in our democracy. Not many men are physical cowards, but are we not surrounded by moral cowards? Have we not men afraid of place or income? The university owes it to itself to inculcate the lesson of moral courage. A university must be national and democratic in scope. It should stand for no North, no South, no East or West, but one America.

Charging that the undergraduate students at the University of Chicago, who now number 2,300,

too

University of Chicago tend to draw to Limit Undergraduates. heavily on the strength and time of instruction at the expense of the graduate students, acting president Henry Pratt Judson in his recent report suggests that the university might well consider placing a limit on the number of undergraduates. The inevitable tendency of the pressure from the increase in the number and demands of the undergraduates, urges Dr. Judson, is to weaken research of every kind.

"In lieu of a great increase in endowment and buildings to keep up with the growth of the undergraduate classes," he advises, "and in order in this way to maintain the graduate and research work unimpaired it is a question whether the University of Chicago may not well consider the advisability of limiting in some way the number of undergraduate students. Setting a fixed number will make it possible to give the best possible conditions of work, to prune relentlessly the incompetent and thus to secure a high grade of quality, to save the drain from the advanced work so essential to the university and thus to reserve the direction of the tendency and preserve the quality and amount of research in all departments. In this way may it not be possible greatly to increase the value of undergraduate training and at the same time to insure a steady growth in real university work?"

Dr. Judson, in his report, further advocates a shortening of the number of years ordinarily given to education. He says:

"With the complexity and great pressure of modern life, it does seem that means could be devised whereby a young

man could be ready to enter his profession by the time he is 23 or 24 years old, at least. Doubtless there is considerable waste in the earlier years of school life; probably there is more or less waste of time in the secondary schools. It would seem that a boy ought to be ready to enter college by the time he is 16. The old superstition that the four college years should be spent in general culture without reference to the bearing of work on future life is by this time nearly, if not quite, obsolete. It is quite possible to attain general culture in a college course, and yet so to plan a good part of the work that it will lead directly toward a profession already chosen."

With regard to the divinity school, Dr. Judson takes a stand diametrically opposed to that recently assumed by Professor Ernest D. Burton, of the divinity. theological school, who deprecated the easy terms under which theologians are now educated and advised the "rocky road" for them. The acting president comes to the defense of the system at present in vogue which Dr. Burton indirectly attacked as tending to "pauperize" the ministerial student, who receives remission of tuition and reduction of fees, while students in law, medicine and other graduate courses are given no special dispensation.

"We observe that students of law, medicine and technology may aspire to large financial rewards," says Dr. Judson, "while the divinity school leads to a profession where the financial returns are small. The student who is planning to enter upon a lucrative profession may well afford to pay large fees for a course in instruction preliminary to it."

Not only should the road be easy for students in the divinity school, insists Dr. Judson, but also for those in the graduate school generally. "It is a fair question," he says, "whether those who are seeking teaching positions, the rewards of which are but one degree, if any, above those of the ministerial profession, are not in like manner entitled to everything which can reasonably be done to lessen the cost of preparation. The student who hopes to enter the faculty of a small college or who hopes to

find a minor position on the investigation staff of some university or museum is not in the position of the law or medical student. If future endowments permit it would undoubtedly be a benefit to the work which the graduate schools are doing if some arrangement could be made for lessening the tuition fees." A great er number of graduate scholarships and more remunerative fellowships would, Dr. Judson suggests, enable a greater number of students to enter the graduate schools, while the best students could be better aided in the work of preparing for their professions.

The "flexible college course" policy of the university is strongly favored by the acting president, who urges its continuance, and, if possible, its extension.

In regard to scholarship, Dean F. W. Shepardson of the senior college says: "The failures and conditions among the women students have almost doubled as compared with the report for 1904-05, while those of the men are substantially reduced in number, despite the difficulties of the professional work in medical courses and in law undertaken by an increasing number." Dean G. E. Vincent of the junior college says: "A comparison with the previous year shows a preceptible, though not alarming, decline. in the scholarship of both men and wemen."

Marion Talbot, dean of women, finds that the women are taking the larger percentage of degrees and scholarship honors. Her report shows that there were a total of 2,657 women in attendance during the year.

The total number of students at the University during the past year was 5,079, an increase of 481 over the previous year, according to the acting president's statement. Of this number, 1,737 were in attendance for the summer only; 2,300 were undergraduates; 1,072 were in the graduate school of literature and arts; 204 attended the law school; 281 the medical school; 680 the school of education, and 483 the "university college."

Chicago contributed 2,039 of these, nearly half of the total number, while Illinois sent 2,627. Every state and terri

tory is represented by one student at least, California sending thirty-one and Massachusetts twenty-three. Foreign

countries send a hundred or more. Canada, China, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, England, Finland, India, Turkey, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and even Syria are represented.

Among the needs of the university were mentioned: The immediate erection of the William Rainey Harper memorial library; a suitable building for the departments of geology, mineralogy, geography and paleontology, now housed in Walker museum; the erection of the classical building; the establishment of a well equipped technical school, and the securing of a farm for the use of the biological departments.

The total value of the University of Chicago is given at $17,136.29. If to this is added the recent $2,917,000 New Year's gift from John D. Rockefeller, the amount is increased to $20,809,136.29.

Professor Rudolph Tombo, Jr., Registrar of Columbia University, and national president of Theta

Would Limit Property Delta Chi fraternity, of Fraternities. in a speech in Milwaukee at the annual reunion and banquet of the Columbia University Alumni Association of Wisconsin, spoke of the evils of extravagance in college fraternity life. He said in part:

"I believe that the universities of the country should coöperate in placing a limit on property owned by the various fraternities which exist in and between them. I consider the accumulation of property by these fraternities an evil which threatens the democracy of our institutions and which tends to promote snobbery. That, I believe, is about the worst thing which can happen to our educational institutions. As national president of the Theta Delta Chi, I am obliged to visit all of the chapters in the various universities once a year. So, naturally, I have had ample opportunity to ascertain just what these evils are.

"In the first place, there is a tendency. to promote extravagance. A fraternity.

erects a new house. The following year, another fraternity builds its quarters, a trifle more expensive than the first. The process continues until that chapter which built the first house is obliged to sell its quarters and find a new home if it would keep pace with the advancement. Naturally, this tends to educate. the members to a love of luxuries to which they never before have been accustomed.

"I believe that the universities should cooperate in putting a limit on this accumulation of property. Suppose, for instance, the property limit was placed at $25,000. In a few years every chapter of any value would have quarters and grounds valued at that. It would not appraise more, as the limit would prevent it. So, when a student came to an institution, he would not be dazzled by the glitter and various offers of elegant apartments and luxurious appointments. Instead, he would be better able to judge between the actual merits of the fraternities, and to find his level, seeking the class of fellows he desires to associate with during his college life. Under existing conditions, this is a hard matter.

"Again, it often happens some fellow

of moderate means comes to the univer

sity. He is sent by his father, his mother, or, possibly, by some sister, who teaches school and denies herself all luxuries that he may live in some elegantly fitted fraternity house, instead of apartments within his means. When his term is ended, he returns home and finds himself dissatisfied. He is inclined to sneer at those who have befriended him and, in a word, to become a snub.

A number of the colleges and universities of the country announce courses intended particularly for those who intend to enter public life. These courses contain lectures on political economy and on the history of political ideas. Everything which an orator might have occasion to know is taught, including the art of oratory itself. And yet the most successful orators and the greatest leaders of the past were men who had a different training. They learned to know men. For this phase of preparation for public life the colleges can offer no official assistance, but they do offer unrivaled opportunities. The man who wishes to lead men can learn more from intercourse with the hundreds of his fellows in college than he can from any of the studies of the classroom. If he neglects this while in college he will discover his mistake when he is out of college and trying to persuade voters to put him into a position to give effect to his political theories. To know just what ought to be done is of no use if one cannot get the chance to do it or cannot persuade others to do it.

The advice to fit oneself for some call

ing by which one can earn a living apart from politics is sound. The most expert politician cannot hope always to hold an office which will support a family and leave money for the expenses of politics. The politician who grows wealthy without other visible means of support than politics is looked on with suspicion, while the one who does not is sometimes in a position where he must stifle his own beliefs or face poverty.

President Hadley suggests that the young man who has aspirations to make a mark on history decide early whether he will do this in office or out of it. If he wishes to hold office himself he must be a member not only of a party but of the local organization. If he is not in some way a part of the machinery of a party he is not likely either to hold office or to influence the party which can always count on his vote. If he does not wish to hold office he can exert the greatest influence on party decisions from the outside. The heads of the organization will pay greater heed to a leader of in

dependents than to a fault finder in their own ranks. The independent may hold the balance of power even though he cannot muster one-tenth as many votes as the party leader.

These shrewd remarks of President Hadley show that not all college teachers are impractical theorists, but at the same time one must agree with his main teaching that college is a place to learn how to get on with men much more than a place to learn the contents of books, at least for the young man with political

ambitions.

tution in India.

Reverend William M. Zumbro of India, a missionary of the American Board, is in this country for An Educational Insti- his first furlough, having served eleven years in the Madura Mission. He is at home partly for the purpose of securing an endowment for Pasumalai College with which he has been connected from the beginning. It is located both in the city of Madura and Pasumalai. For the last eight years he has been the president of the college. This college is the largest and most important educational institution in southern India. It has trained most of the young men who are now engaged in Christian work among the Tamil people. Mr. Zumbro recently received a letter from Lord Curzon, ex-viceroy of India, which the executive officers of the American Board have made public as follows:

Chicago, U. S. A., Dec. 1, 1906. My dear sir-Your letter has followed me to this place and I have pleasure in answering it before I leave. I remember hearing of your college while at Madura, and I was sorry to be unable to pay you a visit. While in India I was greatly impressed with the excellent, devoted and self-sacrificing work that was being spontaneously undertaken by American educational and missionary institutions and I regard them as a valuable adjunct to the forces of Government in aiming at the moral and intellectual development of the people. I wish you every success in the effort that you are now making to secure an endowment which you can dedicate more particularly to the task of

Charles A. Blanchard, president of Wheaton Wheaton College, Wheaton, Ill., addressed a New

More Leaders of Men Year's letter to Needed. friends of the institution in particular

and colaborers in the field of education in general, telling what has been accomplished at the college during the last year and outlining what it is hoped can be realized during the coming year. He says in part:

"The receipts for the year, so far as the money passed through my hands, are about $20,000. There are other gifts which came to the treasurer directly which do not appear in my account. This was not our largest year so far as benefactions are concerned, but it was a good year. Of the above sum perhaps $15,000 was for endowment and the rest for cur

rent expenses. I am not giving these figures accurately, but approximately.

"The total receipts of the college from all sources last year are in the neighborhood of $50,000. No buildings are at present contemplated until the endowment of the college is increased. The present endowment of the college is about $80,000. If the effort to raise $100,000 should soon be successfully terminated, it will give us about $170,000 of invested funds. While this would not be adequate, it would be a great improvement on the present situation.

"The tendency toward studies which can be turned directly into money is very strong. It is sad, indeed, that this is true. The American college was originated to educate for leadership in religious work. A writer recently said: "We find

now plenty of men who can deal with things, but very few who are competent to lead men." I fear that this is true and that further what leadership we have is less and less religious.

"This is a comment as to what the world wants-leaders in education and leaders in political life who shall be true and honest men - above all, leaders in church life who shall be able and willing to strengthen the conservative forces in society. There is a place today for a thousand men who are competent to do this work. There are thousands of men seeking positions, but what we need is not men who seek positions but men who fill them. And the men who fill positions are usually in demand for other and higher positions. This leaves room below for new men who should be continually coming to the front."

In this practical age it is certainly of greater importance to the future of the student to know what is occurring in the world while he is at school and college than it is for him to know what happened a thousand years or a hundred years before. It is of far more value to him to have acquaintance with the men and methods of today the men and methods he will come in actual contact with a few years hence-than to know of those of ancient times. It is necessary for the sake of "culture" that he should have knowledge of the latter, but it is also necessary for practical equipment for everyday work in several professions as well as in literature that thorough information of current history be acquired. And we think the modern college, with its college magazine and its literary societies where the tendency is to debate subjects of live interest, is giving

more opportunity to the student to keep abreast of the world and its work than did the college of a half century ago. There are yet some young men who graduate at 21 with no more knowledge of the happenings of the world since. their history books ended the story than if they had lived in a monastery, but this condition is not so common, we believe, as formerly. College libraries offer more advantages in current literature, newspapers are more freely read, while the college magazine and the college literary and debating societies stimulate inquiry and research.

Berea College has decided to carry the question of the constitutionality of the Day act the new The Color Line in Kentucky statute Berea College. under which persons of color are exclud

ed from the institution-to the United States Supreme Court. This appeal of the highest court in the land will open up the color question anew in a way that must attract the attention of the whole country.

Berea College was founded by antislavery Kentuckians before the war, and for nearly forty years it has admitted as students "all young persons of good moral character," including negroes. In all these years there has been no scandal or collision growing out of the presence of the two races. The new law was not aimed at Berea because of any special occurrence or condition, but is simply an outgrowth of the general unfriendly sentiment of the South toword the negro.

The Day act went into effect in July, 1904. At the opening of the fall term that year the college violated both of its provisions in order to set up a test case. The Superior court of Kentucky has now declared constitutional that part of the statute which forbids the education of white and colored students in the same school, and unconstitutional the other part which forbids the college from establishing a school for colored persons within twenty-five miles of Berea.

This decision was in part a victory for the college. But the trustees feel