Dr. Bühler, the eminent Sanskrit scholar, left India on the 18th of September, after eighteen years' service in the country. We shall best see how much his learning, energy, and enthusiasm have accomplished if we go back through these eighteen years to the time of Dr. Haug. Dr. Haug certainly prepared the way for the importation of the highest philological talent that Germany could produce. His labours were appreciated by the local Government and the authorities at the India Office. The publication of his work on India was speedily followed by the nomination of Dr. Bühler and Dr. Kielhorn to Indian appointments; and Indian students owe him a debt of gratitude for indirectly inducing the Sanskrit scholars of Germany to look to the peculiar facilities offered by a residence in India as their highest professional prize. But in Dr. Haug's time the scientific study of Sanskrit was still in its infancy. When Dr. Bühler and Dr. Kielhorn arrived here in the year 1863, the first as Professor of Oriental Languages in the Elphinstone College, the second as Superintendent of Sanskrit Studies in the Deccan College, they found that from the want of authoritative editions of standard Sanskrit authors, the study of Sanskrit was sadly hampered here. The University of Bombay had, indeed, given some impetus to the cultivation of the classical languages of India by allowing Sanskrit works to rank with the works of other classical languages in the University curriculum. But the Sanskrit teachers in schools and colleges suffered almost as much as their students from the want of a series of critical editions of standard works. Accordingly, Dr. Bühler, after enlisting the cordial co-operation of native scholars, undertook to edit what is now known as the Bombay Sanskrit Series. The Series now comprises more than sixteen texts by Dr. Bühler, Dr. Kielhorn, Professor Bhandarkar, Mr. K. T. Telang, and S. P. Pandit; the crying need of elementary text books for the High Schools having been met by Professor Bhandarkar's well-known series. While this useful work was progressing, the Government of India determined to make an effort to collect and preserve the manuscript records of ancient Sanskrit literature scattered throughout the different Presidencies. It appears to be the custom in the Educational Department to get out specialists from home, and then turn them to general work; and in accordance with this rule Dr. Bühler was acting at that time as Educational Inspector of the Northern Division. The tour he took in the performance of his duties afforded, however, special facilities for assisting the Government scheme, into which he threw himself with all the ardour and thoroughness of a true German student. Besides searching the native libraries in the boundaries of his own division, he extended his inquiries far and wide into the Native States of Guzerat and Rajpootana, and even paid a visit to Cashmere. Dr. Bühler's quest was not, however, confined to Sanskrit works. Guzerat has been the home of Jainism, and the Bhandars at Ahmedabad, Wudhwan, Cambay, and Patan in the Gaekwar territory, at Pali, and at Jesselmere and Bikaneer in Rajpootana are vast store-houses of Jain learning. They afford materials, hitherto accessible but to few European scholars, for a complete account of the Jain religion, for the political history of Guzerat, and a history of the Guzerati

language. In the course of his several tours during the past ten years, Dr. Bühler has collected by purchase or otherwise some 5,000 manuscripts for Government, relating to Brahmanical or Jain religion. They comprise Vedas, Vedangas, Purans, Mahatanyas, poetry and fiction, grammar, glossaries, rhetoric, biography, history, law, logic, philosophy, astronomy, arithmetic, etc. He also made many purchases for himself and his friends. Nearly all the manuscripts purchased for the Government are rare; many are unique. The collection is a treasury of information of the highest value as regards the former civilisation of India, and we trust it will not be neglected. In 1875, Dr. Bühler received permission to visit Cashmere, and the very successful results of his visit, so far as materials for the history of India are concerned, are embodied in a detailed report to be found in the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. There are, however, many works in Dr. Bühler's collection which he can scarcely have had time to examine yet. The private collection of manuscripts he takes with him to Europe is said to be large and valuable; and though it will be lost to India, we trust he will still be able to give Indian students the benefit of any researches he may make in it. He is certain to be offered the first vacant Sanskrit chair in Germany, when he will probably be allowed more leisure for study than the routine of inspecting schools and conducting correspondence permitted in India. The absurd plan of promoting a highly-trained specialist to the simple, if arduous, post of an Inspector of Schools would have been fatal to any less indefatigable scholar than Dr. Bühler. But, in spite of this, his influence as an earnest worker in the department of Sanskrit learning is widespread and likely to be lasting. Like Dr. Kielhorn, he is almost as well known among the savans of Europe as among the pundits of Western India, among whom he has awakened a spirit of true research, which promises to be fruitful of still greater results in the very partially explored regions of Oriental philology, and the history of ancient and mediæval India. Dr. Bühler has, in addition to his other labours, wielded an industrious pen. In the pages of the Indian Antiquary he translated a large number of inscriptions, throwing a flood of light on the epochs of the Valabhi, Gurjjar, Chalukya, and other dynasties of Guzerat. He has contributed numerous essays of a philological or historical character to the pages of the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and of the Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, to say nothing of the periodicals on the continent of Europe, to which he was not an unfrequent contributor. He was in communication with almost every noted Sanskrit scholar in England, Europe, or America. He leaves us amidst the regrets and good wishes of all who take an interest in Indian scholarship; and a much wider circle than his old students will wish him a pleasant life and ample leisure in his own country for the prosecution of the studies for which he has shown himself so eminently qualified. It is understood that Dr. Kielhorn will take up the duty of collecting Sanskrit manuscripts, and that Mr. Giles will succeed Dr. Bühler as Educational Inspector of the Northern Division.-Times of India.

titles of any Austrian-printed books they may have in their libraries. All such assistance will be duly acknowledged in the preface to the work. The printers of Vienna confidently hope that all who are able will gladly lend their aid to forward this enterprize.

Dr. Anthony Mayer has issued the following circular :

Wien, 1782; Nachtrag zu Wien's Buchdrucker Geschichte, etc., Wien, 1793; Merkwürdigkeiten der K.K. Garelli'schen Bibliothek, Wien, 1780), the exact titles and particulars respecting such books and if they contain any portraits of Vienna printers.

2. If and under what conditions-whether gratis or for payment-the undersigned may count upon your co

operation in this work till the commencement of October next.

3. The undersigned hopes that all gentlemen having works published in Vienna between 1482 and 1600 will forward notice of their willingness to co-operate with him and on what terms. (Signed) Anthony Mayer, Ph.D., etc, etc.

THE NEW INDIAN INSTITUTE. - Convocation at Oxford has approved the proposal of Prof. Monier Williams to establish and endow the new Indian Institute at Oxford. After much discussion, the House divided on the proposal that a sum of £250 a year be paid from the University chest towards the endowment of the Indian Institute, that not more than £12.000 be expended on the building, and that not less than one-half of any sum contributed above £18,000 be assigned to the endowment fund. &c. The result was in favour of the proposal, there being 94 placets to 50 non-placet. SAPPHO.-The sixth edition of this tragedy, in five acts, by Stella, has just been published. Stella and her tragedy of "Sappho" are now the principal topics of the Athenian critics. Jean Cambouroglo, the well-known Greek poet, and translator of " Sappho for the Hellenic stage, thus comments upon its merits and the genius of Stella in an article published in his journal, the Ephéméris, Athens, September 15, 1880 :-" There has lately been published in London the fifth edition of a charming book, "The Tragedy of Sappho," written by a lady, a true votary of the muse, known to the world of Europe by the name of Stella. This lady is also famous for preceding works of hers, such as, 'The Records of the Heart,' 'The King's Stratagem,' etc., etc., works which have met with the most cordial reception, not alone in America and in England, but throughout all Europe. We Greeks, hearing the name of 'Sappho,' the latest work of the poetess, a name so subtly bound to the warmest and most moving pages of our ancient and immortal literature, will naturally desire to possess and study this work in order to judge how far the author has succeeded in representing in the expressive English language the warmth and depth of Sappho's thought after a lapse of so many centuries; how far has been reproduced that ideal world of poesy in which she shone, and the mystery of her mighty heart; how far that high theme is reached to which the lyre of every great poet was then tuned, and in accord with which so many literary and poetical works were written, tending to the revelation of the radiant vision of the noble martyr of the sufferings of the heart of all time. We can do nothing better at present, to express our judgment of the impressions left by Stella's modern muse, borrowing the Sapphic voice and expressing through it the highest and most moving words of the divine poetic nature of the Lesbian, than call her shortly the English Sappho. For in very deed the echo of the immortal utterances of our own Sappho is heard again and again in Stella's English tongue. Our contemporary poetess seems to have been gifted by nature with a rich poetic genius, to have studied Sappho with a kindred spirit and power, to have transferred herself by mere force of fancy into the Lesbian's time, to have mingled with that fairest choir of poets then existent, to have passed back again into our own epoch, and then in the English tongue to have given a soul to the shade of Sappho, thus connecting the setting of those spirits of the past and the rising of later languages, by sheer force of kindred perceptions; just as the shadow of night connects in our mind the immortal being of the sun, now on this side and now on the other side of the sphere on which we live."

THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE FOURTH GOSPEL.-Dr. Ezra Abbott has published with Mr. G. E. Ellis, of Boston (Trübner & Co., London), a scholarly work on the Authorship of the Gospel attributed to the "beloved disciple" John. This work has grown out of an Essay read in part before the Ministers Institute," in Providence, R.I., which was published in the February, March, and June (1880) numbers of the "Unitarian Review," and afterwards in the "Institute Essays." The author says, it has been necessary to give translations of many quotations which scholars would have preferred to see in the original; but such translations have been rendered as literal as the English idiom would permit, and precise references to the passages cited are always given for the benefit of the critical student. We think with Dr. Abbott that the balance of evidence is on the side of the genuineness of the "Gospel of John," because it would not have been received as genuine by the Gnostic sects whose doctrines were opposed to it, if by any possibility they could have rejected it as spurious. Being obliged to receive it they interpreted it, or rather perverted it according to their own views.

THE COPYRIGHT LAW AND LONGFELLOW'S WORKS.— "Ultima Thule" is the title of a collection of Longfellow's later pieces, which have appeared from time to time in the Atlantic Monthly, and other magazines, and which Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., have recently issued in a neat little volume. Messrs. Routledge & Co., of London, have also issued an edition which they claim to be a "Copyright Edition." We believe they give Mr. Longfellow what we call in this country a Royalty" on all editions they print of his works; but how the subject-matter of the volume before us can be copyright, except by courtesy, we confess we are unable to see. It is high time that something should be settled regarding copyright between this country and the United States, as the law, as it has been interpreted up to the present in England, in giving American authors a copyright if they publish first on this side, stands on a very uncertain and unsatisfactory basis. It is by no means certain that they do not lose their rights in the United States by publishing here first. No case of the kind having been carried to the Supreme Court at Washington, it remains a moot question; though many eminent legal authorities are inclined to think that such a case, if brought before the Supreme Court, would be decided against the author. Respecting International Copyright, the Publishers' Weekly has the following in one of its recent issues:-"At last good news! The following press despatch from Washington is the first indication of the awakening of national conscience at the seat of the United States Government. It forms a hopeful counterpart to the Mentioned once more in Parliament' despatch from London, commented upon by the Weekly in its issue for July 28:Washington, Sept. 4.-Some weeks ago the Department of State instructed Minister Lowell to ascertain the condition of public opinion in England respecting Anglo-American international copyright, its advisability and feasibility. The views of eminent authors, critics, lawyers, and publishers on the subject were especially to be sought, and in every way possible the status of the question in Great Britain was to be ascertained. The Department has not heard officially what action Minister Lowell has taken in execution of these instructions, but it is informed by to-day's cable despatches from London that he has transmitted a circular letter to a number of English authors, inviting communication of their views as to the advisability of an international copyright treaty granting protection to books published in a country having copyright by a citizen thereof. The State Department desires this information as a basis for future action.' We take back every word of impatience, provided the government is in earnest. But is it not a most singular coincidence that at this late date, almost simultaneously, both governments, the British and the American, should betray utter ignorance concerning the condition of public opinion and the status of the question in the other country? Fortunately the task of testing the question in England could not have been placed in better hands. Would that England in return could instruct a Lowell in this country!" We may mention that the Publishers' Weekly has been doing good service to those interested in this matter, by gathering the opinions of Authors, Publishers, and others, on the copyright question, and also by reprinting articles that appear from time to time on this subject in various American journals.

EDUCATION.-Mr. Thomas W. Bicknell has issued Number 1 of a bi-monthly International Magazine, devoted to Science, Art, Philosophy, and Education, under the title of "Education." We may mention that this is the title of the official organ of Trinity College, London, and the American editor has adopted it through inadvertence. The authorities of that College have, however, kindly consented to the circulation of this number, pending communication with America. This number contains-Text Books and their Uses, by Prof. W. T. Harris; Harmony in Systems of Education, by James McCosh, D.D.; Educational Progress in the U. S. A. during the last Fifty Years, by Barnas Sears, D.D.; The Renascence and its Influence on Education, by the Rev. R. H. Quick; A Southern View of Education, by Prof. E. S. Joynes; besides other important matter. The editor says: The publication of a new educational periodical may demand a reason for its

existence. If so, we have to urge the following as some of the considerations which move us to undertake the work of publishing a bi-monthly review on education. Our first claim to public recognition and patronage rests on the fact that the field which we propose to cover is but partially occupied. No educational paper or magazine in England or America proposes to devote itself exclusively to the domain of higher education and to the philosophy which underlies all educational methods. It is the most encouraging sign of the times, educationally, that the science and the art of teaching are coming to be recognized as the foundation of a profession of pedagogics. Hitherto but little attention has been paid to the fact that profound study and investigation were required to develop the laws of good teaching and the philosophy of sound instruction. If we mistake not, the current of thought now seeks to discover the essential spirit of true methods, and the soul of dry formulas. Every method, new or old, is put to the searching test of psychology, and the normal laws of mental growth. Failing to meet the demands of this high tribunal of reason and intelligence, it fails utterly. Our magazine proposes to discuss questions of education on the sides of philosophy and humanity. We hope to secure in our discussions writers of breadth as well as depth, of general as well as special attainments. We hope to bring the studies of our best thinkers and writers within the reach of the middle and higher classes of our profession, and to offer to those ambitious to ascend, the means of promotion, by the intellectual uplift of superior experienced minds. We hope to show that there is a true harmony in all departments of study from the lowest grade to the highest, and that the success of each grade is an element in the advancement of every other section. We shall endeavour to recognize in the departments their functions in the related educational organism, the harmony of whose adjustment is the proper and universal study of the true educator. Above all, it will be our purpose to show that a better understanding of the human mind, the laws which govern its growth, and the results to be attained thereby, are but the nearer approach of the human to the divine, and an adaptation of the highest faith to the soul's spiritual needs; in other words, that education and religion are one whole, and not the complement of each other."

SPIRITUALISM IN BOMBAY. - Under the title of the Theosophist, a spiritualistic journal, edited by H. P. Blavatsky, made its appearance in October, 1879. It is devoted to Oriental Philosophy, Art, Literature, and Occultism :-embracing Mesmerism, Spiritualism, and, as the title expresses it, "Other Secret Sciences." No. 4, for January, 1880, gives an account of the fourth anniversary of the Theosophical Society at Bombay, on November the 29th. Colonel H. S. Olcott, the President of the Society, delivered an address, in which he said, "They had not only founded a journal to serve as an organ for the dissemination of Hindu Scholarship, but also a workshop with machines of various kinds, in which to manufacture Indian goods for export. The invitation card of the evening, whose equal could not be turned out from any existing lithographic press in Bombay, Calcutta, or Madras, had been mainly executed by a young Parsee, taught by his colleague, Mr. Edward Wimbridge, within the past six weeks. Adopting, as he (Col. Olcott) had, India as his country, and her people as his people, it was his sacred duty to do all that lay in his power to promote the physical welfare of the teeming millions of this peninsula, no less than to humbly second the efforts of that great Aryan of our times, Swámi Dyánund Saraswati, for the revival of Vedic Monotheism and the study of Yoga."

BENARES SANSKRIT TEXTS.-The "Pandit," the monthly publication of the Benares College, having been discontinued, the undersigned intend to start in its place a "Benares Sanskrit Series," which will be chiefly devoted to the publication of hitherto unpublished Sanskrit texts. Wherever it appears

advisable, the Sanskrit Text will be accompanied by notes, indices, etc.; English translations of the texts published will not be excluded from the Series, although they will not form a prominent feature. Possibly from time to time new editions of works already published, for which there may happen to be a demand in India, will be included in the Series; however a comparatively limited space only will be allowed to such reproductions, and if the undertaking proves a success they will be discontinued altogether. The Series will be edited mainly by the Pandits of the Benares Sanskrit College, under the superintendence of the undersigned. It will open with the edition of an astronomical work, Bhatta Kamalákara's Siddhanta-tattva-viveka, by Pandit Sudhakara, late scholar of the Benares College. An edition with English translation-of Apastamba's S'ulvasútra and Kátyáyana's S'ulva

paris'ishta, by one of the undersigned, and several other important works are in course of preparation. The Series will appear in parts about equal in size and number of pages to those of the Bibliotheca Indica. The first part of the Siddhanta-tattva-viveka will appear shortly. Intending subscribers are requested to apply to the Publishers, Braj Bhushan Dás & Co., Benares, The Principal, Benares College, or Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London.-R. Griffith, M.A., Director of Public Instruction, N. W. P. & Oudh. G. Thibaut, Ph.Dr., Principal, Benares College.Allahabad, Benares, July, 1880.

SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA.-Volume I. of Lists of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries of Southern India compiled, arranged and indexed by Professor Gustav Oppert, has been published at Madras. Professor Oppert has another volume in preparation. The aggregate number of MSS. alluded to in the volume before us amounts to 8,376 and the index contains the titles of 4.284 different works. Professor Oppert complains of the difficulty there is in persuading Pandits to give information about their literary treasures through fear of any interference with their property.

THE NAT BASKET.-We have received No. 1, for January, and No. 2, for July, 1880, of the "Nat Basket, a Periodical for Ladies," edited by Mrs. Eleanor Mason, and published at Rangoon. When we opened the Nat Basket, and found No. 1 was devoted to a " Summary on the origin of the Buddhist Scriptures," and No. 2 contained an Epitome of Buddhism," we confess we were somewhat surprised at its being called "a Periodical for Ladies," as very few ladies make comparative religion sufficiently a study to be interested in its pages. We may briefly state that the object of the Nat Basket" appears to be to show that the Buddhist and Hebrew Bibles had one common origin in Syria.

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THE ENEMIES OF BOOKS.-This might be thought to be a very dry subject, except to experts, such as librarians, bibliomaniacs and those especially interested in the care and preservation of books. Mr. William Blades has however issued an elegantly printed little brochure so entitled, that he has contrived to make interesting to the general reader, as the immediate exhaustion of the first edition and the call for another conclusively proves. This little book is one of the finest specimens of printing that has lately come before the public, and does infinite credit to the workmanship of Messrs Blades, East and Blades, of which firm Mr. William Blades is a member. The designs for the head and tail pieces have been arranged by the author out of the Japanese ornaments recently brought out by Messrs. Mackellar, Smiths and Jordan, type founders of Philadelphia; these, being in printers' ems, are almost kaleidoscopic in their applicability for ornamentation. The little book is issued sewed, with a vegetable parchment cover, and is a good representative of the style that is a reaction on the "cheap and nasty," of which so many modern literary productions are the representatives. Messrs. Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, are the publishers.

EARLY SOCIAL LAW.-Mr. W. Denman Ross is issuing, 'Studies in the Early History of Institutions." Parts 1 and 2 are on the "Theory of Village Communities," reviewing the land system of ancient times, on individual ownership and communal or collective rights. He concludes that communal ownership was unknown amongst the Teutonic tribes, as with them an equal division of land among sons seems to have existed from very early times.

CHRISTIANITY AND POLICY.-Mr. Charles L. Brace read a paper at the American Social Science Association, Saratoga, New York, on September 8th, this year, on Christianity and the Relations of the Nations." In this paper Mr. Brace traces the progress the nations have made towards rendering war more humane and on the possibilities of arbitration as a substitute for war. This might be a possibility if all nations were equally civilized, but while that is not the case brute force will still be a necessary medium for settling disputes. There is even amongst civilized nations always a danger as with individuals that sober sense and reason may become obscured. We presume that neither the North nor the South would have listened to a proposal for arbitration at any time during the late civil war; neither would Great Britain if her claims had not been allowed in the "Trent" business which arose out of the same.

THE FAULTS OF SPEECH.-Instructors of the young are well aware what difficulty the majority of English children experience in pronouncing their own language; they therefore, together with ourselves, will welcome a little work by Dr. Alexander Melville Bell, entitled The Faults of Speech, a Self Corrector and Teachers' Manual." Dr. Bell,

the author of "Visible Speech," which has proved so useful to teachers of the deaf and dumb, says that in revising his Principles of Speech and Vocal Physiology," in 1863, in sections devoted to the Cure of Stammering." and the Dictionary of Sounds," reference was made under each consonant to the defects to which the element was subject; but a complete separate treatise on the "Faults of Speech' has not hitherto been published. He is therefore glad to add to his professional publications, one which he hopes and believes will prove not the least useful of the whole. This little book bears rather a high price for its size, but not for its intrinsic usefulness. We are confident that as a manual its merits cannot be estimated by a moneyed value. It contains at the end a valuable appendix of "Tables and Exercises." It is published in Salem, Mass., by Mr. J. P. Burbank, and Trübner & Co. are the London agents.

GERMAN LIFE AND LITERATURE.-Mr. Alexander Hay Japp, LL.D., etc., has just completed a very interesting volume, some portions of which have appeared at various times in periodicals. He calls it "German Life and Literature in a Series of Biographical Studies." Taking Lessing, Wincklemann, Mendelssohn, Herder, Goethe, Tieck, and Novalis as representative thinkers and typical men, he has endeavoured to give his readers an insight into the "main currents," as he expresses it, of Modern German Literature. We trust that Mr. Japp's labours will meet with the reward they deserve, and that the demand for this book may induce him at some future time to give us a second series of his "Studies." The volume is published by Messrs. Marshall, Japp, & Co. of Holborn Viaduct.

REVISTA CRISTIANA.-Is the title of a fortnightly Scientific Review which has appeared in Madrid since the beginning of this year, and which decidedly supplying a long-felt want in the Spanish Literature of the day. Free from all sectarian views, it advocates general Christian principles, but at the same time gives modern science its due right and consideration. It makes use of the best works in prose and verse of modern Spanish writers, conveying at the same time to Spain an impression of the life going on in the Christianity of other countries, and thus proves a valuable link between modern thought and the ordinary Spanish train of ideas. It will prove the more useful, as there is, no doubt, in Spain as in other Latin races, a new breeze of independent intellectual inquiry and free investigation springing up, which, as a matter of fact, naturally directs itself against the religion of the State, which by the Syllabus has condemned all independent scientific life. It must be well for the Spaniards to know that Christianity in other countries does not consider science as an enemy to religion, but strives to attain by patient labour the best and highest culture of mind. We wish the publication all success, which it will, we doubt not, attain by its well-chosen and ably-written articles, as well as by its attractive appearance and cheap price, viz. 6s. for the whole year's subscription. In England subscriptions will be received by Messrs. Trübner & Co., 57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London; and in Spain at the Librería nacional y estranjera, Iacometrezo, 59, Madrid.

THE FAIRY LORe of Japan.-The Japanese Fairy World is the title of an elegant little volume by William Elliot Griffis, author of "The Mikado's Empire." It contains a collection of stories from the Mythology of the Japanese, legends, fairy tales, fables, and accounts of the doings of the strange folk who inhabit the wonder world of the Japanese child, as told by the artist and story-teller, or as found in the native literature. Japanese Fairy World amply illustrates and explains the characteristic subjects of the Legendary, Decorative and Comic Art of Japan. Besides being a collection of wonderful and entertaining stories, it will serve in a sense, as the interpreter of Japanese Art. The eleven illustrations are drawn especially for this work, by Ozawa Nankoku, one of the most noted artists of Tokio.

THE FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES.-Rear-Admiral Geo. Henry Preeble, U.S.N., has prepared a second edition of his History of the Flag of the United States of America, and of the Naval and Yacht Club Signals, Seals and Arms, and principal National Songs. With a chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations. The first edition of this work was published in 1872, and the author has devoted the intervening years to the accumulation of new material and facts, the correction of errors, and a general revision of the work. The chapter on the return of the battle-flags of the volunteer regiments to their States has been extended and brought up to date, and a chapter on the history of State Flags and Colours added, and some matter has been omitted. The coloured flags, etc., have been changed and re-arranged, and more

than one hundred and fifty wood engravings and autographies of national songs, and documents bearing upon the history of the flag, have been added.

A NEW ANNUAL OF SCIENCE.-The editors of the "American Naturalist" propose to issue, as a continuation of Baird's Annual of Science, a series of articles on scientific subjects, which are now appearing month by month in that periodical. The first authorities in the United States are engaged on these papers, amongst whom will be found Messrs. Coues, Dall, White, Mason, Kingsley, Gill, T. Sterry Hunt, and others. At the close of the year Reports will be issued in a separate volume by the publishers of the "Naturalist." It is expected to continue this annual record, and there is no doubt that they will much exceed in fullness anything of the kind hitherto published. The price of the book will be the same as Baird's Annual of Science.

THE ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA.-We note that the First Annual Report of the Executive Committee with accompanying papers 1879-80, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Institute, Boston, May 15, 1880, has been published. It contains, "A Study on the Houses of the American Aborigines, the ruins in New Mexico, Arizona, 66 Ancient and Central America, etc.," by Lewis H. Morgan. Walls on Monte Leone, Italy," by W. J. Stillman, and "Notes on Greek Shores," by Joseph Thacker Clarke. This First Report is a royal 8vo. volume, with exceedingly sharp and distinct heliotype illustrations, and its being from the press of John Wilson & Sons, of Cambridge, Mass., is quite sufficient guarantee of the excellence of its typography.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 1830-1880.The Boston Society of Natural History proposes, as a part of the celebration of its Fiftieth Anniversary, to issue a handsome quarto volume, containing a history of the Society, by ex-President Mr. Thomas T. Bouvé, and a series of memoirs on the following subjects;-Anatomy and Embryology of the King-Crab, by Dr. A. S. Packard, jun.; Gymnosporangia of the United States, by Dr. W. G. Farlow; The Feeling of Effort, by Prof. William James; New Structural Features in Deep-Sea Ophiurans, by Col. Theodore Lyman; The Devonian Insects of North America, by Mr. S. H. Scudder; Skulls of New England Indians, by Mr. Lucien Carr; The Tongue of Reptiles and Birds, by Dr. C. S. Minot; Genesis and Evolution of the Species of Planorbis at Steinheim, by Prof. A. Hyatt; Ascending Process of the Astragalus as the Intermedium in Birds, by Prof. E. S. Morse; Development of the Squid, by Dr. William K. Brooks; Anatomy of the Milk-weed Butterfly, by Mr. E. Burgess; Development of a Double-headed Amblystoma, by W. S. Clarke; with perhaps some others. The volume will contain between four and five hundred pages, and about thirty plates and ten portraits, and will be ready for delivery shortly.

THE SURGEON-GENERAL'S LIBRARY. -"What is an Index ?" has been answered by the magnificent one now publishing of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army, Washington, of which Vol. I. A-Berlinski, has just been printed at the Government Printing Office, under the editorship of J. S. Billings, Bvt.-Lieut.-Col. and Surgeon U. S. Army. It includes 9,090 author-titles, representing 8,031 volumes, and 6,398 pamphlets; 9,000 subject-titles of separate books and pamphlets; and 34,604 titles of articles in periodicals are included in this first volume of what will, when completed, be the most valuable catalogue of books ever compiled in any special science.

NEW YORK STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM.-We have received from Dr. Gray the Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the State Lunatic Asylum, for 1879. Dr. Gray gives an interesting chapter on "** The Progress of Treatment.'

THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION.-The Commissioner of Education has recently issued circulars Nos. 2 and 3, 1880. The first gives an account of the proceedings of the Department of Superintendence of the National Association at Washington, February 18-20, 1880, in which will be found some interesting facts concerning "Visible Speech." The latter is on "The Legal Rights of Children." Besides the above, the Commissioner has recently issued, "Vacation Colonies for Sickly Children," The Indian School at Carlisle Barracks," and The Progress of Western Education in China and Siam." HUBBARD'S PRINTER'S ADVERTISER. This journal of Typographic and Newspaper Life, published monthly at New Haven, Conn., is now in its sixth volume; it is, as the American printing trade organs usually are, a fine specimen of the art, and superior to most of its European contemporaries. It comes up to our idea of what a printer's paper should be, a pattern of workmanship.

AMERICAN LIBRARIES.-The Harvard University Library Bulletin, No. 16, for October, 1880, besides a list of accessions to the Library, contains "Notes on Russian Nihilism," to be continued. The present issue gives a list of works from English and German sources.-The Boston Public Library has issued its Twenty-eighth Annual Report for 1880. Its card catalogue, to which the public have access in the Bates Hall, has now reached 600,000 distinct and separate titles and cross references. We have also received the "Bulletin" of the same library for October, 1880.

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APPLETON'S SUMMER BOOK (New York, D. Appleton & Co.; London, Trübner & Co.), will be welcomed by all lovers of fine scenery well drawn and engraved. Some of the landscapes we think we recognize as having appeared in Picturesque America," but that is no drawback, as it is not every one who possesses that work, and to such as do we would say, "a thing of beauty is a joy for ever." Besides descriptions of the scenes depicted, the text contains articles on some of the natural wonders of the land and water, chapters for sportsmen, anglers, and naturalists; whilst the holiday maker who is not inclined to exert himself will find in it both poetry and fiction. When perused it will form an ornamental adjunct to the drawing-room table.

ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION.-The Ferris Publishing Company, Albany, New York (Trübner & Co., London), have issued Practical Artificial Incubation, by J. F. Ferris, Editor of the Poultry Monthly" and the Fancier's Weekly.' This little work, which is profusely illustrated, is written with a view to exhibit the merits and defects of the artificial incubators now before the public, and we cordially recommend it to would-be poultry-raisers, as it seems exhaustive of the subject up to the present time.

COLORADO.-Mr. Frank Fossett has just published a second edition of his excellent work on Colorado, its Gold and Silver Mines, Farms. and Stock Ranges, and Health and Pleasure Resorts. This edition contains many corrections and additions. together with the appendix which was wanting in the first edition. Mr. Frank Fossett is certainly the best authority on this romantic State.

SUGAR GROWING IN QUEENSLAND.-Mr. Henry Ling Roth, of Brisbane, Queensland, has issued a Report on the Sugar Industry of the Colony of Queensland, tending to show that Queensland will be able in the near future to supply the whole of the Australian Colonies with cane sugar. In 1867 the importation of sugar into the Colony began to fall off, and since that time, after supplying the home market, the Queensland sugar growers have been slowly, but surely, pushing their way into the markets of the neighbouring Colonies. Mr. Roth would not recommend any sugar grower to start without a capital of from twenty to thirty thousand pounds, a rather large capital to invest in any colonial industry. We, however, think with him that failures from want of sufficient capital not only injure the individual who fails, but the colony, as it tends to deter others from embarking in what, with the necessary means, would be a profitable investment.

VICTORIA MINES.-From the Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the quarter ended June 30th, 1880, we learn that the total quantity of gold obtained from alluvium and quartz reefs during the quarter was 198,528 oz. 7 dwts., the quantity of gold exported was 29,790 oz. 18 dwts., the gross weight of Victorian rough gold received at the Melbourne branch of the Royal Mint was 7,291 oz. 43 dwts., and the gross weight of gold bullion issued was 137,435, oz. 94 dwts. PANAMA INTEROCEANIC CANAL. - The Hon. Joseph Nimmo, Jun., Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, has complied a report on the Commercial Aspects of the proposed American Interoceanic Canal. Although a considerable portion of this report is necessarily dry figures, there has been such a demand for it that it has gone out of print, although it has only been published about two months.

SCIENCE. This is the title of a weekly record of scientific progress, illustrated, edited by Mr. John Michels. It commenced publishing in July last, and from the numbers we have seen, we should think it will hold the same position in America that " Nature" does on this side the Atlantic. There is no doubt an opening in the United States for a good weekly periodical devoted to pure science.

FALLON.-The late Dr. S. W. Fallon was born on the 16th September, 1817, at Calcutta, and died near Slough, on the 3rd of October of this year. The late Doctor was emphatically speaking a self-made, self-taught man. In his twentieth year he entered the Educational Service of India, and by his great devotion, knowledge, and organisatory power finally became one of the most efficient and respected Inspectors of Schools in India. He was from childhood extremely delicate, and already forty years ago the doctors declared he could not live. Still, by a well-regulated careful abstemious life Dr. Fallon lived to complete his 63rd year, and might still be among us, but for his over-devotion to work and his favourite studies. Indeed his power for work was only exceeded by his greed for it, and he died from sheer exhaustion whilst engaged on the completion of his great Hindustani Dictionary. In 1857, he edited his HindustaniEnglish Law and Commercial Dictionary. This important work having come to the knowledge of the authorities of the University of Halle, Dr. Fallon, when in Europe in 1861, was made a Doctor of Philosophy of that University. A second edition of this work was printed at Benares in 1879. In 1875, Dr. Fallon began the publication of his Hindustani-English Dictionary, with Illustrations from Hindustani Literature and Folk-Lore, his Opus Magnum, and completed the same in 1879, in an imperial 8vo. volume of more than 1200 pages. Scholars now and hereafter will be grateful to the deceased for this very remarkable work, which will rank, if it does not do so already, among the great scholarly achievements of the age. As regards the corresponding English - Hindustani volume. Dr. Fallon lived only to see the first part of 48 pages printed and issued. The work was announced to be completed in about 12 parts of 48 pages each, and it is to be hoped that the deceased left sufficient material to enable a competent editor to carry the whole through the press. Dr. Fallon had formed the plans of several more important works, among them one on the Wise Saws and Proverbial Sayings of Kabir, the great religious reformer, satirist and moralist, who lived in the 16th century, and was claimed as their own by both Hindus and Mahommadans, although with judicial impartiality and rare courage he had lashed both alike. Dr. Fallon, owing to his desire to complete his works, and probably also owing to failing health, retired in 1875, and went to reside at Delhi, because there Urdu is

spoken with the greatest purity. Early this year he came on a visit to England, and was on the point of returning to India, at the time of his death.

HALDEMAN.-Prof. S. S. Haldeman, naturalist and philologist, has died in the 68th year of his age. He was born in 1812. near Columbia, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and studied at Dick College. In 1836-7, he was appointed as an assistant in the Geological Surveys of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and discovered the oldest fossil then known, the Scholithus linearis. In Agassiz's Bibliographia Zoologica will be found 73 memoirs by Haldeman, on subjects connected with the natural sciences. He had recently made Philology his study, in relation to which we may mention "Pennsylvanian-Dutch,' Report on the Present State of Linguistic Ethnology," "Analytical Orthography," "Etymology," "Latin Pronunciation," and "English Affixes." Prof. Haldeman was an expert at chess playing, and his "Tours of a Chess Knight" is a very interesting monograph on chess.

PEIRCE.-Professor Benjamin Peirce, late Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, died on the 6th of October in Boston, Mass. He was born in 1809, at Salem, Mass., and graduated in Harvard University in 1829, where he afterwards became Perkins Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics, which post he held from 1842 to 1867. He was the author of the following works: "Elementary Treatise on Plane Trigonometry," "Elementary Treatise on Spherical Trigonometry," EleElementary Treatise on Sound,' mentary Treatise on Plane and Solid Geometry" printed for the blind, "Elementary Treatise on Algebra," "Elementary Treatise on Curves, Functions, and Forces," "Tables of the Moon," "Physical and Celestial Mechanics in four Systems," ," "A System of Analytical Mechanics; " besides articles on Astronomy and Mathematics in various scientific periodicals, the American Nautical Almanac," and the Report of the United States Coast Survey."

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URICOECHEA.-We regret to have to register the death of our old friend and correspondent Dr. E. Uricoechea, which took place at Beyrout, Syria, on July the 28th of this year. He was born at Bogota, New Granada, on April 9th, 1834, his family being of Basque origin. In 1852 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, from Yale College, New Haven, U.S.A., where he studied. In 1854 he became Doctor