Bassorah; two thousand came from Malay; three thousand from Mocha and Southern Arabia. Besides all these, six great caravans arrived : one from Cairo and Suez; another from Damascus, Syria, and Asia Minor; a third from Bassorah; a fourth from Bushire, across the Persian Gulf to Bahrein, and thence through Central Arabia; a fifth from Muscat; and the sixth from Yemen. The cholera of 1829 was rightly supposed by the Arabs of Jedda to have been brought up by the Hindoos from India; but it was not until the whole multitude had assembled at Mecca that it reached its utmost violence. Over sixty thousand pilgrims died, and among them the governors of Mecca and Jedda, the pasha of the Persian caravan, and many people of distinction. The dead were thrown by hundreds into large pits, and the road from Mecca to Jedda was strewn with the dead and dying for weeks. The disease followed the pilgrims in their return passage up and down the Red Sea, and notably so to Yembo, Suez, and Cairo, which were attacked successively, as the pilgrims arrived at them."

In regard to the next epidemic, Macnamara, p. 10, quotes Rigler, who states that in May, 1846, cholera (which was carried over from Bombay) showed itself at Aden and Mocha, near the mouth of the Red Sea, and at Jedda which is the port of Mecca. Fortunately the celebration of the Courban Bairan did not then take place, or there can be little doubt that cholera would have at once spread to Mecca, as it did later in the year, when the devotees crowded there in November. Dr. Verollet states that it was also brought down from Persia in 1847 by the great Damaseus caravan, which picked up the disease at Meshed Hossein and Meshed Ali. He also assures us that it had been carried south from Bolkhara in Central Asia to Great Meshed by pilgrims, and from there to Teheran, Damascus, Meshed Hossein and Ali, down to Mecca, occupying ten mouths in the trip. Fifteen thousand pilgrims died at Mecca in 1847. It re-appeared in Mecca and Medina in April, 1848, and was carried by the returning pilgrims to Egypt, and reached the fair at Tantah between Suez and Alexandria, quickly destroying three thousand there, besides. committing great ravages over the whole country.

In Olympe Audouards, "Les Mysteres de Egypte Devoiles," 12th edition, Paris, 1866, p. 251, will be found a description of the most horrible of all festivals, which takes place at Tantah in June every year, at the tomb of Said el Bedoui, who had a great reputation for the cure of sterility. All barren women have the privilege of going to this as semblage, where from two to six hundred thousand persons are said to congregate. The scenes of licentiousness exceed all ordinary credence ;; and the cures effected are stated to be numberless. All the most obscene practices of the ancient heathen worship are there rivaled. The results of this outbreak of cholera were also united on the Mediterranean with those which had come by way of Russia, Turkey, and Germany, in 1848.

In 1850 cholera again broke out in Egypt and along the whole African coast of the Mediterranean. In 1852, Egypt, Malta, and the Ionian Islands were once more under its influence. In 1855 it was in Asia Minor and Egypt, carried down there from the west by the outbreak in the Crimea and other places, and the Damascus caravan was attacked on its way to Mecca. During 1858 many towns along the coast of the Red Sea were again subjected to the scourge. It also prevailed at Mecca, Lohea, Hodeida, Mocha, and Aden, and at or near the mouth of the Red Sea, to which it was continually brought by pilgrims. From these places it was, as usual, carried down the east coast of Africa to Zanzibar, froin whence place. pilgrims and slave-traders also came to Mecca. It also H. Ex. 95-41

crossed the Red Sea into Abyssinia, and was carried down to Central Africa by slave-traders and others. In 1859 it was reproduced at Mecca. and the havoc in the returning Damascus caravan was again very great From 1551 to 1861, inclusive, there were twenty-one thousand acknowl edged deaths from cholera in Bombay. Of these, four thousand oc eurred in 1851; three thonsand three hundred in 1854; two thousand one hundred in 1856; two thousand three hundred in 1859; and all the other years had from one thousand one hundred to one thousand seven hundred each, except 1853, in which only one hundred and five were recorded. Macnamara says, p. 155, “ We find in the history of the dis ease in Bombay evidence of a source quite sufficient to reproduce it in those places which are in constant communication with it." Frequently it was carried unobtrusively by the native boats and sailing-vessels, about which nobody cared, and rarely by the large well-equipped steamships, except at the time of the Mecca festivals. Hence Bombay long escaped the suspicion of exporting the disease.

In 1864, it appeared at Punderpoor, below Bombay, among the pil grims, and at the fair in Kandeish, above it, and soon became epidemic among the native population in Bombay. The year 1865 was a great twelfth year festival period, and eighty-four thousand died of cholera in the Bombay presidency alone. Macnamara says, (p. 203,) we have evidence of the disease quickly extending its influence from Bombay to the Red Sea. Early in 1865 it was at Makalla, on the South Arabian coast; at Aden, near the mouth of the Red Sea; and at Mocha, just inside and above it." From Dr. Buez's account-see Mission au Hejs (the province of Arabia in which Mecca and Jeddah are situated,) Paris, 1873, p. 74-cholera was at Makalla as early as February, 1865. A vessel stopped there and sailed with four hundred pilgrims; on the sixth day out cholera appeared, with five or six deaths at first, and then fifty deaths in two days; but none for three days before arrival at Jeddah, from whence the rest of the pilgrims departed quickly for Mecca. The steamers Persia and North Wind, which stopped at Makalla, lost one hundred and forty-three pilgrims and sailors by cholera before they ar rived at Jeddah. Another vessel from India lost twenty-nine; another twenty; the Ruby, from Singapore, lost ninety out of five hundred pilgrims. In all, forty-one vessels arrived at Jeddah from infected places, some with cholera on board.

Dr. Said Bukt, of India, and a member of the local council of Mecca in 1865, shrewdly says: "The disease may have come first with the Persia and North Wind, but who can say positively, when thousands are coming and going?"

Jeddah is largely concerned in the slave-trade, mainly with Abyssinia, but somewhat with Muscat and Zanzibar. The slaves have to be landed at night to escape the observation of the foreign consuls, and the authorities and ship-captains are familiar with every device for blinding inquisitive inquirers. It is estimated that thirty thousand pilgrims fell victims to cholera at Jeddah and Mecca in May, 1865. From May 19 to June 10, fifteen thousand pilgrims arrived at Suez in ten steamers from Jeddah and Mecca. the passengers was perfect, and that only six or eight had died, all of It was officially declared that the health of non-contagious diseases, on board of each vessel; and free pratique was allowed; but it afterward came out that the Sidney, an English steamer, bad lost more than one hundred out of two thousand passengers. (Buez, p. 72.) On May 23, one of M. Lesseps's physicians observed cholera in a convoy of pilgrims from Suez to Alexandria. By the end of May, fifteen thousand pilgrims were encamped near Alexandria, and

the neighboring Arabs fraternized with them and contracted cholera. By Juue 1, the first case in Alexandria was reported, in the person of one who had lived in communication with the pilgrims. If any deaths occurred among the pilgrims they were concealed. From the 5th to the 11th of June the disease became decided, always among those who had been in contact with the pilgrims; but the physicians of the sanitary corps pronounced all the cases to be pernicious algid fever mixed with cholerine and sporadic cholera, (p. 73.) It was not until June 11 that the health-bills of vessels from Alexaudria contained the fact that cholera was present there. In the course of two months it destroyed four thousand in Alexandria; and up to July 23, sixty thousand died in Egypt. A panic ensued in Alexandria, and thirty-five thousand persons fled from it to Beyrout, Cyprus, Malta, Smyrna, Constantinople, Trieste, Ancona, and Marseilles. The first infected vessel for Southampton, England, left Alexandria before cholera was acknowledged there, and it was not until after the lapse of seven years that Dr. Nettin Radcliff obtained indubitable evidence of its presence. It was claimed that it had been blown to Southampton by the winds, or sprang up from some occult epidemic influence before it broke out in Alexandria.

We have seen how cholera is brought to Alexandria from Mecca, in the East; we will now show how it is distributed along the Mediterranean to the West. Almost all the English, French, Austrian, and Italian steamships which sail on the Mediterranean carry pilgrims to Alexandria from Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Malta, Turkey, Southern Russia, Asia Minor, &c., in time to partake in the festivities of the Kurban Bairam at Mecca; for this trade yields considerable profit at little cost. In 1863, as many as ten thousand pilgrims were conveyed in British ships alone between Alexandria and one or the other ports of Northern and Western Africa. We will record the experience of one steamer stopping at Tangier, opposite Gibraltar: "Crowds of the dusky tents of the Hadji, or pilgrims, were seen upon the beach. The next day, from dawn to sunset, large boat-loads were poured on board, with their bags of millet, cracked wheat, little cooking-stoves, charcoal, and their water-bags, to the number of two thousand persons. The night came on boisterously; the skies poured down torrents of rain; the burdened vessel plunged among the waves, shipping many heavy seas, until all were drenched and soaked, and their provisions damaged. Above the howlings of the storm arose the piteous cries of the pilgrims, as the great seas broke over them.

"It is a point of religion for these devotees to carry no change of raiment with them, and besides the filth of their wet and unchauged garments, there was soon added the ordure of two thousand men, women, and children kept closely packed together on deck for a fortnight, with nothing provided for their relief but an extemporized stage of planks projecting from the vessel's side, upon which few landsmen could venture, even in moderately calm weather. The constant wash of the rain and sea alone carried away much of the filth, which otherwise would have been unbearable. Small-pox broke out, and several deaths occurred before arrival at Malta, but passengers and sailors combined to deceive the captain, from fear that he would report it and have his ship quarantined. The deaths are comparatively few on the voyage east, but on the return-passage, when all are exhausted and worn out, as many as one-third have been known to die. Then their companions push them into the sea the moment they cease to breathe, if they can do so unobserved; or else cover over their bodies and sit upon them, like bags, until a convenient opportunity occurs.