tutions. Nay, the service should be so treated as to attract young men and women of character and brains to prepare for it as an honored and honorable profession. The current rewards of the teacher are so grossly inadequate that the that the very material we most need in our schools is being diverted to other callings.

Even if salaries should be increased to the highest point for which we have any reason to hope, they would still be too small to permit the laying by of a competence for old age. Young men and women of high attainments see this, and carefully avoid the teaching profession. Fourth: There are in many of our schools men and women with the largest capacity for growth, who are earning unusually good salaries from which they are laying by a fund to take care of themselves in old age. To do this they are compelled to deny themselves the opportunity to travel, the time to study, the ownership of books, and the change of scene for bodily rest, that are essential to the life and growth of an inspiring teacher. How a retirement pension would change all this and enable such men and women to multiply their own powers, stimulate and refine their associates to the blessing of the boys and girls! Every worthy parent finds his richest rewards not so much in the material situations he has conquered, the honors he has won, the wealth he has amassed, as in the contemplation of the rich opportunity these furnish for his boys and girls who share with him, and after him, their enjoyment. Society, like the individual, will find its richest enjoyment in planning and providing the conditions of a richer life for its successors. Are not your boys and girls worth your making for them the small sacrifice needed to give them more teachers who can afford from time to time to renew their youth, their scholarship, their inspiration?

worn

Fifth: In thousands of the older cities and towns of our Union there are teachers who have practically themselves out in the service of our schools. From periods of from twentyfive to forty-five years they have spared

But

no power of heart and brain in loving and consecrated devotion of their lives to the lives of boys and girls. They are body tired, heart sore, and brain weary, with a frequency that is agonizing to witness. They have been able to save little or nothing. They cannot see that it is their duty to retire to privation or to charity. No official has the criminal courage and hardness of heart to turn them out to alms or starvation. As a result they are spoiling the tempers and abusing the intellects of whole schoolhouses full of children, in return for their confinement by the community at hard labor in the school-room. this cruel and inhuman punishment of faithful old teachers, who ought long ago to have honorably retired on pay, goes on in a thousand American towns. The splendid teaching that they did for twen ty-five or thirty-five years is cuse for continuing to sacrifice to each of their broken years forty or fifty boys and girls. Forget these devoted broken men and women if you will. If, in the hardness of your heart, you shall conclude to work them to death, I say nothing of the shame. But I do ask, Can common business intelligence justify you in paying for something that you are not getting? Can decent regard for your own boys and girls justify their continued sacrifice? There is a patriotism whose ebullition takes the form of a rush of blood to the head, and words to the lips, that might with hand on heart stand in the presence of teachers and schools thus sacrificed, and talk of love of country; but you, my friends, know that no country is worth loving that with wide open eyes to such an abuse, long permits it to continue.

ex

Since there is no escape from the conclusion that no matter what the teachers may want or need, or deserve, the interests of the child, the parent, and society demand this pension establishment, we must now consider how it is to be secured.

Three general plans have been advocated and put in operation:

First: Bodies of teachers bent on providing for disabled veterans of the school-room have formed Teachers' Re

tirement Associations, Teachers' Guilds, and Teachers' Annuity Associations. They have provided small annuities for aged and worthy teachers by assessments. of their own membership, increased by donations of philanthropic individuals, and in some instances by small legislative appropriations. The Retirement Fund Department of the New Jersey State Teachers' Association, the Connecticut Teachers' Annuity Guild, and the Boston Teachers' Retirement Fund Association are good examples of these movements of which there have been many thruout the Union. They have not furnished, nor can they ever hope to furnish, complete and satisfactory disposal of the problem. Looked at as final agencies, they are subject to all the vicissitudes attaching to voluntary fraternal insurance societies with amateur managements. Some teachers support them as well-meaning philanthropies, but even the school teacher seeking old age protection that is really insurance, knows enough to send her money to Hartford for the purchase of the real article. But these associations have done their greatest work in securing the adoption of other plans for more adequately solving the problem. In fact, all the rational teachers' pension legislation on the statute books of American commonwealths has been secured largely if not entirely thru the influence of these teachers' organiza

tions.

Second: Progressive cities in various. quarters of our country have established, under legislative sanction, retirement funds for their own teachers. New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, and San Francisco. furnish the best examples of this second scheme. Percentages of teachers' salaries, deductions on account of teachers' absences, and donations, form the major portion of the fund in all these places except in the city of New York where the foregoing sources are largely in

creased by the addition of five per cent. of all the excise moneys and fees for liquor licenses received by the city. Under these different city plans, maximum annuities vary from $150 a year up to $2,000 a year, this latter sum being provided by the city of New York, where the lowest annuity is equal to half the salary paid at the time of retirement.

Third: A few states have enacted

general pension laws for the benefit of all these teachers. Of these, Rhode Island and New Jersey have formulated the most generous and most equitable statutes. New Jersey provides the bulk of her fund by deduction of from two to three per cent. of the salaries of all teachers. The annual pension amounts to three-fifths of the average annual salary for the last five years of teaching, but it can not be less than $250 or more than $650.

The Rhode Island law is the most generous, and in its principle the soundest yet enacted. It squarely accepts the whole responsibility for the state whose schools are to be benefited, and does not require the teachers to furnish any part of the fund. The defect of this law consists in the smallness of the sum appropriated and the absence of any provision for making the appropriation continuIt is hoped and believed, howevIsland Legislature will remedy these deer, that the next session of the Rhode fects, and place the smallest state in the Union in the position of leader and exemplar for all the others.

ous.

Is not the time and place auspicious for this great National Educational Association to inaugurate a campaign for the dissemination of such information and the creation of such popular sentiment as will insure the enactment in every remaining state of the Union laws providing for adequate and honorable pensions for all worthy teachers?

The trustees of Colorado College, Colorado Springs, have elected Dr. George Maxwell Howe to fill the position made vacant by the death of Prof. L. A. E. Ahlers of the German department, which is one of the strongest departments in the institution. Dr. Howe is an alumnus of the university of Indiana. His graduate work was done at Cornell University and the universities. of Berlin and Leipzig. After four years in Germany and a year of teaching at Dartmouth College he went to the department of modern languages in Cornell University, and has held this position for six years. He now goes to Colorado College immediately after a fifth year in Germany.

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The Department of the Interior has appointed Dr. Luther H. Gulick, professor of physical training and hygiene in New York University and physical director of the New York public schools, a delegate to the international congress. on school hygiene to be held in London.

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Dr. Horace Bumstead has resigned as President of the Atlanta University. He has held that position for twenty years, in addition to twelve years' previous service as a professor. Rev. Edward Rev. Edward Twitchell Ware, Chaplain of the University, and son of its founder and first President, has been elected President.

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President Richard H. Halsey of the Oshkosh Normal school was accidentally shot and killed at Gogebic Lake, Wis., last month. Mr. Halsey became president of the Oshkosh Normal school in 1899, following the death of President C. S. Albee. He was well known in educational circles throughout the country.

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Winfield Scott Chaplin, LL. D., has resigned as chancellor of Washington University, St. Louis. Dr. Chaplin is fa

mous as an educator and as a civil engineer. He has been professor of engineering in Maine State College, in the Imperial University, Tokio, Japan, in Union College, Schenectady, and he has been dean of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard. Professor Chaplin was born at Glenburn, Maine, in 1847, and he is a graduate of the Maine State College and of the National MiliFor a tary Academy at West Point. while he was lieutenant of the Fifth Artillery Regiment, but abandoned the army to practice civil engineering. In 1891 he came from Harvard to assume the chancellorship of Washington University, which under his charge has developed steadily.

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The youngest man ever appointed to the Boston University faculty is L. Raymond Talbot of Chelsea. Mr. Talbot

will supply the vacancy in the French department caused by the leave of absence for next year granted to Professor Freeman M. Josselyn, who will go abroad. Mr. Talbot is but twenty-one years of age. He was graduated at the College of Liberal Arts in the class of 1906. He had the honor of being appoited a substitute to Professor Josselyn in French in his senior year, while the latter was ill. Last year Mr. Talbot was the head of the French department in the Hebron, Me., academy, where he had marked success. He is a native of Chelsea. He prepared for college at the Chelsea High School, receiving his diploma with honor in the class of 1902. He is a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity and of the honorary society, Phi Beta Kappa.

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Fred S. Cooley, who for several years has been assistant professor of agriculture at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, has accepted a position as supervisor of the Farmers' Institute of Montana at Bozeman, that State. Professor Cooley will begin his duties there. at the opening of the fall session.

Associate professor of Mathematics William De Weese Cairns of Oberlin College has received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Gottingen, "Magna cum laude." Professor Cairns has been on leave of absence for a year. His educational record is as follows: A.B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1892; A.B., Harvard University, 1897; A.M., Harvard University, 1898. Teacher, Troy High School, 1894-96; graduate student in mathematics, Harvard University, 1896-98; instructor in mathematics, Calumet High School, 1898-99; instructor in mathematics and surveying, Oberlin College, 1899-1904; associtate professor of mathematics, 1904.

prominent athlete in Amherst College, graduating with the class of 1903, and has had four years of teaching experience in Pennsylvania and Ohio.

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Professor Wilfred H. Manwaring, head of the department of pathology of Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., sailed from New York for Germany last month. He will spend the next two years in work in pathological laboratories of Berlin, Vienna, and Frankfort. under leave of absence from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. At the end of that time he will return to New York as one of the permanent workers in the institute.

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The election of Prof. Harry A. Garfield of Princeton University to the presidency of the college from which his distinguished father, James A. Garfield, was graduated, is one of those turns in the wheels of fortune which are satisfying, says the Boston Herald.

Williams College, during her honorable career, has graduted no more distinguished servant of the nation than the Ohio lawyer who came to the presidency of the nation with an intellectual and scholastic equipment for the place which few of the Presidents have had. Removed from public life by one of the most unprovoked and cruel crimes in the history of nations, he was prevented from seeing the fruition of many of his plans and hopes. Had he lived and retired from public life, he might have been chosen as president of the college where Mark Hopkins impressed lofty ideals of civic duty upon him. Now his son comes to the place, blessed with a heritage which will aid him much, and also worthy in himself. Nothing but gratification can be felt at the way in which the sons of James A. Garfield are measuring up to duties of their time.

Williams College by this choice passes, like so many other institutions, away from the ancient tradition that her presidents must be clergymen, and selects a young layman, her own son, sharing the college's traditions with those whom he is to lead, and still young enough to adjust himself with ease to the life call

ing of an educational administrator. Like his father, a student of the higher politics, he can, and it is hoped will, teach as well as administer. He follows another worthy son of a worthy father, the Rev. Dr. Henry Hopkins, who stepped in to fill a gap when clashing interests were unable to agree on President Carter's successor, and who has held the institutional ship steadily to its course while the trustees were finding the right pilot for a long voyage.

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The appointment of three new instructors in the college of liberal arts of the Northwestern University has been announced. Dr. Lynn Thorndike comes from the University School of Cleveland as professor of ancient and medieval history. Stanley P. Chase will be an instructor in English literature to fill the vacancy left by Stewart P. Sherman, who goes to the University of Illinois. George O. Schryver has been engaged as instructor in German.

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Dr. Bernhard Weiss, the senior member of the faculty of the Berlin Theological Seminary, recently celebrated his eightieth birthday. A few days later he completed his fiftieth year of activity as professor and received the title of privy councillor, with the added honorary title of "Excellency." He entered upon his duties as a professor on July 4, 1857, in Königsberg, his native city. Dr. Ferdinand Frensdorff, professor of jurisprudence and philosophy, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his connection with the University of Göttingen on the same. day.

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The vacancy at the head of the department of philosphy at Lake Forest College, caused by the election of Professor Henry W. Stuart to a place on the Leland Stanford University faculty, has been filled by the acceptance of Dr. Henly Wilkes Wright of Cornell University of the offer made by the trustees. Dr. Wright has been a member of the faculty of the Sage School of Philosophy at Ithaca.

Edwin Grant Dexter has been appointed commissioner of Education in Porto Rico. His work during the past nine years as professor of education in the University of Illinois, has demonstrated his broad knowledge of educational ideals and methods. Professor Dexter is the author of "A History of Education in the United States," the first really satisfactory effort in this direction, also a volume on "Weather Influences," and many contributions to periodicals.

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The new school of education which has been established in the State University of Iowa has elected Dr. J. A. T. Williams, of St. Louis, in place of Dr. Hugh S. Buffum, who will go to Cornell College next year to take the place of Prof. Geo. H. Betts. Dr. Williams is a graduate of the St. Louis high school, of Wash

ington University, St. Louis, and has

attended Columbia University, three years, where he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1907. During the past year he assumed charge of a large grammar school in Norwich, Conn., for the purpose of securing practical experience concerning the details of school

matters.

Dean Bigelow of the Boston University Law School has received a letter from Sir Lawrence Jenkins, K. C. I. E., chief justice of His Majesty's High Court of Judicature at Bombay, India, in which he signifies his willingness to formally confer the degree of Doctor of laws (LL. D.) which which was recently awarded by Boston University to Nilkanth Krishna Bapat of Poona, India. Since the custom in India is that degrees from foreign universities shall be conferred through the head of the department to which the recipient belongs, and since the candidate is a judge of the Poona district of the Bombay presidency, Sir Lawrence Jenkins was invited to formally confer the degree upon Mr. Bapat. Mr. Bapat has the distinction of being the first man ever to receive this degree from Boston University.