they have completed a liberal course of preliminary study, and (b) the university students, including the few who may be candidates for a higher diploma, that of doctor or master (a certificate that they have made special attainments in certain branches of knowledge), and a larger number who, without any reference to a degrée, are simply continuing their studies for varying periods. Corresponding to the wants of these two classes of students, we have two methods of instruction, the rule of the college, which provides discipline, drill, training, in appointed tasks, for definite periods, and the rule of the university, the note of which is opportunity, freedom, encouragement and guidance in more difficult studies, inquiries and pursuits. Thus far our organization has maintained but one faculty, the faculty of philosophy, or the liberal arts-although there is an important demand for a department of medicine."

The university idea having been pretty clearly set forth in the foregoing lines, it may suffice to say of the character and purpose of this particular university

that it affords an excellent illustration of the general definition given.

As to the progress made during the twelve years of active work in the university, it is indicated, in one respect, by the increase in the number of those availing themselves of the opportunities offered. For the year 1887-88 the number of students was nearly five times as great as in the first year and more than quadrupled the attendance during the second year, while it doubled that of five years ago. The number of

students enrolled during the year was four hundred and twenty, of whom one hundred and ninety-nine were residents of Maryland, and one hundred and ninety-six came from thirty-six other states of the Union, and twenty-five from foreign countries. Among the students were two hundred and thirtyone already graduated, coming from ninety-three colleges and universities; there were one hundred and twentyseven matriculates (or candidates for the degree of bachelor of arts); and there were sixty-two admitted as special students to pursue courses of study for which they seemed fitted, without reference to graduation. upon the public lectures averaged one hundred and ninety-two. The degree of bachelor of arts was conferred upon thirty-four candidates, and twenty-seven candidates were promoted to the degree of doctor of philosophy.

The attendance

It is indicative of the wide-spread fame of this institution, still in the infancy of its career, but old in appropriated experience, that of the nearly thirteen hundred (1269) individuals who have been enrolled as students, more than half (699) have come from fifty different states and countries, while five hundred and seventy (including 448 Baltimoreans) have come from Mary

land.

Especial advantages are offered in physics and chemistry by fully equipped laboratories, and one of the farthest reaching of the influences of the university is its publication department, by which the results of an immense amount of original research and fundamental work are put before students the world over. Valuable studies in American history have also been made accessible to the 'people through this agency in conjunction with the practicedrill in historiography. The institution has only a comparatively small library of about thirty-three thousand volumes, nor is it designed to hasten the accumulation of a great number of books, for the city already possesses a collection of nearly one hundred thousand volumes, constituting the Peabody library, one of the finest students' libraries in the country, and this with several other large collections-the Mercantile, Mary land Historical society's and the new Pratt library-is generously opened to students of the university and the public generally, and is absolutely free. The practical philosophy that prevails

perhaps nowhere better illustrated than in the department of history and political science. Upon the walls of the class-room is printed a motto from the writings of Professor E. A. Freeman

-"History is past Politics and Politics present History "-which, as President Gilman says, "appears to inspire both the instructors and their pupils ;" and he writes elsewhere: "The key to the instruction which is given is an endeavor to show the relations of the past to the present. In looking at current events their development is considered," or, in other words, it is the philosophy of history that is taught here.

The scientific work of the university, including mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, geology, psycho-physics, biology, pathology, etc, forms, perhaps, the most interesting phase of the educational life presented here-even to the unscientific mind. Its chemical and physical laboratories are splendidly equipped, containing many costly and curious instruments and appliances, and in them have been carried on investigations which have received the appreciative recognition of eminent minds in almost every civilized country. Here is the ingeniously devised instrument for determining the mechanical equivalent of heat, invented some years since by Professor Rowland, and here the same indefatigable science-searching mind is still employed just now and of late, giving particular attention to the study of the solar spectrum, the preparation of the new edition of his photographic

map, and, in a general way, studying the nature of light. Here, too, is a marvel in mechanical construction-a ruling engine so delicate that it has to be kept in a room especially provided for it, affording an almost absolutely equable temperature. The nicety of its mechanism is made appreciable, even to those unfamiliar with its principles, by a knowledge of the fact that the instrument is capable of ruling forty thousand lines to the inch. The production by this device of what are technically known as "diffraction gratings," is of great practical value in astronomical mapping, in the making of photographic maps of the sun's spectrum and the spectra of metals and the measurement of wane lengths of light. The exceedingly fine "gratings" devised by Professor Rowland and manufactured here are in demand in all of the principal laboratories of the world, and have done much to broaden the fame of this young university.

In only one respect is the visitor to

Johns Hopkins university disappointed, and that is in the matter of finding so famous an institution so humbly housed. The very name of university contains something suggestive of imposing architecture, with massive arches and grandly looming towers, but he finds this young intellectual giant living-and sturdily and healthfully enough, to be sure-in very ordinary quarters. The disappointment, however, is only a superficial and transient one, for the visitor soon finds himself reflecting, as does the management, that after all the buildings are only the shell of the living organism, and that they shall grow as the life forces within expand and demand growth. Included in the endowment of Johns Hopkins is the former country-seat of the founder, Clifton, comprising three hundred acres of land three miles from the city, and there, in due course of time, a portion, at least, of the permanent buildings will probably be erected.

ALFRED MATHEWS.

THERE is one resident of Cleveland, at least; who can vouch for the truth of Widow Phelan's expressive gratitude, as related on page 391 of this issue. It will not be the betrayal of Mr. Harvey's confidence to relate that the friend who accompanied him in that walk through Superior City was none other than William J. Gordon, esq., then interested in the mining developments of the Lake Superior region. If Mr. Gordon does not recall that circumstance of his trip, he probably will that of starting from Marquette on the steamer North Star, one Sunday morning, en route to the west end of Lake Superior, and that Mr. Harvey declined to accompany him because of conscientious principles against setting forth upon a journey on the Sabbath. With a laugh at Mr. Harvey's expense, Mr. Gordon steamed away. When fifty miles out, a break in the machinery caused the steamer to put back; and on Monday morning again made the start, with Mr. Harvey also aboard. Mr. Gordon admitted that in this case the laugh was on the other side.

MR. HARVEY, now of New York city, not only had an interesting experience in connection with the St. Mary's ship canal, but has also passed through some of a more recent nature. His labor in connection with the elevated railway system of New York city is a -matter of record; and he is now the possessor of the full-sized model in wood of an elevated railway structure, which he took to Albany in 1867 and set up in the loft of Erastus Corning's hardware store on State street, Albany. At that time most of the legislators, upon his invitation, went to see it before voting upon the first law ever enacted authorizing the erection of such a structure. The legislature of New York is even now endeavoring to discover the full extent to which the people are under obli

gation to him for his labors and achievements in that direction.

THE State Historical Society of Wisconsin has just received the most valuable historical state memorial that it has ever acquired or ever can acquire. It is a silver ostensorium, or vessel, in which the sacred wafer is exhibited to the people at mass in the Roman Catholic church. It is fifteen inches high and elaborately wrought. This ostensorium was, as appears from an inscription on its base, presented to the St. Francis Xavier mission at Depere, in 1686, by Nicholas Perrot, then French commander for the western country, having his headquarters at Depere. He had three or four forts strung along the upper Mississippi, on both sides of the river, from Dubuque to the mouth of the St. Croix, and was a valiant Indian fighter, having been a hardy coureur de bois in the Wisconsin wilds as early as 1669. In 1802 the ostensorium was unearthed in Green bay, five miles distant from the old St. Francis Xavier mission, by workmen digging a cellar. The mission house was burned by Indians in 1687, and it is supposed that the priest in charge saved this sacred vessel and for safety buried it where it was accidentally found nearly a century and a half later. When dug up in 1802, it was set in the cupboard of the Grignon household and used by traveling missionaries who were wont to celebrate mass in an upper room of the Grig. non dwelling. In 1823 it became one of the vessels of the first Catholic church, built that year in Green Bay. When that church burned in 1828, the ostensorium was taken to Depere; but in 1838 it was redeemed by the then Green Bay priest, Father Bonduel, for its weight in silver and taken back to Green Bay. It has ever since been in the possession of the bishop of that diocese. The old ostensorium is briefly