For several years, viz, from 1870 to 1873, the great force of the disease seemed to be confined between the forty-first to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, and from the fortieth to the fifteenth degree of east longitude; but especially from the forty-first to the fifty-fifth degree of latitude, and the fifteenth to the thirtieth degree of east longitude. In this square patch, bounded by Odessa, Kiev, and Smolensk, on the east; Odessa, Jassy, Pesth, and Vienna, on the south; Wilna, Konigsberg, Dantzic, Stettin, Lubeck, Altona, and Hamburg, on the north; and Vienna, Prague, Dresden, Berlin, and Stettin, on the west, the pes. tilence raged in its fullest force. In the west of Russia, rivers that flow north and south, to the Baltic and Black Seas, take their rise under the shadow of the same trees; when in the flood they convert the swamps around their source into one continuous lake; so that a traveler may pass by boat, without interruption, from the Baltic to the Black Sea. One river, the Pripet, a branch of the Dnieper, upon which Kiev is situated, creeps south to the Dnieper through a swamp as long as England. The rivers Niemen, Vistula, and Oder arise in this place and flow north to the Baltic near Tilset, Konigsburg, Dautzic, Elbing, and Stettin; while the Dnieper, the Bog, and Dneister run south to the Black Sea, near Odessa. In Poland, the Niemen and Vistula are connected by canals with the Dneiper; so that there is an uninterrupted water-communication from Odessa and Kiev to Konigsberg and Dantzic. Over forty thousand Polish raftsmen descend the Niemen and Vistula to the Baltic every year, and when the disease was once established in Galicia, which is due west of Kiev, and in Poland, the Baltic provinces were flooded with it every year from 1871 to 1874. And when Hungary was drawn into the vortex, Austria and Italy soon began to suffer.

In Galicia, due west of Kiev, from the first reported case on May 4, 1871, there had been thirty-eight thousand four hundred and forty-eight cases; in three hundred and forty-six different towns and villages.

From October, 1871, to December 13, 1873, there had been four hundred and thirty-three thousand two hundred and ninety-five cases in Hungary, in more than six hundred and two localities.

In Poland, in 1872, there had been thirty-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-six cases.

Various importations and exportations of cholera took place. In September, 1871, the steamer Orion, from Konigsberg, was allowed to go up to the islands at Amsterdam, although the captain had died of cholera. In 1871 an infected vessel from Cronstadt was permitted to come into the Thames. Two infected ships arrived at Hull, England, in 1871. In September, 1871, the schooner Marshall came to Sunderland, England, with her captain dead of cholera. In September, 1871, a fatal case occurred at Hartlepool, England, on board of the Hamburg steamer Uhlenhurst. The United States vessel, Loretto Fish, arrived at Cardiff, Wales, in September, 1871, with four fatal cases, from Hamburg.

The first cases, sixteen in number, in Altona, near Hainburg, occurred August 9, 1871; and the initial attacks happened in Hamburg, August 28, 1871. On September 23, 1871, the ship Alster, from Hamburg, arrived in England, with cases.

In June, 1872, the Austrian steamer Diana carried cholera from Constantinople down to Alexandria. In June, 1872, the steamer Rainbow, of Newcastle, came from Odessa, direct to England, with the disorder. On August 3, 1872, an infected ship from Odessa also arrived at Falmouth, England. In 1872, it forty-seven cases were carried from Warsaw, in Poland, down the Vistula to Dantzic, and spread east and west along the Baltic. In 1872, Cuban vessels were quarantined at Jamaica

against cholera. In Dresden, in 1872, the first case came from Pesth, in Hungary, but was reported as cholera morbus. In August, 1873, it was brought to London, from Hamburg. In June, 1873, several cases were brought to Dresden from Bohemia, (Prague,) on two Elbe steamboats. It was brought to Liverpool by the ships Rosanne aud Hortense, from Havre, which had derived the disease from Hamburg. In August, 1872, there were one hundred and seven cases, in one week, in Hamburg. The schooner Inhama, from Calais, France, arrived at Lon don in 1873. Cholera broke out again in Hamburg, in June, 1873. AtThorn, in East Prussia, on the Vistula, it was brought by Polish raftsmen. At Thorn, the Vistula is connected by a canal with the Oder, and the pestilence was carried down to Stettin. The Oder is also united to the Elbe by another canal, and thus the disorder was brought around from the Baltic, to the North Sea. In 1873, there were twelve hundred and twenty-five cases of cholera in Hamburg. In August, 1873, cases occurred on board the Hamburg steamer Rhine. At Dordrecht, Holland, it was introduced by the bark Freia, from the Baltic, with three deaths on the voyage. In 1872 and 1873, it was carried from Russia to Sweden. In August, 1873, three fatal cases occurred in London, in emigrants who came from Sweden to Kiel, in Denmark, and from there went by rail to Hamburg, and from thence by steainer to London. Cholera prevailed in all three places. In September, 1873, a steamer arrived at London from Cronstadt with cholera. Hamburg had over seven hundred cases from July 26 to August 23, 1873.

In the British Medical Journal, August, 1871, we read: "On board three steamers from Cronstadt, bound for Hull, England, there had been fatal cases of cholera, especially upon the Bingos. These vessels were stopped, and the Privy Council of England ordered all bedding and clothing used by cholera patients on board to be destroyed."

The Lancet of October 11, 1873, says: "The steamer Leibnitz, from Liverpool, has been declared affected with cholera, and put into quarantine at Lisbon. It is well known that two steamers from Genoa, Italy, carried the disease down to Rio Janeiro in 1873; but it is not as well known that there are very large colonies of Italians in Brazil who are apt to import the disorder."

The principal points closely connected with the origin and spread of this last epidemic of cholera from India, in 1867, to Europe and the United States up to 1873 and 1874, which have come out with renewed prominence, are: the fearful amount of contamination of the soil and water; and also, of the air of infected houses and hospitals, arising from the habits, not only of the Hindoos and Persians, but of Europeans and Americans.

The Hindoos take the lead merely in point of numbers, for they amount to nearly two hundred millions; and the greater heat of their climate. It is estimated that one hundred and fifty millious of them have no privies, and always defecate upon the open ground. Albeit many thousands of tons of human offal have thus been daily deposited upon the surface of the earth, for some thousands of years, yet some little sense of decency is kept up. The women and children of the better classes always have little screens near their houses, behind which they retire, and their accumulations are removed every week by an outcast sweeper-tribe. The males go to the fields, with the ceremony and regularity of prayers, every morning; and all, both men and women, invariably carry with them a little vessel of water, for ablution, which is performed with the left hand only. Then a small quantity of earth is put on the recrement, as in old Mosaic and modern earth-closet times.

But the result has been an enormous defilement of the surface, with a corresponding degree of saturation of the subsoil, and a consequent extensive pollution of the drinking-water everywhere.

In Persia, the huge inclosed caravanserais, in which hundreds of men and animals are shut up every night, have no privies; and their wells are in the center. The flat roofs of the Persian houses, on which the inhabitants sleep in warm nights, are used as places of conveniency; and the dried deposits are commonly used for fuel. Thus all their cisterns and rain-water supplies are apt to become contaminated.

In Russia, Germany, and Italy the majority of the cess-pits or privyvaults are in the cellars of the houses; while the seats are often near the kitchen-fire, for warmth and comfort, while paying tribute to Cloacina. A remarkable outbreak occurred at Delhi, in connection with this subject of coprology, at a funeral feast given November 26, 1871, by a Righur, in commemoration of the death of his brother. All the male Righurs, a peculiar sect, numbering five hundred in all, were present; and none others. The provisions consisted of cooked rice, wheat, and barley, garnished with sugar and melted butter. The sole drink was water; for meats, liquors, and women are excluded from these solemn repasts. The food was good and carefully cooked; but the huge mass had to be spread upon mats on the floor, and among them was a new mat upon which the dead brother had lain. He had been falsely reported as dead of fever; but it was subsequently discovered that he died, after an illness of a few hours, from severe vomiting and purging. The remains of the feast were carried home to the women and children; so that every man, woman, and child partook of more or less of it. No bad effects were observed for nearly two days, when several began to vomit and purge; and by noon of the third day, there had been forty-five attacks and eleven deaths; and up to the eighth day, seventy seizures and forty-four bereavements. Up to the fifth day, all the cases of cholera were limited entirely to the Righurs; fifteen families of whom lived at some distance. After that it spread to others.

New water-works were opened in Calcutta in 1870, up to which time there had always been from three to six thousand deaths from cholera, per year, in that city. In 1870 the number of deaths fell to fifteen hundred and sixty; in 1871 to seven hundred and ninety, and in 1872 to about six hundred. In December, 1871, an outburst, confined to the inmates of three excellent houses in a fine block of buildings in Russell square, Calcutta, occurred. The three residences formed one boarding establishment, with a kitchen in common. There had been no cholera in that neighborhood for four years. On the night of December 5, all the lodgers were in good health, but in forty-eight hours the large majority of them were sick; among them Archdeacon Pratt, who went to Ghazipoor, three hundred miles off, was seized on the 7th, and died the next day. Only one native servant partook of the food prepared for the Europeans, and he fell a victim. The water and milk were brought by carriers who lived in a suburb called Bhowanipoor; and within a stone's throw of the tank from whence the milkman and watercarrier obtained their water, there had been eight cases of the disease from two to five days before; and it had been prevalent in the neighborhood for a week. The disease was carried in the drinking-water and in the milk diluted with it.

Cholera prevailed in St. Petersburg from 1870 to 1874. Dr. Monall states that the sanitary condition of the city is disgraceful to civilization. The soil is so little above the level of the river Neva that it is saturated with sewage, and the place seems almost floating on a mass of