division in some parts of the report is called the "Waverly conglomerate." Professor Andrews identified these two divisions in the Licking Valley and stated that "at Black Hand, near the east line of Licking county, the conglomerate is probably fifty or sixty feet thick, and over it lies, as we follow the dip to the southeast toward Zanesville, the Logan sandstone group. The Logan sandstone, with its characteristic fossils, is found to extend to a point between Pleasant Valley and Dillon's Falls, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad."2 Dr. Newberry stated that the Waverly group, as it was then called, "In the northern part of the state.. is much less homogeneous [than in the southern part], and is composed of the following elements: Cuyahoga shale (dove-colored shale and fine blue Berea grit (drab sandstone) Bedford shale (red and blue clay shale) Feet 150 50 60 20-60." 3 Cleveland shale (black bituminous shale) 3 This classification was repeated by Dr. Newberry in 1873 in his report on the geology of Cuyahoga county, with a revision of the thickness of the several divisions, as follows: At a later date the Cleveland black shale was referred by Dr. Orton and some other geologists to the Devonian system. The same classification for the Waverly was given by Dr. Newberry in 1874 under his description of the Carboniferous system. In this volume Professor N. H. Winchell reported numerous outcrops of the Berea grit succeeded by the Cuyahoga shales and See p. 135 and explanation of the “section on Hocking River" on the "map showing the Lower Coal Measures." 2 Ibid., p. 79. Also see ibid., Rept. Progress in 1870 [1871], p. 59. 3 Ibid., Pt. I, Rept. Progress in 1869, p. 21. 4 Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. I, Pt. I, p. 184. 5 Ibid., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 87. sandstones in northern central Ohio in Crawford, Morrow, and Delaware counties. This identification of Professor Winchell's is important because it carried correctly, for the first time, the Berea grit with the overlying Cuyahoga shale from northern Ohio to the central part of the state. Dr. Orton published the descriptions of the geology of Pike and Ross counties in this volume, and gave the following subdivisions of the Waverly series: At the base are from 80 to 100 feet of the Waverly shales, a name apparently proposed by him. This was followed by what he termed the Waverly Quarry System, with a thickness of 32% feet, one mile south of Jasper.3 Immediately above the sandstone is a black shale, from 16 to 27 feet in thickness, which, Dr. Orton stated, had been "designated by the chief geologist the Cleveland shale' and by Professor Andrews the 'Waverly black slate;'"+ while the remaining part of the series, including everything "above the Waverly black slate and below the Carboniferous series" was denominated the Upper Waverly, composed of shales and sandstones with a maximum thickness not exceeding 425 feet.5 Meek in 1875, in giving the horizon of Discina (Orbiculoidea) Newberryi Hall, stated that certain specimens came "from the Berea shale, a member of the Waverly group of the Lower Carboniferous," which is, apparently, the first usage of the name in a stratigraphical sense, although it does not clearly appear that Meek intended to separate the shale from the subjacent Berea grit. In 1878 Dr. Orton's " Report on the geology of Franklin county" was published, and in it occurs a description of the Waverly group as far as represented in the county. The Huron shale, the youngest formation of the Devonian system, was described as closing with "a red or chocolate-colored band, from 6 Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. II, Pt. II, Palæontology, p. 278. See also statements in explanation of Plate XIV. 15 to 20 feet in thickness." Outcrops of these red shales were mentioned as occurring at "Taylor's Station, in Jefferson township, and at several points in Mifflin township, on the eastern bank of Big Walnut Creek. One exposure in particular may be named, which is very conspicuous, viz., the one seen in the slate cliff, opposite Central College." 1 I Dr. Orton's correlation of the divisions of the Waverly was as follows: Dr. Orton further In the report above mentioned Dr. Orton said "the Cleveland shale of Dr. Newberry, the Waverly black shale of Professor Andrews .. is known at but a single locality in the county, viz., at Ealy's Mills, in Jefferson township, on the banks of Rocky Fork. From 10 to 15 feet of this formation are here shown within the compass of an acre."3 stated that Professor Winchell was in error in correlating the sandstone at Sunbury, Delaware county, with the Berea grit, his statement being as follows: "The Sunbury stone is erroneously referred in Vol. I [Vol. II] to a higher division of the Waverly, viz., the Berea grit, but it certainly belongs to the lowest of the sandstone courses of this formation."4 The same volume contains the "Report on the Geology of Licking County," by M. C. Read, who described therein the upper Waverly of that county. The oldest division noted by Read was the Waverly conglomerate, which was said to be "conspicuously exposed along the south bank of the Licking in Madison and Hanover townships, presenting abrupt, precipitous bluffs 20 to 40 feet high."5 The conglomerate was succeeded by the "olive shales," which were said to occupy "an interval of 150 to 190 feet below the Carboniferous conglomerate," and were described as composed mainly of shales, but with some "strata of massive sandstone." In July 1878 Professor L. E. Hicks, of Denison University, announced "the discovery [of] an unmistakable outcrop of Cleveland shale [which] exists two miles east of Sunbury in Delaware county, southern [central] Ohio, on the land of Horace Whitney. It lies above the calcareous sandrock of the Sunbury quarries, which Professor N. H. Winchell, a special assistant of the Ohio geological survey, identified as Berea grit. My discovery demonstrates the incorrectness of that identification, and raises a strong presumption, amounting almost to a certainty, that he was equally wrong in respect to his Berea grit in Morrow and Crawford counties." Professor Hicks made no reference to the classification of the Waverly and identification of the Cleveland shale in Franklin county by Dr. Orton, and on the other hand Dr. Orton did not mention Professor Hicks' papers in any of his publications so I am unable to state which article has priority. The September number of the same periodical contained a classification of the Waverly group in central Ohio by Professor Hicks, which was stated to include the rocks lying between the Huron shales and the base of the CoalThe classification is as follows: measures. The following year Dr. Orton published a "Note on the Lower Waverly Strata of Ohio" in which for the first time the Waverly black shale of southern Ohio was correctly correlated with the black shale directly above the Berea grit in northern Ohio for which the name Berea shale was proposed. This furnished the key for the correct correlation, between northern and southern Ohio, of the lower formations of the Waverly series, which was summarized in the following table: Am. Jour. Sci., and Arts, 3d ser., Vol. XVI, p. 71. In 1888 Dr. Orton published a general classification of the Waverly group which he considered as composed of the Bedford shale, the Berea grit, the Berea shale, the Cuyahoga shale, and the Logan group. The Cuyahoga shale, however, was restricted to the shales and fine-grained sandstones between the Berea shale and the base of the conglomerate and sandstone forming the upper part of the Waverly. This upper division was called the Logan group which was said to consist of the Waverly conglomerate and Logan sandstone of Andrews as found in Hocking, Fairfield, and Licking counties. To the north the olive shales of Read in Knox and Richland counties were correlated with the Logan sandstone. The same classification was repubreport for the Ohio survey.3 lished by Dr. Orton in his last In 1888 Professor C. L. Herrick, who had studied the paleontology and stratigraphy of the Waverly series of central Ohio more thoroughly than any of the former observers, published his conclusions. Professor Herrick had also studied the Waverly of northern and southern Ohio and rocks of similar age in Pennsylvania and western New York, so that his classification was not intended to be confined to the rocks of central |