Compound or multilocular external galls are due : 1. To cohesion of simple tumours, allied to the fifth group above briar-gall. described 2. To the development of a hollowed, cellular mass. They may be compared with different groups of the unilocular, being sometimes hard (tumours on roots of oak) or spongy (oak-apples). In all the external galls, whether simple or compound, the fibrovascular bundles are placed on the outside of the protecting layers. Internal galls are true or false. True galls contain the insect in the interior of their tissues. They are hypertrophies, and have their seat upon all parts of the plant,—on the parenchyma, the nerves, the petioles, the cellular tissues, cortical fibres, medullary rays, and the pith. False galls are hypertrophies, deforming the organs, and affording the insects protection and nourishment. But the parasites are always on the outside of the tissues of the plant. To this division belong the egg-masses of aphides found on the leaves of the poplar, lime, elm, &c., and the nodosities of the trunk of the apple-tree. The vegetable hypertrophy, in whatever form of gall it developes itself, does not cause the disappearance of any of the organic elements: it increases their number and volume, and modifies their form. The cause of external galls is the deposit of a liquid venom, with specific properties, a true morbid poison, secreted by the insect, which deposits it in the plant with its egg. The form, consistence, &c., of the tumours vary with the specific properties of the virus of which they are the consequence. Internal galls, and more especially the false, appear to owe their formation, as Reaumur has shown, to the abstraction of the liquids of the plants by the suction of the Aphides. This abstraction, in augmenting the vitality of the part, determines, also, its hypertrophied growth. We could make a third general division, presenting at the same time the characters of external and internal productions; e. g., artichoke-galls. The paper elicited considerable discussion.-R. R. A Field Day of Naturalists, at Eastnor, Herefordshire. A Naturalists' Club having been recently formed at Malvern, the Woolhope (Herefordshire) Naturalists' Club invited the newly-constituted body, together with the Cotteswold (Gloucestershire) Club, to meet them, for an exploration at Eastnor, near Ledbury, on the 7th of June last. The united party accordingly, numbering upwards of sixty, mustered from their various localities at about 11 a.m., in the valley of the "White-leafed Oak," which is situated between two most southerly hills of the Malvern eruptive ridge, and at once proceeded to the business of the day. Professor Strickland (who occupies the mineralogical chair of Dr. Buckland, at Oxford) attended, by invita tion, as an Honorary Member, and now proposed to point out, to those who took an interest in geological researches, the grand features of the country before them, and the relations of the Silurian strata with the Malvern syenitic rocks. He then led a large party to the summit of the Ragged-stone Hill, and to various quarries, where metamorphic rock was clearly shown, the result of the action of the eruptive rock on the Silurian deposits; and descanted, also, on the remarkable beds of sandstone in the Obelisk Hill, first noticed by Sir R. Murchison. A most instructive morning was thus passed among the rocks and glens of the southern Malvern range. Meantime, an ardent band of botanists, including Dr. Bull, of Hereford, Mr. W. H. Purchas, of Ross, and other Woolhopean gentlemen, had placed themselves under the able direction of Mr. Edwin Lees, to gain some insight intot he Botany of Malvern, attaching more value to the clothing of rocks, than to the naked ribs of mother earth, attended to by their friends. This party had a very interesting ramble among the deep shades of the Holly-bush Hill, where there are indigenous clumps of that tree many hundred years old, the bark covered with venerable cryptogamic crust. They next explored the curious and interesting rocky dingle called "The Gullet," where, darkling through the entrails of the strata, amidst a luxuriant growth of ferns and mosses, a burrowing stream gushes down a deep, denselywooded ravine between the Holly-bush and Swenchard Hills. The botanical division next ascended to the Obelisk Hill, and closed a most agreeable day by visiting the celebrated Mistletoe in the Oak, in Eastnor Park, where Dr. Bull, officiating as Arch-Druid, climbed the summit of the tree, where the mistletoe flourishes in great force, and gathering some branches of the mystic plant, distributed them to his friends beneath, as mementoes of the expedition. Late in the afternoon, the parties united at dinner at the Somer'sarms Inn, where Barwick Baker, Esq., President of the Cotteswold Club, filled the chair; and the Revs. T. T. Lewis, of Aymestry, and W. S. Symonds, Rector of Pendock, Presidents of the Woolhope and Malvern Clubs, occupied the opposite end of the table. After the viands had been discussed, and customary toasts drank, the Rev. W. S. Symonds, thanking the Honorary Members for their attendance, made some admirable remarks on the uses of Clubs like their own, and dwelt on the value of Natural History as a part of education. He yet hoped that practical modern science would take its proper place in our universities; and he thought men were as well entitled to honorary distinctions for their powers of observation and research, well carried out, as for exercises in Greek, Latin, or the mathematics. These observations elicited general applause. Papers were then read, by Edwin Lees, Esq., F.L.S, ' On the Plants of the Silurian Strata, and those peculiar to Limestone Districts, with Reflections incident to the Subject;' by the Rev. G. C. Davis, Vicar of Tewkesbury, 'On the Migration of Swallows;' and by Mr. Hewit Wheatley, of Hereford,' On the Fishes of Herefordshire.' The paper of Mr. Lees, on the Silurian plants, led to a discussion, in which Professor Buckman, of Cirencester, Dr. Wright, of Cheltenham, and Mr. W. H. Purchas, of Ross, took part. Dr. Wright proposed that a chart should be formed of the country under their notice, showing the plants of each geological formation; and Mr. Lees, Professor Buckman, and Mr. Purchas were constituted a committee to carry out this idea. The party separated, much pleased with their reunion, and hopeful for another at no distant day. Note on Epilobium Lamyi. Mr. Syme has this morning sent me word that, since he wrote the note on E. Lamyi (Phytol. iv. 933), he has seen a specimen from Prof. Grenier, labelled 'E. Lamyi,' with the remark 'Cult. ex sem. auct.'; thus appearing to be indubitably the plant of Schultz. Mr. Syme says this is clearly identical with the plant which I labelled E. virgatum. In the absence of figures and authentic specimens, I will hazard no conjectures as to the synonymy, but content myself with observing that the discrepancy between my plant and the description, in the 'Flore de France,' of E. Lamyi, as regards the existence of stolons, remains to be accounted for.-W. H. Purchas; Ross, May 24, 1853. [This note was accidentally omitted from the Phytologist-Club Proceedings.] Notes on the Localities of some Pembrokeshire Plants, observed in May and June, 1853. By EDWIN LEES, Esq., F.L.S. ONE great advantage of a periodical devoted to British Botany is, to record "the living flowers as they rise," to correct former observations, record new localities, or the extension of the bounds of plants; and so keep the tide of research up to high-water mark. I have thus to mention an alteration, though not a correction, with respect to a recorded observation of my own. I have stated in the 'Botanical Looker-Out,' that the majestic ruins of Pembroke Castle were overgrown with the silver corymbs of the fragrant Alyssum (Koniga) maritimum. This relates to the observation of sixteen years ago; and the old dame who then was custos of the Castle, and used daily, at morn and eve, to furl and unfurl the banner upon the keep, assured me that, for the twenty years, or more, that she had patrolled the time-worn turrrets, she had noticed the Alyssum growing there. Time and change will, however, mark the flight of years; for on my present visit to Pembroke not a single specimen could I find anywhere about the Castle; the flag-staff, too, had been blown down in a tempest, and not replaced; the old dame no longer mounted the ruined stairs of the keep; and plant and banner were alike numbered with the things that have been. I felt sorry for the loss of the plant, though, perhaps, only naturalized; but, a day or two afterwards, returning from Bosheston, by the opposite side of the town, I found the Alyssum growing, in several very luxuriant tufts, upon the weather-beaten town-walls; and, as there are still extensive remains of these, it will, doubtless, continue to maintain itself there. Diplotaxis tenuifolia used to be rather abundant at Tenby, generally showing itself, as an old retainer, about domestic spots, even on the window-ledges of the ancient habitations. It is now almost gone, for the thick stone dwellings of the original Flemish settlers are nearly all gone too; and the present race of tall, lean, and hungry-looking white houses, overlooking the dejected walls of olden times, offer the plant no place of shelter suited to its recollections. I could now only find it on three, out of, perhaps, a score, of old places, still remaining relics of the past. Here it still tenaciously clung, in front of the thick casements, and will do so till the remorseless hand of innovation. decrees their ruin. Nature generally supplies some compensation for loss; and so, in place of the "time-honoured" Diplotaxis, a modern interloper has 60 VOL. IV. sprung up,-Centranthus ruber; and this red valerian now grows over walls and ruins with such rapidity, that upon buildings in South Wales it seems likely to become as much a pest in its onward spread upon land, as the Udora is in its incursions through the water. I have, in a former communication, adverted to the Aquilegia vulgaris, as among the ill-starred plants that have a dubious light thrown upon them in the last edition of the British Flora,' by Sir W. J. Hooker and Dr. Arnott. I was particularly struck, this year, with the abundance of the columbine, both in Pembrokeshire and Caermarthenshire. In wandering around Pembroke, I found it quite general under hedges in shady lanes, in several directions, as well as at Penally near Tenby, and on the road to Haverfordwest, from the latter place; nor could I see any reason to believe that it was less a true native than Hypericum Androsæmum, springing up by its side, which no one has suggested to be an introduction. Possibly the Aquilegia may have increased of late years; but for such a general West-of-England plant, it surely seems strange for the authors of the 'British Flora' merely to speak of its occurrence "in several places," and brand it as not a genuine native. It may be, therefore, well to record, that on the road from Haverfordwest to Caermarthen (and in the latter county), between a place called "the Roses" and the village of St. Clear's, the columbine occurred in large patches, at intervals, for three miles; and in one gorsy upland, in particular, was dispersed among the gorse-bushes (Ulex Europeus), in every part of the heathy field, making one of those floral pictures, bright with colouring, that so long repose upon the memory. A few plants may be mentioned, in connexion with the vicinity of Tenby, about the Castle-rocks of which now flourish the most exuberant growth of sea-cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and Smyrnium Olusatrum that ever met my view. Whether this was so previous to the occupation of the Castle, is, perhaps, worth the discussion of those who would pry curiously into the first immigration of plants considered to be "doubtfully wild," or, "perhaps only escaped from cultivation." It is an interesting ramble, passing through the singular western portal of Tenby, down the Windmill Hill, and across the sandy Burrows to Giltar Point, and the broken limestone rocks there forming the barrier of the coast. Numerous hills and hollows, with intervening spreads of sand, make the track a devious one; and some isolated masses of rock, half covered with ivy, and, where bare, deeply tinted with the orange-coloured Parmelia elegans, give a picturesque aspect to parts of the scene; while an old, solitary watch-tower near |