They reported and the committee was constituted of representatives of the following colleges: Western Reserve, Kenyon, Oberlin, Antioch, and Ohio Wesleyan University. This committee, after full deliberation, reported through its chairman, Professor DeWolf, that the task assigned them was a difficult and delicate one; that the committee knew there were institutions in the State well worthy of the name of college; that there were some others which they were compelled to believe were quite unworthy of that name, while there were still others which, owing to their brief existence or their isolated location, were as yet unknown to the members of this committee. They were therefore unprepared to make a final report without time and opportunity for further inquiry. Nevertheless, while they could not feel justified in making an unfavorable report upon any college after such brief consideration, the need of a definite basis of organization for the next meeting rendered a partial report desirable. They had, therefore, decided to report at this time only the names of those colleges concerning which they had definite information and whose right to the title was, in their judg ment, not to be questioned, reserving all other names for further inquiry and consideration, and expressing no judgment, either favorable or unfavorable, concerning them at present.

Fifteen institutions were then named in the order of the date of their charters, as follows: Ohio University, 1804; Kenyon, 1824; Western Reserve, 1826; Denison University, 1831; Oberlin, 1834; Marietta, 1835; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1842; St. Xavier's, 1842; Otterbein, 1847; Antioch College, 1852; Baldwin University, 1856; Hiram College, 1867; University of Wooster, 1870; University of Cincinnati, 1870; Ohio State University, 1870.

This report was adopted, and these institutions were thus made to constitute the association.

It was also voted that the committee already appointed, with the addition of two members chosen from professors occupying the chairs of science in colleges of the State, be requested to report at the next annual meeting as to what should be required as a minimum of study in the courses leading respectively to the degrees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and bachelor of philosophy.

At the next meeting this committee reported the following recommendations:

(1) That Wittenberg College be recommended for membership in the association. (2) That the question of membership and the present standing of the colleges in the association be referred to the executive committee for recommendation from year to year, provided that no application for membership be acted upon at the meeting at which it is presented.

(3) That the fourth article of the constitution be amended so as to read, "Also, an executive committee of seven members, the president being a member ex officio, the other six members to be elected by a majority vote of the colleges represented, two to retire each year."

It was the purpose of this action to constitute a very carefully selected and representative executive committee, who should have charge

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of examining into the condition and work of any college applying for admission, and also of observing carefully the work and standing of the colleges already admitted, to see that they were filling the requirements laid down for membership.

The committee on the requirements for different degrees presented preliminary reports which were accepted, and the committee were "instructed to continue the work intrusted to them; and especially to report upon the standard requirements for admission to the undergraduate courses leading to these several degrees in the colleges of the association; and also upon the quantity, quality, and kind of work which should be the minimum requirement, and which these degrees should represent."

At the next meeting in 1880, at Marietta, this subject again occupied a large part of the session.

The committee reported carefully prepared schedules of requirements for the different degrees, President Andrews on the course prepara tory to college, Professor Smith, of Oberlin, on the college course looking to the degree of B. A., and Professor Tuttle, of the State University, on that looking to the degree of B. L.

These reports were fully discussed, and again referred to the committee, which was reconstituted for further elaboration and final report. This committee was as follows: Prof. Judson Smith, chairman; President I. W. Andrews, President W. B. Bodine, Prof. A. H. Tuttle, President Thomas Vickers. It was voted that the proposed courses should be printed and sent to all the members of the association a month be fore the next meeting.

This was done, and after extended consideration by the committee the courses were reported at the meeting in Granville, 1881. Much of the discussion was devoted to considering these courses. The reports, after ample discussion and unimportant amendments, were adopted, and became the standing requirements of the association.

The matter, of so much importance and having engaged the attention of the association for 4 or 5 years in succession, seems worthy of reproduction in this paper. The following are the specific recommendations of the report as finally adopted:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON COURSES OF STUDY.

(1) That a baccalaureate degree be placed upon an equality of rank, and conferred upon the completion of courses of study essentially equivalent in point of time involved and amount and thoroughness of work required.

(2) That in order to this end the following courses of study be adopted by this association as the minimum of requirements for the several degrees in the colleges of this association, it being understood that full equivalents shall be provided in all cases of departure from these courses.

First course.-For the degree of bachelor of arts.

Preparatory course.—(a) Latin, grammar completed; Cæsar, four books; Cicero, seven oratious; Virgil's Eneid, six books; prose composition, Parts 1 and 2; (b) Greek, grammar completed; Anabasis, three books; Homer's Iliad, one book; prose composition, Part 1; (c) mathematics, arithmetic; algebra through quadratic equa

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HIGHER EDUCATION IN OHIO.

tions; plane geometry; (d) history and geography, history of the United States; outlines of history; political and physical geography; (e) English grammar; analysis; composition.

College course.-(a) Language and literature, seventeen terms, as follows: Latin, five terms; Greek, six terms; modern languages, three terms; rhetoric, one term; English literature, two terms; (b) mathematics, five terms, as follows: algebra completed, geometry completed, trigonometry, analytical geometry, and calculus, one term each; (c) natural science, six terms, as follows: physics, astronomy or mechanics, chemistry, physiology, botany, geology or zoölogy, one term each; (d) philosophy, four terms, as follows: psychology, ethics, logic, Christian evidences, one term each; (e) history and political science, four terms, as follows: modern history, two terms; political economy, one term; science of government, one term.

For the degree of bachelor of philosophy-preparatory course.-The same as that for degree in the arts, except that German or chemistry, science and English may be substituted for the Greek of that course.

College course.—The same requirements as in the college course for degree in the arts, except that a full equivalent in modern languages and literature is substituted for the Greek of that course.1

(3) That in order properly to carry out the programme of college studies above laid down, the colleges be manned with an adequate faculty and furnished with museums and laboratories for practice in physical sciences, apparatus, and libraries sufficient for the purposes of a thorough college training.

Colleges conferring the degree in the arts and in philosophy should have the following chairs of instruction: Latin, Greek, modern languages, mathematics, geology and natural history, chemistry and mineralogy, rhetoric, English and history, psychology, ethics and political science.

(4) That the executive committee of the association revise the list of colleges included in its membership each year; and that they report, if needful, recommendations for abridging or extending the list according to these conditions.

The recommendations as to the courses for degree of bachelor of science were referred to a special committee to report the next year. At the next meeting this committee made a report, and after discussion the following minute was adopted:

Whereas so few of the colleges represented in this association propose to confer the degree of B. S.,

Resolved, That it is not desirable for this association to define the requirements of a scientific course for our colleges.

At the same meeting it was voted that colleges in the association would confer the degree of PH. D. only upon the performance of specific. post-graduate work.

From all this long record it is manifest that the colleges of the association were earnest and persistent in their purpose to unify and improve the quality of the work done by the colleges of Ohio. The machinery and agencies seem all provided.

How effective they have been and how thoroughly applied is not so obvious. Like all machinery these conditions and rules seem of little influence unless there are individual men in earnest to carry them into effect. It is doubtful whether any body of men drawn from the differ

1A term of study as here used comprises 13 weeks of five recitations of 1 hour each in every week. These studies are carried on simultaneously, so that nine such terms make a year's work in the college course.

ent colleges will undertake the supervision of the work in the different colleges and a revision of the list of membership as is proposed in this scheme for the executive.

But the fact of such requirements and making them a condition of admission to the association is of practical value and no doubt tends to improve the standard of college work in the State. There can be no question that there has been such improvement since this question began to be agitated in the association, 10 or 12 years ago.

It is well to call up this action and have the attention of the colleges of the State newly directed to the standard here set up for all colleges approved as such by this body, and it would seem clear that the attention of the executive committee should be called to the work of examination and revision of the list which the constitution lays upon them. Nothing probably did so much to cheapen the degrees given by the colleges of Ohio, a few years ago, as the frequent granting of degrees of B. S. for very inadequate and inferior courses. In this matter there has doubtless been great improvement, and the few colleges which bestow the degree for the most part do so only for a fair amount of work done. It is not necessary to extend this paper, already far too long, by attempting any account of the more recent meetings. From the survey already given it would seem clear that the association has been of real and lasting service to the cause of higher education in the State, and to all who have shared in its deliberations.

It has brought the colleges of the State into fellowship and mutual acquaintance; it has elevated the standard of work done by them; it has called out and stimulated the discussion of all practical and theoretical questions connected with college work, and made real contributions to the development and settling of the best methods and true principles in education and in thought. Many of those who were most active and uniform in the early history of the association have closed their labors and gone to their reward. It is for those who remain to build upon the foundations so well laid and make the work of the future a worthy sequel to the patience and effort of the past.

The Association of Ohio Colleges is at present composed of the presidents and professors of the following institutions, and officials: Ohio University, Adelbert College, Kenyon College, Wittenberg College, Denison University, Marietta College, Oberlin College, Ohio Wesleyan University, Otterbein University, Buchtel College, University of Wooster, Antioch College, Ohio State University, Hiram College, Baldwin University, University of Cincinnati, Miami University, and, ex officio, the governor of the State, the commissioner of common schools, and the president of the Ohio Teachers' Association.

The officers for 1888-89 are as follows: President, John M. Ellis, Oberlin College; vice-president, Galusha Anderson, Denison University; secretary, J. R. Smith, Ohio State University; treasurer, L. H. McFadden, Otterbein University.

II.-COLLEGES AND HIGH SCHOOLS.

Following is an abstract of a paper read before the twentieth meeting of the association of Ohio Colleges in 1888 on the subject of an adjustment between the high schools and the colleges, together with a review of such practical measures in this direction as have been taken, prepared by Prof. Henry C. King, of Oberlin College:

Is a "closer and graduated relation" between the higher and lower institutions of learning possible ?

If such an adjustment is possible its basis must be found in the principles underlying an educational system, in the experience of the high schools, and in the experience of the colleges.

"That which is educated is educated to an end," Lessing long ago said. And it can not be too frequently insisted that a course of study should have a clear aim, and be able to give a reason for itself. Mr. R. H. Quick has pointed out that the success of the early Jesuit schools was chiefly due to the very definite aim of their training, though that aim was not the broadest nor the highest. Pestalozzi's aim in education was not too broad-the judicious development of all the faculties. Upon a principle not less broad than this, certainly many colleges aim to base their requirements for admission; they would not be justified surely in a set of miscellaneous requirements without any principle of unity. Any course adopted by the high schools, and required by the colleges for admission, should be able to show a philosophical basis for itself, in that it provides for all the "fundamental disciplines," offering a symmetrical training of all the faculties by the five great divisions of study commonly recognized: mathematics, language and philosophy, science, history, literature and art.

Perhaps no recent writer has made more clear than Dr. Harris1 the philosophical reason for the often unconscious recognition in school courses of these five great divisions of study. Every symmetrical course of training must recognize these five great branches of study, he would say, because they answer to the fivefold outlook of the mind upon the world of nature and the world of man. Even secondary education thus should provide for the outlook on the world of nature in those studies which have to do with time and space, the abstract possibility

"On the necessity of colleges to supplement the high schools;" Ohio Educational Monthly, August, 1888. The attention of teachers may well be directed again to this very valuable paper, as a distinct contribution to the solution of the problem of the relations of the schools and colleges.