be too strongly excited.

In the cascades and grottoes of Tivoli we have a fair example of really frightful features made pleasant. The rush of water disappearing into the darkness is most striking, but the spectator feels safe. As for the main cascade, it is difficult to get a view of it, and the grounds generally admit of much improvement. In former times, before the course of the river was diverted, the scene from above the cascade must have been very beautiful. Turner has given it, idealised certainly, in one of his most charming works.

We there have the smooth sheet of water, smooth to the very brink, disappearing over the edge of the abyss in a manner exactly suited to the treatment and nature of water, but which would be entirely incorrect for a road or walk.

As regards the planting about sheets of water, it is sure to be good practice to plant the bluffs or headlands, treating them as wood-side, leaving the opposite shores, which should be flat, comparatively unplanted, considering them as meadow. It is only recently that landscape gardeners appear to have known anything about the proper treatment of water. The masters of the last century were very deficient in this respect, but there are many living professors whose works leave little to be desired. There is no branch of the art

which admits of a more patent success or more egregious failure.

If the levels are such that it is impossible or unadvisable to make a large lake, while it is comparatively easy to make two or more small ones, much art is displayed by making them seem one when viewed from a little distance. If the limits are concealed by judicious planting, the several sheets of water connected by vistas embracing them, the roads humoured so as to avoid the weak places, and the dams carefully studied, the work will most likely be successful. It is, however, a great art to know speedily what is possible and what is not; much time is wasted in trying to get over impossibilities. A conquest of difficulty is satisfactory, but not so to find, after great trouble, that what is attempted cannot by any means be accomplished. Perhaps it is in this rapid taking in of possibilities and impossibilities that the professor best shows his worthiness of the art: with some it is intuitive, with others merely experimental; and as experiments are expensive, the former have much advantage over the latter.

The writer's views have now been given on the following subjects:-Entrance roads; site of house; style of house, with gardens appropriate; description of the various styles of landscape gardening; walls, terraces, steps, balustrades, vases, and pedestals; architectural and winter gardens; bridges; pavilions; fountains; basins; lakes, contouring, and treatment of water generally ; with, here and there, remarks on architectural and

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landscape gardening, which he hopes may be found interesting to the general reader: they contain nothing particularly new to the profession.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

That this work does not do justice to the subject the writer is aware, but it contains as much as he thinks he can say with advantage; not that the subjects are by any means exhausted, but the character of the present work scarcely admits of more elaboration. Before closing, he will endeavour to show by the following extracts from some of Vanbrugh's letters to the Earl of Manchester, taken from Court and Society from Elizabeth to Anne,' edited from the Kimbolton Papers by the Duke of Manchester, and by the kind permission of His Grace allowed to appear in these pages, the intimate connexion between the architecture of the house and that of the garden, in Vanbrugh's eyes at least:

Your lordship will here see something that differs in the last of the rooms from the common mode, which is, to go immediately out of the drawing room into the bed chamber. But the drawing room here, falling in the beginning of the line, had the bed chamber been next, there could have been no regular or proper way out of this front into the garden, which would have been an unpardonable want. There was, therefore, a necessity for some new contrivance, and I thought there could nothing in reason he objected to being supplied

with a large noble room of parade between the drawing room and the bed chamber, especially since it falls so right to the garden that the door is in the middle of the room, and takes exactly the middle walk and canal.'

Again, at p. 250, vol. ii., he says:

. . . We considered how to dispose the stairs down into the garden so as not to break too much into the terrace, and all that matter will be very well.'

Though all may not have to do with such extensive works as Vanbrugh had, every architect and every landscape gardener has at some time to consider the connexion between the house and the garden; and to these this work will, it is hoped, recommend itself.

The writer knows that many of his remarks will seem dogmatical, especially in the portion of this work which treats of lakes. He can only say that he has expressed no opinion for which it seemed to him he could not give good reason. If he is wrong, as in many cases he may be, in some he must be, he must assume a certain responsibility; but he never saw a book containing little else than possibly, perhaps, probably, and in some cases, &c., which could be of benefit to anyone seeking guidance.

By the profession he earnestly hopes this little work will be kindly received, and by amateurs he trusts it may be found not entirely without interest.