Caisneto, Chesne (even Alexander Chesnei is given as father of John de Chednei), Cheney, Cheyne. Even De Keynes, Cahaignes, and Keynes seem of the same origin. Some of the Cheneys bore Ermine, on a bend (—) three martlets (—) very early, but another branch took the Shurland arms on marriage with an heiress, Az., six lioncels rampant arg., canton ermine.

The Cheynes, of Cheney Court, Hereford, bore Gules, on four lozenges (in fesse?) arg. as many escallops sa. The Cheynes, of Drayton Beauchamp, bore Checky or az., fesse gu. fretty arg. Then as to origin, Walter de Chesne (or de Cayneto) calls his father Hugh, son of Goscelin the Breton. He (Walter) took the name from his mother, the daughter and coheiress of William de Cayneto, who was probably of Norman descent; he too took his name from his mother (his father's name was De Cadomo). T. W.

Aston Clinton.

"COALS TO NEWCASTLE" (8th S. ii. 484; iii. 17).-Cotgrave, under "Teste" has "Il a du feu en la teste. He is very cholerick, furious, or courageous; he will carry no coales." With regard to "carry no coals" there is the following remark in the 'Henry Irving Shakespeare,' vol. i. p. 237: "Is it possible that this expression may be connected with that used in Proverbs xxv. 22, and in Romans xii. 20, 'To heap coals of fire on an enemy's head'; a man who would carry no coals being one of so furious a temper, that no patience or forbearance, on the part of his enemy, would appease his anger?'

way into all the dictionaries, and was copied by Col. Chester in his notes on the Abbey Registers. I have some letters of Dr. Blair, and that which I here transcribe names both Capt. William Blair, R.N., and also the William who was the prebendary's brother, and who was then in India :

Westminster Abbey, May 25th, 1782. Dear Sir,-Since my last letter I am sorry to convey to you the very melancholy Tidings of your Brother in a Sea Engagement with the French off the Isle of Captain William Blair's Death on the 12th of April last Dominique in the West Indies, and where we obtained a great victory. He commanded the Anson Man of War of 64 Guns, he fell near the beginning of the Engagement by a Cannon Ball being within a Pistol Shot of the French Admiral, and what was remarkable there were the Battle, and 13 wounded. The House of Commons in only two of the Ships Company besides himself killed in testimony of his great and gallant Behaviour have voted a Monument for him and two other Captains at the publick Expense in Westminster Abbey. You may believe the account of his Loss overwhelmed all my Family with the deepest Concern, as his Love and Attention to them all made them look upon him as an Elder Brother. Since the account came of his Death I received a long letter from him dated the 16th of March and which he sent by the Packet being the last opportunity that offered before the fatal Day of the Engagement......I received a letter from you about six weeks ago by a Danish Ship dated 7th Jan 1781 from Calcutta by which I had the agreeable Intelligence of your Promotion to the rank of Captain and also to the command of the first Battalion of a Regiment of Sea Poys at Chunar where my Brother was lately appointed Governor. All our affairs here are much agitated by a late total Change of the Ministry, and this has extended to your East Indian Affairs where Select and Secret Committees are projecting great alterations. Mrs. Blair joins in best Complim' to you and I am ever with great truth Dear Sir Your most faithful humble Servt

To Captain Thomas Blair

JN° BLAIR.

I have omitted the middle part of the letter, his two cousins William and Thomas, for both of which refers only to investments made on behalf of whom he acted as treasurer. The date of the letter shows that news of the victory had not been long in reaching England. Among the French prisoners brought to England was a young officer of the name of Blair, the descendant of a Perthshire gentleman of that name who settled in France in the time of Charles I. He found his way to Westminster, and was hospitably received by Dr. Blair, as I find by a letter of the doctor's daughter still preserved.

A. T. M.

ANNE VAUX (8th S. iii. 29).—John of Gaunt, by his second wife, Katherine Roet, was the father of Joan Beaufort, who, by her marriage with Ralph Neville, first Earl of Westmoreland, was mother of Richard, Earl of Salisbury, who by his wife, Lady Alice Montacute, was the father of Lady Alice Neville. She married Henry, fifth Lord Fitzhugh, and their daughter, Elizabeth Fitzhugh, married Nicholas, first Lord Vaux, of Harrowden (who died 1523). They were the parents of Anne

Vaux, who married Sir Thomas Lestrange. The other daughter, Catherine Vaux, married Sir George Throckmorton. KATHLEEN WARD.

MAINWARING'S 'DISCOURSE OF PIRATES' (8th S. iii. 8).-I copy the following from the Report (p. 3) of the Mainwaring deeds and MSS. made by Mr. H. Barr Tomkins, in 1883, to the Historical Commission:

"A MS. book, in a parchment cover, containing the following articles: 1. A discourse written by Sir Henry Mainwaringe (M.P. for Dover, 1620 to 1623), and by him presented to the Kinges Matie Ano D'ni. 1618. Wherein are discovered the beginnings, practises, and Proceedings of the Pyrates, who now so much infest the Seas, together with His Aduice and direction how to surprise and suppress them. (53 pp.)......Note. Sir Henry Mainwaring was a Captain in the Royal Navy, and was Lieutenant of Dover Castle from 1620 to 1623. It is curious to find from the State Papers (Domestic Series, James I.,' vol. clx.) that he was himself accused of piracy and of having seized a French merchant vessel whilst we were at peace with France. Sir Edward Cecil, who succeeded him as Lieutenant of Dover Castle, also succeeded him as member for Dover in the Parliament which met in Feb., 1624."

I do not think that the above Discourse of Pirates' has been printed. I was fortunate enough to be staying at Peover Hall, where all the Main. waring MSS. are at present under care, when Mr. Tomkins made his report, and I helped him in the search, which produced over five hundred deeds, with dates reaching from 1170 to the time of Henry VIII., besides other most interesting documents. Some MS. papers were also found to be in print, and I have since heard of and seen others in print, but have never seen any printed copy of the above MS., though it may exist elsewhere. J. B. MEDLEY. Tyntesfield, Bristol.

A FRENCH STONEHENGE (8th S. ii. 508; iii. 92). -I am much obliged to MR, CARRICK MOORE and to your other correspondents for their replies on this subject. Perhaps I may remark that my query was suggested by what Larousse says of Stonehenge in his 'Grand Dictionnaire,' under that head, that it "est une des plus curieuses constructions antiques qui existent, et la France ne peut rien lui opposer d'analogue." Probably, therefore, he alludes to the construction of Stonehenge as compared with that of Carnac, the stones of which are not arranged in circles. Sir John Lubbock considers the latter to be the older, and to belong to the Stone Age, whilst Stonehenge was probably an erection made in the Bronze Age of the world's history.

At Abury, or Avebury, which is about sixteen miles due north of Stonehenge, are some remarkable megalithic remains, which, less known than those at the latter, are, he thinke, somewhat older, and belong "either to the close of the Stone Age or to the commencement of that of Bronze." For

TENNYSON'S CROSSING THE BAR' (8th S. ii. 446). Possibly Lord Tennyson did take his idea of this poem from the account of Paul Dombey's death, but, like many other poets and thousands of prose writers, he probably approved of Molière's sentiment, "Je prends mon bien, où je le trouve." Without, however, discussing that poem, I wish to point out-as I am not quite sure it has ever been pointed out before-a still more remarkable similarity between a poem of our latest Poet Laureate and a poem of a predecessor of his in that office. I refer to Tennyson's 'Charge of the Light Brigade' and to Michael Drayton's Battle of Agincourt.' In both these we get not only the same rhythm, but the same ideas, the same expressions, nay, almost the same words. Here are three extracts alone from Drayton, that almost confuse his audience into thinking they if given by the bellowing penny-reader would were by Tennyson:

Rev. Alfred Malin, Grove Field House, Southendon-Sea, and to M. J. Rutgers le Roy (of New York), 14, Rue Clement Marot, Paris, both of whom have recently been investigating the pedigree of the Claypole family, from which they respectively claim to be descended. The references to 'N. & Q.' given above show in what part of the States the American branches of the family are to be found. F. W. M.

Very full and valuable notes of reference from cathedral registers, municipal records, State papers, heraldic and other MSS., pertaining to the family of Claypole are given in vols. iii. and iv. of Northamptonshire Notes and Queries. The contributions are signed by the Rev. W. D. Sweeting, John Taylor, Justin Simpson, D. Hipwell, J. Rutgers le Roy, &c. E. EYLES.

WHITECHAPEL NEEDLES (8th S. iii. 87).-There was a noted manufactory of real prosaic needles at Whitechapel in the earlier days of those useful tools, before the Midlands became famous for making them. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. Hastings.

I do not know if the following passage in the "most lovable of all books" throws any light on D.'s inquiry:

"The sharpest needle, best Whitechapel, warranted not to cut in the eye, was not sharper than Scrooge, blunt as he took it in his head to be."-Dickens's Christmas Carol,' Stave Three.

lousy,' 1848 (Allibone) or 1849 (Halkett and Laing), under the name of R. N. Hutton. Mr. Newmarch, who is said in the 'Register' to have been "in the Merchant Service," graduated at C.C.C., Cambridge, in 1855, and has held the rectory of Wardley with the vicarage of Belton, near Uppingham, for thirty-seven years. Crockford describes him as Joint author (with Prof. Buckman) of 'Illustrations of the Remains of Roman Art,' 4to., 2 eds., Bell, 1850 and 1851, 218.” of your readers tell me who wrote 'The Memorials Can your correspondent MR. SAYLE or any other of Rugby'? D. C. I.

By Charles Henry Newmarch, who entered the school in 1838. A. T. M.

LATIN TRANSLATION WANTED (8th S. iii. 48).— The Rev. G. J. A. Drake's Latin version of "The Free'd Bird' finds a place in the 'Noctes Ambrosianæ,' No. lx., forming a part of Blackwood's Magazine for February, 1832, vol. xxxi. p. 279. DANIEL HIPWELL.

17, Hilldrop Crescent, N.

HISTORIC HEARTS (8th S. iii. 83).—ST. SWITHIN may be glad to learn that the late Rev. L. B. Larking's 's paper on the heart shrine in Leybourne Church, Kent, is printed is 'Archæologia Cantiana,' vol. v. p. 133. The author therein states that, judging from the character of the architecture of the niche or shrine, a date not later than the early part of the reign of Edward I. must be ascribed to it, and that the deposit enshrined “must necessarily be the heart of Sir Roger de Leyburn, who died A.D. 1271." Vols. vii. and x. of the same publication also contain references. The late Sir Gilbert Scott, in vol. x. mentions a heart shrine in Bradbourne Church, Kent. Miss Hartshorne published a book called Enshrined Hearts,' but I am unacquainted with the name of the publisher. Maidstone.

FREDK. VALLANCE JAMES.

"Small objects of copper, as medale, coins, &c., obtain their liver colour by the following means: the medal, after being strongly heated, is washed with spirit of turpentine, which becomes decomposed, leaving a film of resin of a reddish colour firmly and evenly attached to the surface of the piece. A more simple process for the medal struck, as is usually the case, from soft copper, is by heating and then rubbing the surface with the peroxide of iron, or jeweller's rouge. Another and more lasting method, equally applicable to bronze medals, is by applying to them a solution consisting of muriate of ammonia (sal ammoniac) one part, subacetate of copper (verdigris) two parts, dissolved in vinegar by boiling and carefully skimmed. Diluted with water until no further precipitate falls, and again boiled, it is at once poured over the pieces, so placed in a copper pan that every part is touched by the liquid. The action of the acid must be watched, that it does not go too far, and when the surface has assumed the required colour the pieces are carefully wasbed to remove all acid, dried, and polished with a brush."

H. D.

Studies by a Recluse in Cloister, Town, and Country. By Augustus Jessopp. (Fisher Unwin.) "I AM a fumbler and bungler in history," says Dr. Jessopp over and over again throughout this delightful volume. If that be so, he is the neatest fumbler and the brightest bungler that we have come across for many a long day. But, if we may make so bold as to contradict Dr. Jessopp, the whole charm of the book before us lies in the fact that the historian has been good enough to assume for the time being the guise of the smatterer, thereby attracting the outside mob of real smatterers, who are fearful, as a rule, of approaching such stern solidities as Stubbs and Freeman. This wolf in sheep's clothing-if Dr. Jessopp will excuse the simile -will be enticing many a lamb to follow him away into the wilds of historical inquiry.

It is well to exaggerate any little strictures we may wish to pass on these 'Studies': finding fault with them is a bad business, and we must make the best of it we can. If one essay stands out as being a little less satisfactory than the rest, it is Letters and Letter Writers'; excellent rules are laid down therein, rules especially useful for lady correspondents of society journals. But why, when Dr. Jessopp writes his book of travels, is he going to "describe nothing he ever saw......and only tell his readers what he has heard"? It is true that "you can't go on indefinitely using up superlatives and ringing the changes upon all the names of the colours in a paint-box"; but what about the specimen

culled from that "incomparable collection of letters " and quoted at the end of the essay? How much consists of what Charles Lamb heard, and how much of what he saw? Dr. Jessopp seems to be rather hard on things and persons in general throughout this essay. Compare, for instance, the relentless attack upon Pliny the Younger with our historian's account of him thirty pages back: kind-hearted and polished gentleman than that rugged "He [Pliny] was an incomparably more honoured and Cato...... But Pliny came out now and then as a sportsman: ..pigsticking.... ......was a fine manly sport. Kindly, courteous, very generous and high-minded...... His letters are full of a pleasant, breezy freshness and healthy enjoyment," &c.

46

"......that coxcombical and self-conceited prig, commonly known as the Younger Pliny. Yes, he was rather the beau idéal of a prig......he could not help being a prig......what sort of letters could you expect from such a man?"

If space would permit we should be disposed to transfer five or six pages wholesale from our author himself. But we must rest content with marking a few passages as being especially fascinating and characteristic of Dr. Jessopp's "holiday" style. There are shocker" nauseous; our mind wants a rest-a holiday, times when work is impossible and the "shilling in fact. Such is the moment for taking up the 'Studies" of our Recluse. We may dip here into the daily routine of a Benedictine monk, here follow the country gentleman back through middle and ante-Christian ages, and here refresh our memories with a look at Brother Matthew and his history-making-and yet all the time we are imbibing really sound instruction, emanating though it does from this "poacher in Clio's wide domains. They say you can never cure a rogue of poaching; it is born in him. I believe I shall go on poaching to the end; yes, as long as I can crawl." Happy the man who is elected to carry the bag!

The first three essays-which with 'L'Ancienne Noblesse' are the cream of the book-deal in a delightfully refreshing way with the monk-life of England in general and East Anglia in particular. They form a useful supplement to the writings of Prof. Froude on the same subject -in some ways, too, a corrective, for Dr. Jessopp is most careful to point the differences between a monk of the ninth, the thirteenth, and the sixteenth centuries. Our writer is no bigot. Keeping his admiration of the monastic life and work well in check, he admits that the fittesti. e., the country parson-has survived, and that the monasteries brought their punishment, outrageous though it was, on their own head. They were not all abodes of the blest; some were scholars' homes; some mere hidingholes for the lazy, the failures among the younger sons of the gentry, pitchforked sometimes into a vacancy"it is difficult to say how," adds Dr. Jessopp. Perhaps some of our men in high places will be willing to suggest a solution of the difficulty.

The Land and its Owners' raises questions upon which the writer and certain of his readers may not agree; but at the same time there is not a page in it which is not admirably lucid and suggestive. The same remark applies to the essay immediately preceding. We recommend smatterer and "solid man " to go hand in hand to this treatise and take a lesson at least in clearness of style and arrangement, if not in a certain adherence to fact which may benefit the one as much as the other.

A few more books like this to whet the appetite, and Dr. Jessopp will have very substantially supplemented his many untiring efforts to popularize the study of history.

Physiologie des Quais de Paris. Par Octave Uzanne. (Paris, Ancienne Maison Quantin.) ONE more important and delightful contribution to the enjoyment of the bibliophile has been made by M. Uzanne. In dealing with the quays of Paris it is the bookstalls ranged along them with which he is concerned. No visitor to Paris can be unfamiliar with the long rows of second-hand bookstalls which, since the beginning of the century, and, indeed, since a very much earlier date, have lined the left bank of the Seine, and have constituted a sufficiently remarkable feature in the physiognomy of Paris. These have now, when under modern institutions the rights of the shopkeeper are held less sacred and when the Government is no longer sensitive as to the risks, political or moral, attending the free circulation of books, extended to the right bank also. By application to the Préfet de la Seine, indeed, any one may now obtain permission to sell books on the quays within the limits of ten mètres, which is all that is accorded him. Of the bookstall keepers and their customers, or in Parisian phrase the bouquinistes and the bouquineurs, M. Uzanne has constituted himself the historian. His work was begun some years ago, but has been put aside on account of the pressure of other work. No one will tax with indolence the editor of Le Livre, Le Livre Moderne, and L'Art et l'Idée, and the author of a dozen works equally dear to the student, the man of the world, and the bibliophile. The excuse may accordingly be held valid. Now, at any rate, with the assistance of M. B. H. Gausseron, the work sees the light. With its brilliant contents, its handsome cover, presenting a view of the quays, and its delightful illustrations by M. Émile Mas, it is a work to be prized. Among the subjects of which the author treats are the origin and early history of the bookstall, the étalagistes of yesterday, those of to-day, the book-hunters, male and female, the stealers of books, the physiology of the bouquiniste, and the like. Most interesting, perhaps, of all to the English reader is the account of the bibliographers, from Peignot to M. Uzanne, who have loved to linger over the stalls, and have left in literature and journalism abiding mementoes of their tastes and predilections. Of these some most realizable sketches are presented. Rough and somewhat soured are not seldom the dealers, who nurse a philosophical grudge against those customers always seeking to beat them down in price, and grumbling because a book worth a hundred francs cannot now be picked up for four sous. Many of them are originals, however, and some of them men of education. On all connected with these occu

pations M. Uzanne casts a light, and he depicts the

humours of the auction sales-not those, as a rule, of catalogued books, but the great evening sales, where a score miscellaneous volumes are disposed of for a couple of francs. Many interesting particulars are given concerning men whose names among book-lovers are household words, and delightful stories are told of M. Xavier Marmier, who left in his will a sum of money to give, after his death, a joyous dinner to the bouquinistes of the quays. The dinner, attended by seventy-five guests, was given, according to M. Uzanne, in the Café Véfour in November last. The book is issued in a limited edition. It is sure of a welcome in England, and, indeed, wherever books are prized.

Rob Roy. By Sir Walter Scott. With Introductory Essay and Notes by Andrew Lang. (Nimmo.) FOLLOWING the example of Scott in the famous first collected edition, in forty-eight volumes, Mr. Nimmo, in the "Border Edition," departs from strict chronological sequence, and brings 'Rob Roy' upon the heels of The Antiquary. This, being the order n waicat ae novels are ordinarily read, will meet with general acceptance.

With the exception of The Escape of Rob Roy,' which is etched by Ch. de Billy from a painting by Sam Bough, R.S.A., the etchings, ten in all, are designed and executed by R. W. Macbeth, A.R.A. All are admirably executed, the mountain scenes being, naturally, the most effective. While admitting the claims of The Antiquary' and Quentin Durward, and, in another line, The Bride of Lammermoor,' we have always held Rob Roy' the most fascinating of Scott's novels-the most charged with adventure, and with something of the entrancing quality of As You Like It.' The meeting near the Forth of Frank Osbaldistone and Di Vernon is one of the most charming things in romance. Mr. Lang does full justice to the character of Di, and, indeed, though we are loth to say it, goes somewhat beyond justice when he links her with Helen and Antigone. For so good a classic and delightful a writer, indeed, Mr. Lang is needlessly fond of linking people with Helen. Very just are the censures on the treatment of the story which he passes. He repeats that the conclusion of Rob Roy is "huddled up," and that the sudden demise of all the young Osbaldistones "is a high-handed measure." Similar instances have, however, been known. Mr. Lang says, admirably, that "the love of Diana Vernon is no lesss passionate for its admirable restraint," and he quotes with warm approval the two farewells between the lovers, seemingly parted for ever. The scene by the Forth is commended for its divine reticence and beauty. We accept plenarily all the praise that can be bestowed upon it, and yet hold that the romance of the situation is its supreme and ineffable charm. "All men who read Rob Roy' are reverent rivals of Frank Osbaldistone," says Mr. Lang. This, again, is true, and our own adoration is exemplary, though we are not of those who readily admire women who own fowling-pieces, and challenge on a first acquaintance their admirers to feats that may cost them their lives. The " Border Edition" remains the most desirable of all.

AMONG books promised by M. Asher & Co. are Monuments of the Renaissance Sculpture of Tuscany, under the direction of Wilhelm Bode, edited by Frederick Bruckmann, and The Bible and Homer, by Max OhnefalschRichter, Ph.D., with numerous illustrations.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and

address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." L. BROUGHTON.

Her robe, ungirt from clasp to hem. Rossetti, The Blessed Damosel.' PALAMEDES ("The Golden Rose").-See 8th S. ii, 309,

414.

NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to" The Editor of 'Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

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