the deploring by many of the waste of time before specializing, and said that the time was not wasted, but well invested. He told his audience that as business men they had a right to expect from the university such courses that a man who had taken them would make faster and more certain progress than another who had not taken them, and he felt that the mental training and the traits of systematizing developed and encouraged by college courses fitted men for efficiency and even for leadership in the business world of today.

Mr. Carnegie, it will be remembered, deposited in 1901 the sum of $10,000,000 for the formation of a "Carnegie trust," the donor's wish being that "no student should be debarred from attending the Scottish universities on account of the payment of fees." Students of either sex who are Scottish born, or whose parents or grandparents were Scottish, have the right to apply to the trust for the payment of their fees. This provision has been interpreted with such latitude that cases are on record of negro students receiving aid.

"The practical effect of the gift," writes a correspondent, "is that most of the students at all the Scottish universities have drawn upon the money for the payment of their fees." In very many cases the students have thus been enabled to squander the sums sent by their parents for fees, concealing the fact that they had received help from the Carnegie funds.

Another disastrous effect of the gift is the starving of the extra university schools, in which poor students have hitherto been coached. By the aid of the Carnegie money most students are now able to go to the universities, and the schools which produced Livingstone

and scores of other famous Scots are in serious straits. It is also declared that the university professors, in view of the students' increased Carnegie resources, have raised their fees and become less earnest in their duties.

The sweeping charge is made that the Scottish student is losing his self-reliance, his sturdy independence, and his capacity for study under difficulties, and the whole nature of Scottish university training is undergoing a change for the

worse.

The higher education of girls is one of the subjects of great interest to many people and a Women Colleges In- study has been made crease in Growth. of the institutions particularly prosper

ous. New England has two of the largest colleges for women-Smith and Wellesley-besides Mount Holyoke Seminary, the Woman's College of Brown University, the Simmons College. The middle Atlantic states have Vassar and Bryn Mawr, and there is a college for women in the Western Reserve. Some of the figures for the number enrolled this year shows Smith first with 1389; Wellesley, 1166; Vassar, 1006; Mount Holyoke, 720; Bernard, 585; Simmons, 479; Radcliffe, 454; Bryn Mawr, 426; Western Reserve, 278; Woman's College, Brown University, 186.

Comparing the women's colleges with the men's in growth a writer in the Boston Transcript finds that in ten years the women's colleges have grown at a rate greater than the men's. Smith's is now as large as Princeton was in 1904; Wellesley and Bryn Mawr have grown at the same rate as Yale and Michigan in that time. Smith is as large as the university of Indiana in 1905, Indiana at that time counting 1382, and Smith now numbering 1389. It is next smaller than Princeton, with 1424 students, and next larger than Missouri, with 1298. Wellesley, with its 1166, comes between Missouri and the University of Colorado, with its 750. Mount Holyoke approximates Colorado. Princeton is twentieth on the list of men's colleges, Indiana twenty-first and Missouri twenty-second.

There seems to be a difference of opin

1on among those who are reading the signs of the times in regard to the education of women as to whether the woman's college will soon cease to flourish because of the popularity of coeducational institutions or whether the latter will not soon begin to show signs of decline. In the west everything points to the continued growth of the coeducational institutions, but in the east the established schools will, no doubt, hold their own for many years to come. The greater number of girls who prepare for college in the west, and particularly in St. Louis, enter the large women's colleges of the east.

graphs by Telegraph.

Professor Korn of the Munich University, has greatly improved his apparatus for transmitting Transmitting Photo- photographs over telegraph wires. He has succeeded in sending photographs and sketches 6 or 7 inches square in this manner from Munich to Nuremberg, a distance of 100 miles, in from ten to fifteen minutes. The professor says that precisely the same results would be obtained if the photographs were transmitted over a telegraph line of any length.

The photograph which has to be transmitted is placed on a transparent glass cylinder, which revolves slowly and at the same time moves from right to left. A ray of light is thrown on the cylinder by means of an electric lamp and lens, and when the ray of light reaches the interior of the cylinder it is brighter or darker, according to the coloring of that particular part of the photograph which it passes.

Inside the cylinder is some selenium, which transmits electrical current in proportion to the intensity of the light brought to bear on it. The selenium transmits current more rapidly in bright light and less rapidly as the light decreases. The selenium is connected with

the wire over which the photograph has

to be transmitted.

The receiving apparatus consists of an electrical Nernst lamp placed inside a glass cylinder covered with sensitized paper. The lamp burns more or less brightly according to the varying current trans

mitted through the selenium at the other end of the wire. It thus reproduces the exact shade of the original photograph, provided that the cylinder at each end of the wire revolve at exactly the same speed. Prof. Korn has invented a means of regulating the revolution of the cylinders, so that the speed is identical at both ends. Further improvements to the apparatus will shortly enable a photograph to be transmitted within two min

utes.

A big college is a microcosm, and many men of many minds are seeking various things there,

College Life Helpful says a writer in the in Many Ways. Metropolitan Magazine. There are

some other good things to be had there besides the intellectual training. These other good things are much more likely to be added to the good scholars than to the poor ones, but it would be a pity if the good scholars monopolized them all. I don't think they do. In a big college like Harvard one considerable class of students are working for their immediate bread and butter. If they do well enough in their studies they get scholarships while they are in college, and find good chances to earn their livings as soon as they get out. With this group, already facing the serious work of life, the motive for immediate exertions is somewhat stronger than with the other large group whose circumstances are easier. If the poorer youths are apt to beat most of the richer ones in marks, it is because they need to, and because they are exposed to fewer and less alluring distractions. On the social side of college life the richer acquire some things that are valuable. youths have rather the better chance to I suppose it really pays some Harvard divert time and undergraduates to strength from scholastic duties to the Sisyphusian task of gaining ground against Yale, or trying to provideagainst experience-that a Harvard boat shall be more swiftly propelled down the Thames river than a similar boat from New Haven. And the social opportunities, the chance to live the life of the

place, to like and be liked, to gossip, to discuss, to invite one's soul, surely they are valuable, too.

Science.

Feminine experts are receiving honors. Two recent events show that men of science recognize the Women Workers in ability of women to originate and carry out scientific research and inspire others with their spirit. One is that the Royal society of London awarded the Hughes medal to Mrs. W. L. Ayrton for her experimental investigations on the electric arc and also upon sand ripples; and the other event is the first lecture delivered at the Sorbonne in Paris by Mme. Curie in the chair of general physics of the University of Paris. But Mrs. Ayrton and Mme. Curie originated and carried out their scientific investigations unaided. And the tacit acknowledgement of their creative capacity essential to work of this. kind is interesting and significant. Though some of Mrs. Ayrton's experiments on the electric arc were in the laboratories under Prof. Ayrton's charge, it was to her alone that the conception and carrying out of the experiments were due, as well as the original speculations deduced from the results. The logical result of the action of the Royal society and the University of Paris is that women should be eligible for election into any society or academy that exists for the purpose of extending the boundaries of natural knowledge.

workingmen, members of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, have made three levies of one penny each to help on the work of Ruskin College at Oxford. This levy produces over £300 a year, and by means of it six engineers are maintained for a year's course of study at the college. Smaller but substantial sums have been contributed to the same institution by the London Society of Compositors, by the Lanarkshire Miners' County Union, by the Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers, by the Derbyshire miners and the Durham miners, while a large number of other societies appear among the donors and subscrib

ers.

To Reform Swedish Spelling.

President Gustav Andreen of Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill., who favors the spelling reforms advocated by President Roosevelt, has approved the adoption by Augustana College of similar changes in the spelling of Swedish, recently officially promulgated in the mother country, but not yet generally adopted in schools or by the press. The change will be of great benefit to beginners, it is expected, as it includes two of the most difficult sounds in the Swedish language. language. Words which have previously been spelled with fv or f and have the v sound will be spelled with v. Words with the dt sound, which has been the most difficult one to master in the language, in the new system will be spelled with the t or in some cases tt.

Dr. Andreen, in explanation of the change at the college, stated that the alterations made in the system of spelling at Augustana made it conform to the official spelling of Sweden. It is the result of several years of study and work by Swedish etymologists and was taken up first by the Swedish Academy.

EXTRAVAGANCE IN FRATERNITY LIFE.

The evils of college fraternity life were discussed at Columbia's alumni banquet in a way that should cause fraternity men and the faculties of colleges and universities to ponder methods by which the brotherly spirit of college orcated, "it will grow worse and worse, until, like football, it will reach a stage where the people will rise up and compel the fraternities to come down from their lofty position."

The fraternity spirit takes a wrong trend even in high school life, where it ganizations may be preserved while the dangerous tendencies are curbed. Professor Rudolph Tombo, registrar of Columbia University, and national president of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity, declared that unless the evil of extravagance which has developed to menacing proportions in fraternity life is eradidevelops exclusiveness and social rivalry, both of which are out of harmony with the democracy that should characterize all public institutions. This evil has been so pronounced in many instances. that the authorities of high schools have prohibited the organization of fraternities, preferring to sacrifice the good in organization and co-operation rather than permit the introduction of a class spirit with its unwholesome leanings.

Rivalry is the foundation of the fraternity evil. In the high schools each fraternity claims to be the best and tries to outdo the others. This can be accomplished only by the expenditure of time and money, and the struggle interferes with the duties of the pupils. In the colleges and universities the young men and women are induced to join this or that fraternity because of the elegance of its "frat" house and the quality of its membership. As Professor Tombo says, "one fraternity builds a luxurious house, lavishly furnished and equipped; a rival fraternity becomes jealous and builds a house that is far better than the other; and that's the way it goes."

Reform in fraternity practices is quite as important for the universities as reform in football and athletics generally, Many a parent has taken his boys from the university because he could not keep pace with the financial demands resulting from effort to be "one of the boys" in fraternity life. And if parents generally should come to feel that sending boys to universities is deliberately exposing them to temptations that can be resisted only by the strongest of wills, they will prefer to keep their sons at home and let them get their education through experience in practical life.

THE IDEAL CITIZEN.

In the first place, he is a married man, with a home, a cheerful wife and some children. This is based on the idea that the home is the foundation of true national life, and that a man's selfishness is reduced by a love for others. He is a sober man, both in habit and speech. He avoids places of drunkenness, and all idle, profane and impure talk. He reads good books and thinks upon subjects related to the duties of life. He studies public questions, discusses them and endeavors to apply right knowledge.

He is a candid man, will take no advantage of falsehood and appeals to no prejudice. He wants the truth first of all, and when he is sure of it he stands for it courageously. He takes an interest in wholesome enterprises in his community. He pays his debts, he goes to church, he supports all educational enterprise, he always votes, he patronizes lectures and worthy entertainments, he obeys the law, he avoids mean gossip, he indulges in no petty quarrels, is courteous, kind and just to all. timistic, but with enough apprehension to make life more serious than gay, but throughout it all is a vein of good humor that sees the brighter side of things. In fine, he is hopeful, cheerful, helpful, and trusts in God as he trusts in the law of gravitation.

He is op

Now, these are possibly not practicals. They are only ideals. They don't set themselves up for anything else. But But ideals are useful. In fact, all good men have ideals; high points of living to which they aspire. They are our happiest people. They are our worthiest citizens. So please do not despise these ideals. Pick out a few, that you do not happen to have, to work up to; and finally, in the language of Burns to his young friend.

"And may you better reck the rede,

Than ever did the adviser."

TECHNICAL SCHOOL REQUIREMENTS. The technical professions now demand. of their members for the higher planes of successful practice the same general educational preparation for professional study as that required by the best law. and medical schools. Without entering into a discussion as to the relative merits

of the educational work done by the small college and by that forming a subordinate member of the university, it is sufficient to say that this part of a wellrounded course of professional study harmonizes completely with the university system and is in fact an essential element of it. Both for technical efficiency, therefore, and for the broadest and best educational motives the technical school is bound to find its strongest development in an environment of universal study and investigation. The university has long since lost the character, if it ever properly had it, of a place where abstractions of learning, separated from the things which only give them life, are to be dispensed after the manner of instruction to men who are never to deal with the affairs of life. It has come to be an intensely practical working agent. It is effective and worthy of support only in so far as it makes itself felt in the real life of the community. If it is to be a true and real center of instruction it is imperative that it shall carry knowledge into every useful calling, governmental, corporate, or private. The time will soon come, if indeed it is not already reached, when it only can prepare men to administer and extend in a rational and moral way the great industrial ac

tivities which at the present time form the foundation of the material prosperity of the modern world.

PENMANSHIP ONCE MORE A FINE ART.

There is a renaissance in penmanship, despite the speedy comforts of the typewriters. Ten years ago it probably would not have occurred to any one to show a page of manuscript at any exhibition; today pages or books of script form a feature of every show which takes to itself the name of arts and crafts. Some of the work is in Roman capitals, but the form of letter usually adopted is the unciel or half-unciel. Apparently all the writers have founded themselves in these models. Within these last few years not only has the art attracted a good deal of attention, but it has become quite the rage, so that in some circles it creates no more surprise now to learn that an amateur is taking lessons in script than it would have done years back to be told that he or she had taken to poker work. From one viewpoint it is difficult to say where writing ends and illustration begins, but though in the recent revival the two arts naturally have gone hand in hand, the scribe and the illuminator are not necessarily one and the same person. Some of the illuminations show most elaborate and minute figure decoration, so delicate in coloring and so refined in treatment that it challenges comparison with the best of old work.

some

AN EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM. The St. Louis Board of Education has established an educational museum in order to improve the instruction in geography and science by furnishing apparatus and illustrations for daily lessons.

Loan collections from this museum are distributed among different schools as they are needed. The Loan Collection in this museum are classified under the following headings: Food Products, Material for Clothing, Domestic Woods, Mounted Domestic Birds, Reptiles, Insects and their Near Relatives, Butterflies and Moths, Crustaceans, Mollusks, Echmoderms, Corals, Sponges, Minerals, Collections of Articles Used by the In