-ALLENSPACH, G.

RECENT FUBLICATIONS

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Dünnschliffe von gefälteltem Röthidolomit-QuartenUrlaun. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich. Druck von Zürcher & Furrer in Zürich. -American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceedings of. Vol. XLIX, New York meeting, June 1900.

Vol. XIII, 1900.

-American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin of the. New York, December 1900. -Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, Annals of. Edward C. Pickering, Director. Vol. XLIII. Part 1. Observations and Investigations made at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, Massachusetts, U. S. A., under the direction of A. Lawrence Rotch. The Eclipse Cyclone and the Diurnal Cyclones, by H. Helm Clayton. Published by the Observatory, Cambridge, 1901.

-Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, Proceedings of. First ordinary meeting, 1900, Melbourne, Victoria.

-BAKER, FRANK COLLINS. A Revision of the Limnaeas of Northern Illinois. Transactions of the Academy of St. Louis, Vol. XI, No. I. Issued January 16, 1901.

-CASE, E. C. The Vertebrates from the Permian Bone Bed of Vermilion County, Illinois. [Contributions from Walker Museum, Vol. I, No. 1.] The University of Chicago Press, January 1901.

-CLAYTON, H. HELM. The Eclipse Cyclone and the Diurnal Cyclones. Results of Meteorological Observations in the Solar Eclipse of May 28, 1900. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXXVI, No. 16, January 1901.

Vol. X,

Studies of Cyclonic and Anti-Cyclonic Phenomena with Kites. Bulletin No. 1, 1900, of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory. -Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Transactions of the. Part 2. New Haven. Published by the Academy, 1900. -CROSBY, W. O. Geological History of the Nashua Valley during the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. 4, December 1899.

Notes on the Geology of the Sites of the Proposed Dams in the Valleys of the Housatonic and Ten Mile Rivers. Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, Vol. XIII, No. 2, June 1900.

On the Origin of Phenocrysts, and the Development of the Porphyritic
Texture in Igneous Rocks. [From the American Geologist, Vol.
XXV, May 1900.]

Outline of the Geology of Long Island in its relations to the Public
Water Supply. Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, Vol. XIII, No.
2, June 1900.

Report on Borings for the East Boston Tunnel.

-GORDON, C. H. Geological Report on Sanilac County, Michigan. With 5 plates and 2 figures, including one colored map. Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. VII, Part 3. Lansing, 1900.

-HAYCOCK, E. Records of Post-Triassac Changes in Kings County, Nova Scotia. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol, X, Session 1899-1900.

-HEIM, ALBERT. Gneissfältenung in alpinem Centralmassiv. ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Stauungsmetamorphose. Vierteljahrsschrift in Zürich. Druck von Zürcher & Furrer in Zürich.

– HITCHCOCK, C. H. Volcanic Phenomena on Hawaii. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. XII, pp. 45-56, Pls..2-5. Rochester, December 1900.

The Story of Niagara. Reprinted from the American Antiquarian, January 1901.

-LEE, WILLIS T. Origin of the Débris-Covered Mesas of Boulder, Colorado. Reprinted from the JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY, Vol. VIII, No. 6, September-October 1900.

-LIEBHEIM, E.

Beiträge zur Kenntniss des lothringischen Kohlengebirges. Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen. Neue Folge, Heft IV. Atlas. Strassburg in Elsass. Strassburger Druckerei und Verlags-Anstalt, vormals R. Schultz & Cie, 1900.

-LYMAN, BENJAMIN SMITH. Importance of Topography in Geological
Surveys. A reprint from 'the Mining and Metallurgical Journal of
December 1, 1900. Vol. XXIII, No. 5, p. 67.

Notes on Mine Surveying Instruments, with special reference to Mr.
Dunbar D. Scott's paper on their evolution, and its discussion. [Trans-
actions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers - Canadian
Meeting, Angust 1900.]

Movements of Ground Water. Reprinted from the Journal of the
Franklin Institute, October 1900.

-Maryland Geological Survey, Alleghany County. Baltimore, the Johns Hopkins Press, 1900.

-NORDENSKJÖLD, OгTo. Om Pampasformationen. Meddelanden från

Upsala Universitets Mineralogisk-Geologiska Institution. 25. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm.

THE

JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY

APRIL-MAY, 1901

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE WAVERLY SERIES OF CENTRAL OHIO'

INTRODUCTION

PERHAPS it may seem strange that a consideration of the classification of the Waverly series is proposed after the thorough investigations of the Ohio Geological Survey directed by Doctors Newberry and Orton. Their investigations gave the world the main facts concerning the economic and general geology of the state and the names of Newberry and Orton will be associated for all time with the geology of Ohio as those of Mather, Emmons, Vanuxem, and Hall are with that of New York, and Henry D. Rogers and Lesley with that of Pennsylvania. It is true of geology, however, as of other sciences that the scope is constantly widening so that a restatement of facts. or, perhaps, another investigation of the whole subject, aided by later discoveries, may be required. At present this is especially true with reference to the stratigraphical geology of America. During the lifetime of Dr. Newberry the nomenclature of

Published by permission of Professor Edward Orton, Jr., state geologist of Ohio. Presented to the tenth meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Columbus, December 27, 1900.

2 Series is used in the sense proposed by the International Congress of Geologists. See Work Inter. Cong. Geologists, 1886, p. 50; GILBERT, in Proc. A. A. A. S., Vol. XXXVI, 1888, p. 186; and Congrès Géologique International (8e Session), Procèsverbaux des Séances, 1901, p. 34.

geological formations was not closely scrutinized and there were very few clearly defined rules governing the naming of the various geological divisions. In general, the names referred to some locality in which the rocks were more or less favorably exposed. But this was not always the case, for not infrequently mineralogical or paleontological terms were used for the names of the divisions. Much the same system prevailed during the period of the more active investigations of Dr. Orton and it is only during the last few years that the movement has arisen to place the nomenclature of stratigraphical geology on a basis similar to that of the biological sciences. Two of the most potent influences in this movement are the International Congress of Geologists and the United States Geological Survey. The most important principles of nomenclature governing the United States Survey are first, a formation is a lithological unit representing the physical conditions of deposition, and should be called by the same name so far as it can be traced and identified by means of its lithologic characters aided by its stratigraphic associations and its contained fossils. The formation shall receive a distinctive designation, the preferred form being binomial of which the first member is geographic and the other lithologic. When the formation, however, consists of beds differing in lithologic character, so that no single lithologic term is applicable, the word "formation" shall be substituted for the lithologic term. The second principle is the rule of priority. These two principles of nomenclature have been very imperfectly observed in most of our stratigraphical geology and as recently as December 1899, Dr. J. M. Clarke, state paleontologist of New York, and Mr. Charles Schuchert published a revised classification of the formations of New York in which a number of time-honored names were replaced by new terms.2

REVIEW OF FORMER CLASSIFICATIONS

In 1838 Professor C. Briggs, Jr., the fourth assistant geologist of the first geological survey of Ohio, proposed the name

66

Waverly sandstone series" for the rocks occurring between the "argillaceous slaty rock, or shale stratum," now known as the Ohio shale, and the "conglomerate" which lies at the base of the Coal-measures. Waverly is the name of the capital of Pike county in southern Ohio and Professor Briggs stated that "As some of the most beautiful stones that have been obtained were quarried at Waverly, we may, for the present, denominate these rocks the Waverly sandstone series."

In the following report, for some reason, Professor Briggs used the term "fine-grained sandstone" in place of the Waverly in his descriptions of the geology of Hocking, Athens, and Crawford counties. 2

In the first report of the Newberry survey, Dr. Newberry and Professor Andrews revived the name, "Waverly sandstone."3 Professor Andrews stated that it consisted of "A group of sandstones and shales, measuring on the Ohio River 640 feet in thickness (from the black slate to the base of the sub-Carboniferous limestone in the Kentucky hills), [which] rests conformably upon

the black slate."+ He further described a stratum of bituminous black shale 16 feet in thickness, 137 feet above the base of the group to which he gave the name "Waverly black slate." 5 It was also stated that between the Coal-measures and Waverly in Hocking county was "a group of comparatively fine-grained, buff-colored sandstone," 1331⁄2 feet in thickness which was named the Logan sandstone." Below the Logan sandstone was given 85 feet of rocks which were stated to be composed of fine-grained sandstones alternating with conglomerates and this

'First Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, p. 80.

2Second Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1839, pp. 122, 130. See also his section of the strata of Ohio, facing p. 109. The same term was used by Mr. Foster, another assistant; see pp. 76 and 103, and, facing p. 73, his "Geological section along the National road from the Scioto River to the eastern line of Muskingum county."

3 Geol. Surv. Surv. Ohio, Pt. I, Rept. Progress in 1869, 1870, p. 21; Pt. II, p. 65. 4 Ibid., Pt. II, p. 65. 5 Ibid., p. 66.

Ibid., p. 76. The "section on Hocking River" on the "map showing the Lower Coal Measures" at the close of this report gave the thickness of the Logan sandstone group as 144 feet.