the school at which some modification should be made in the plan under which boys are admitted. The fact that when the school was founded its membership was composed almost entirely of boys from Boston and New York has led to the receipt of many and early applications for the admission of other boys from those cities, with the result that a very large majority of the boys have always come from Boston and New York and their suburbs. An inspection of the application list, now full for the next twelve years, gives no indication of change in this respect. A great many applications for the admission of boys from other parts of the country are received every year, but, as their parents have not known that it is necessary to enter them practically at birth, these boys have had no chance whatever of getting into the school. The committee feel that many desirable boys are thus excluded by circumstances over which the school has no control. They also feel that the distribution of some $2,000 in scholarships each year among boys admitted in the usual manner has not resulted in raising the standard of the scholarship of the school because the money has been given not through competition or for exceptional merit, but merely because the parents of the boys were in need of the aid thus given. In the opinion of the committee scholarships should only be awarded to boys admitted by competition, in order that they may be the means of enabling boys of marked ability, but in moderate circumstances, to become members of the school. The committee therefore recommends:

(1) That in 1908 eight places, and in 1909 and thereafter fourteen places, be reserved each year, to be competed for by any boy with proper recommendations, if he be under fourteen years of age, whether already on the application list or not. Four of these places each year should be reserved for boys born and residing south of the Potomac River or in Chicago or farther west. The competition should depend partly upon written examinations in suitable subjects, partly upon a physician's report of the physical development of the candidate, and partly upon a recommendation of character

from the candidate's former teacher. The fourteen boys receiving the highest ratings should be admitted. The income of the scholarship funds, and such other money as the school may appropriate for the purpose, should be available for partial scholarships to boys thus admitted, whose parents could not otherwise afford to send them to the school. A scholarship thus awarded should be held by a boy as long as he remains in the school, provided he makes satiisfactory progress.

(2) That the remaining places each year should be filled as heretofore, from the application list in the order of the receipt of applications, with the provision that until action to the contrary is taken sons of graduates entered on the list within one year of their birth should have preference over all others on the list.

(3) That except when it is necessary to prefer sons of graduates in order to admit them, and until action to the contrary is taken, the two places now reserved each year for brothers of boys who are or have been members of the school, should be retained.

***

Prof. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California, declares that Indian languages are not a jarGrammar of the gon, as is popularly Indian Lanbelieved. In a pamguages. phlet recently issued on the Yukits and Yuki languages he affirms that Indian languages possess an elaborate and difficult grammer, though this is unknown to the Indians themselves, and must be extracted by the investigations of scientists. The two languages which Prof. Kroeber selected for experiments had absolutely no similar words. They are more different than English and Russia. The Yukuts and the Yuki are not even in territorial contact, and show no signs of common origin. The Yuki live in northern California in the Coast Range, and the Yukuts are located in the interior of south central California in the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. Though Prof. Kroeber found that the grammatical structure of their languages was identical at nearly every point, the words were wholly dissimilar. The two

languages are like houses on the same plan, but of different material.

The sentence structure employed in the two languages is full of interest. The order of words differs quite thoroughly. In Yukuts the adjective precedes the noun; in Yuki it follows. Yukuts tends to place the verb at the head of the sentence, Yuki at the end. The numerical systems of the two languages are radically different. That of Yukuts is decimal, of Yuki quaternary. It is noted by Dr. Kroeber that California has more totally distinct Indian languages per square mile than any other State. The reason for this great variety of languages has never been properly accounted for.

* * **

Signs that the theological seminaries of America are becoming conscious of the fact that the condiThe Modern Educa- tions of modern life tion of Ministers. demand something more than the traditional curriculum are welcome, says the Outlook. The Chicago Theological Seminary has made announcement of new courses to be given next year, which it is believed will greatly help its students to meet the exigencies of present-day life when they enter upon the practical work of the ministry. These courses comprise three departments of study in which progress has been evident during recent years. Biblical criticism and psychological research have combined to make great changes in the ideals of what, for the lack of a less clumsy term, must be called religious pedagogy. The basis for belief in the Bible has been changed; and conceptions concerning the character and the development of the religious life have been changed. As a consequence, in the world today there is less confidence in the value of cultivating acquaintance with religious words and phrases, and more confidence than ever in the power of cultivating acquaintance with the religious experience of individuals and of the race. Linguistic studies in Hebrew and Greek have therefore assumed less importance than they used to have; on the other hand. acquaintance with the messages of the great men of the Bible and of the Church, knowledge of the processes of the human

mind in the adult as well as in the child, study of the messages of other religions besides Christianity, observation of the effects of applying Christian principles to practical life, and the like, have come to assume greater importance. To adapt the curriculum to this new emphasis, the Seminary has established a new professorship of pedagogy, and put it upon the same status with other departments. In the second place, the study of the principles of relief, of penology, of the treatment of dependents, and the like, has borne much fruit. The work of redeeming men is no longer conceived as merely the saving of them from some great future disaster, but of rescuing them from present wrong and evil. As a consequence of this new conception, the Seminary will make it possible for theological students to do what may be called clinical work. Close affiliation with the Chicago Commons Social Settlement and the Chicago Institute of Social Service, and arrangements by which students can observe the work being done in the great city and confer with specialists who are doing it, will give to the study of "evangelism" a highly practical element. In the third place, the churches are more and more becoming aware that they have a part to play, not merely in rescuing men from evil, but also in elevating civic and social ideals, co-operating with civic and social organizations, and promoting honesty and efficiency in civic and social life. The clinical work and field study of the students will therefore be devoted, not merely to relief, but also to constructive effort. These changes in the Chicago Theological Seminary, coming at the same time with similar changes in the Yale Divinity School, promise much for increase in the practical efficiency and genuine religious life of the churches in America.

An appeal for broader work in manual training was made by Fletcher B. Dres

sear, of the Univer

Broader Work in sity of California, in Manual Training. an address before the National Education Association. The crowded schools of the vast cities, he declared, are undergoing

a change in regard to manual training work. The city schoolboy's dream of the farm will be realized in the school system. Boston is making rapid strides in the establishing of farms. Just beyond the city limits land has been purchased where field work can be done. The girls, too, will be able to have an abundance of nature work, as well as manual training. "Manual training in its larger and truer sense means learning how to enter into organizing activity with the hand," Mr. Dresslar said, "and how to come into active participation with all those fundamental and useful ocupations necessary for modern life and society.

"It is fundamental to see that growth in consciousness is a direct result of the growth in the widening and organizinz relations of sensory stimulous to motor response. This law of mental development demands that our courses in manual train

ing be broadened. It requires that all our school work be adjusted from the point of view of the organization of body and mind, as learning and doing are not isolated, separate things. The whole progress of the normal development of children insists that doing is essential to knowing.

"One of the most urgent needs of our schools is better equipment for play grounds, for free play is one of the highest forms of manual training. Playing ball and tennis are better organizing agents for the larger and more fundamental adjustments than any sort of work in wood and iron. Our notion of manual training should be so broadened, that it should consist not only of shop work, but of many kinds of field work and abundance of regular playground experience."

training Chinese students to learn foreign languages and literature for Government appointment, in future. The proposed school is to be divided into five classes, namely, English, French, German, Russian, and Japanese, while the number of students for each class is to be limited to twenty men, who are to be between eighteen and twenty-five years of age and descendants of respectable families. The teachers are to be engaged from the five countries named, through the medium of the Chinese ministers at London, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg and Tokio, respectively, after imperial sanction has been received by the memorialists. The annual expenditure for the maintenance of this school is to be about 50,000 taels. (Tael, eighty cents.)

Warwick James Price writes of college papers and college journalism in The Journalist, follows:

"Heeling" for College Papers.

as

The dailies of Yale and Harvard, Princeton and Cornell run from six to eight pages, of four columns each (size averaging 13x17 inches); the other dozen are generally four pages each. The average subscription price is $2 a year; the advertising carried varies from 15 colaverage editorial board is 17; and the the business side of the question the unumns out of 24 down to 7 out of 16-on dergraduate daily cannot be too highly commended. Apropos of that important end of the whole matter, it is of genuine interest to know what such publications net in a college year. At Harvard and Yale, where it is customary for the seniors on the board to divide the "velvet," the annual expectation is usually something in the neighborhood of $4,000, with the "Farthest North" record standing in the plus side of five thousand. At Pennsylvania the daily is owned by a stock company of alumni, who banded together to help the paper own its plant, and all profits are now going to cover the interest on that indebtedness, and to buy in the bonds as fast as possible, the various boards at present serving only for the honor of the thing-and the "honor" of such a position is a real and valuable

asset to the undergraduate ambitious of class and fraternity prominence.

What with the monetary incentive, then, and the "pull" which comes of winning a place on the staff (the latter being far and away the greater motive), it is easy to understand that "heelers" for vacancies are many and hard working. The fall just past brought out 43 Freshmen to "heel" for two and possibly three positions on Yale's News, and at Pennsylvania the average "bunch" of such workers totals around forty. It is very business-like, this work. Your undergraduate "cub" reports as regularly for his assignment as does a city reporter; he turns in his stuff just as punctually; he learns quite as thoroughly to subordinate his personality and his desires to the orders of a Day Editor. The main difference with it all, outside of the necessarily narrower field of his endeavor, is that often, if not usually, he finds he is covering a story which is being looked after by another (or several others), and he knows that only the best account will be carried and that only the writer of that best account will receive the coveted credit points on the competition list in the desk of the overlord—the Editor-inChief.

New Rules of Yale Corporation.

A committee of five of the Yale Corporation, including President Hadley, which has been at work for a long time on the rules for university government recently brought in a report which the corporation has accepted. The important features of the new rules, as codified, equalize in functions, powers and privileges all the faculties of the university, and the same is true of the functions and powers of the deans and directors of the various departments. Important changes are made with reference to the bestowal of honorary degrees, which are to be passed upon by a reconstituted committee before they are passed upon by the corporation, thus providing for greater caution in their selection. The doctor of laws honorary degree is hereafter to be awarded only in recognition of the most distinguished public services.

The old veto power of the president

in the faculty can be reversed by the corporation. There is much larger definition as well as expansion of the powers of the prudential committee, and a new and business-like order of procedure is adopted. There is also very careful definition of the relative powers and functions of the faculties and corporation in such matters as appointments and important affairs of instruction and government. The Yale field is put under control of a treasurer appointed by the corporation, who is also to act as graduate advisor in athletics and have his accounts verified by an auditor, also to be appointed by the corporation. The deans are made executive officers of their departments, exercise general supervision over them, represent them in interdepartmental matters, deal with emergency questions, and can in important matters personally represent their departments at corporation meetings.

*

The creation of an adequate "college song" is a problem in which almost every American university

The Making of a College Song.

is

is interested. There general profit, therefore, to be derived from the recent utterances made on the subject by President Arthur T. Hadley of Yale. In a letter to the recently appointed song song committee President Hadley writes as follows:

"The ordinary procedure in trying to get good college songs-and the one followed at Yale last year-is to offer a prize to somebody who will write the words, and then, when the words have been chosen, to try to get somebody else to fit a tune to them. The chances seem to me very greatly against getting a good result in this manner. It may get good words, fair tune and no fit; but for the success of a college song the fit is the important thing, the tune probably next, the words least of all.

"The best college song in the country is 'Old Nassau.' The words by themselves are abominable; the tune can hardly be said to rise far above mediocrity; but the fit is something absolutely extraordinary. The two things which today come nearest to being Yale college songs, 'Amici' and 'March, March on Down the

Field,' have this element of fit to a superlative degree. 'Pop' Hirsch a few years ago heard a crowd of savages singing 'Boola, Boola,' and he fitted some words to it. Both tune and song were of the kind which forbade any possibility of long life; but the fit was so overwhelmingly accurate that it for the time being carried not only the college but the country with it.

"How are we to secure this adaptation of the parts? Of course, if we could find in our ranks an unknown genius who combined the arts of the musician and the poet, our problem would be solved. But the chances are a thousand to one against finding any such combination.

"We must either get words first and adapt a tune to them, or get a tune first and adapt words to it. Last year we tried the former method. I think the latter is more promising. There are a

great many more men who, having a tune in mind to begin with, can write words that fit into the spirit and swing of it, than there are men who, having words to begin with, can either write a tune or find a tune which exactly fits them.

"This, then, would be my first suggestion as to a competition: that the man should write the words with reference to a musical theme-original if he has it in him to compose music as well as words; but, if that is impossible, any tune of the kind that I have indicated will do if it is not too well known and too widely appropriated. My second point is that the competitors should have given them by the committee a certain amount of indication as to the limits within which they can advantageously work."

* * *

The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, March, 1907, conNew Theory of the tain an exhaustive Origin of Earthquakes. investigation on earthquakes by Prof. T. J. J. See, U. S. N. The paper is 140 pages in length, and the subject is treated in the most comprehensive manner. Prof. See is in charge of the Naval Observatory at Mare Island, Cal., and was thus in the midst of the great earthquake which destroyed San Francisco. As the

outcome of his studies he shows that earthquakes of the world-shaking class are caused by the explosion of lava from beneath the bed of the sea, by the explosive power of steam which develops beneath the earth's crust by the secular leakage of the ocean bottom. He shows that the pressure of the deep sea upon the bed of the ocean is so great that water is driven down through the rocks of the earth's crust, and at a depth of fifteen or twenty miles it comes into contact with molten rock at a temperature of about 2,000 deg. Steam is thus formed beneath the crust, and it finally acquires such power that the rocks are shaken, and lava expelled from beneath the sea toward the land.

One of the most remarkable results of Prof. See's researches is the development of a new theory of mountain formation.

It has been customary for about eighty years to explain the mountains by the supposed shrinkage of the earth. Now comes the new theory of the earthquake work, and it proves that mountains, too, are formed by the sea; when lava is expelled from beneath the sea by earthquakes, the crust is broken and pushed up along the seacoast. All the region is injected with porous lava or pumice. It lies under all mountains, and is blown out of those mountains which break into eruption and become volcanoes. Earthquakes and volcanoes are thus directly connected, as the ancients believed; but as a general rule the steam-saturated lava does not escape to the surface, but remains hidden in the earth. It is only occasionally that the steam breaks out and forms volcanoes.

But Prof. See has not only explained earthquakes and mountain formation along the seacoast; he has also explained the formation of islands in the sea, the feeble attraction of mountains long noticed in geodesy (they are found to affect the plumb line as if they were hollow), and how the great seawaves are produced which frequently accompany violent earthquakes, and sometimes do more. damage than the earthquakes themselves.

By a thorough study of earthquakes the writer has explained half a dozen classes of phenomena by a single cause,