tinued, and, in October, they issued an arret ordering the seizure of British property found on board of American vessels, and of provisions bound for England-a direct violation of their treaty with the United States.

Chapter TV.

Washington's Farewell Address-Meets the Two Houses of Congress for the Last Time-His Speech -Replies of the Senate and House-Mr. Giles— Andrew Jackson - Offensive Publication of the French Minister-John Adams Declared President -Washington's Letter to Knox on the Eve of his Retirement-The Spurious Letters-His Farewell Dinner-John Adams Takes the Oath of OfficeGreetings of Washington at the Close of the Ceremony.

TH

term.

HE period for the presidential election was drawing near, and great anxiety began to be felt that Washington would consent to stand for a third

No one, it was agreed, had greater claim to the enjoyment of retirement, in consideration of public services rendered; but it was thought the affairs of the country would be in a very precarious condition should he retire before the wars of Europe were brought to a close.

Washington, however, had made up his mind irrevocably on the subject, and resolved to announce, in a farewell address, his intention of retiring. Such an instrument, it will be recollected, had been prepared for him, from his own notes, by Mr. Madison, when he had thought of retiring at the end of his first term. As he was no longer in confidential intimacy with Mr. Madison, he turned to Mr. Hamilton as his adviser and coadjutor, and appears to have consulted him on the subject early in the present year; for, in a letter dated New York, May 10th, Hamilton writes : "When last in Philadelphia, you mentioned to me your wish that I should redress a certain paper which you had prepared. As it is important that a thing of this kind should be done with great care and much at leisure, touched and retouched, I submit a wish that, as soon as you have given it the body you mean it to have, it may be sent to me."

The paper was accordingly sent on the 15th of May, in its rough state, altered in one part since Hamilton had seen it. "If you should think it best to throw the whole into a different form," writes Washington, "let me request, notwithstanding, that my draft may be returned to me (along with yours) with such amendments and corrections as to render it as

perfect as the formation is susceptible of; curtailed if too verbose, and relieved of all tautology not necessary to enforce the ideas in the original or quoted part. My wish is that the whole may appear in a plain style; and be handed to the public in an honest, unaffected, simple garb."

We forbear to go into the vexed question concerning this address; how much of it is founded on Washington's original “notes and heads of topics"; how much was elaborated by Madison, and how much is due to Hamilton's recasting and revision. The whole came under the supervision of Washington; and the instrument, as submitted to the press, was in his handwriting, with many ultimate corrections and alterations. Washington had no pride of authorship; his object always was to effect the purpose in hand, and for that he occasionally invoked assistance, to insure a plain and clear exposition of his thoughts and intentions. The address certainly breathes his spirit throughout, is in perfect accordance with his words and actions, and, "in an honest, unaffected, simple garb," embodies the system of policy on which he had acted throughout his administration.* It was published in Septem

* The reader will find the entire Address in the Appendix to this volume.

3

ber, in a Philadelphia paper called the Daily Advertiser.

The publication of the address produced a great sensation. Several of the State legislatures ordered it to be put on their journals. "The President's declining to be again elected," writes the elder Wolcott, "constitutes a most important epoch in our national affairs. The country meet the event with reluctance, but they do not feel that they can make any claim for the further services of a man who has conducted their armies through a successful war, has so largely contributed to establish a national government, has so long presided over our councils and directed the public administration, and in the most advantageous manner settled all national differences, and who can leave the administration where nothing but our folly and internal discord can render the country otherwise than happy."

The address acted as a notice, to hush the acrimonious abuse of him which the opposition was pouring forth under the idea that he would be a candidate for a renomination. “It will serve as a signal, like the dropping of a hat, for the party racers to start," writes Fisher Ames, "and I expect a great deal of noise whipping, and spurring."

Congress formed a quorum on the fifth day

VOL. VIII.-4