and the royalties from them are used to pay the expenses of further research by a foundation formed for that purpose.

them as useful as the high-grade oils of Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio.

As for geology, the university professors have done a major part of the work, and some of them rank among the

ess for making synthetic gray iron from scraps of thin steel, a waste of automobile factories. Those scraps were worth $4 a ton. Saved and made into gray iron they have a value of about $75 a ton to the auto factories themselves for making castings.

University Professors Aid National
Government

The success of the large lighter-than-air craft is almost wholly dependent upon the use of helium because it is a nonexplosive gas, and though the initial cost is greater it is in the long run less expensive than hydrogen. Professor Cady, of the University of Kansas, discovered that there was a considerable supply of helium in the natural gases of that State. His report to the National Government led it to call on several other university professors for investigations, and the result is the discovery of sources of supply and methods of production that make possible the maintenance of the Shenandoah and any other large aircraft that we may wish to have.

Edward Orton, jr., a professor in the University of Ohio, is known to the mining world as the father of modern ceramics in the United States. Before he began his work, making brick, tile, pottery, etc., was largely a matter of guess. The industry had little or no scientific foundation. He took the lead in the careful study of the processes of ceramics and so established its principles that we now have a number of schools

training men for that work. The traveling laboratory from the University of Ohio made tests of actual work in ceramic plants and suggested changes that in nine months paid in the saving of fuel alone the entire cost of the testing trip.

During the war Professor Gibbs, of Columbia University, devised an oxygenbreathing apparatus for use in mine rescue work. Modifications of it have been adopted by fire departments and in submarines. The consequent saving of life and property has been enormous.

Methods of Science Save Coal and Oil

Processes of washing coal have been worked out in the Universities of Washington and Illinois, and in a single instance 200,000 tons of coal were saved from what would have been nothing but waste. The oils found in western Ohio, Indiana, and Texas were sulphur bearing and of low value until Doctor Mabry, of the Case School of Applied Science, found ways of refining them, and making

any geologist and he will name offhand a dozen or more "splendid fellows" who occupied chairs in universities and not only endeared themselves to their students by their fine classroom work but led in geological investigation and made inestimably valuable contributions in research and writing.

T. C. Chamberlin, for five years president of the University of Wisconsin, and later in charge of the geological department of the University of Chicago, studied modern glaciers, published much new material on the glacial deposits of the Northeastern States, was geologist of the Peary Arctic relief expedition, and formulated the planetesimal hypothesis as an explanation of the origin of the planetary system.

Reduce Pure Science to Practical Uses

Louis Agassiz, professor of natural history at Harvard, contributed as only a small part of his work the theory of the glacial epoch, and by studies in the Alps, confirmed his generalizations in regard

to it.

Joseph Le Conte, one of the long list of noted men whom Agassiz trained, while professor in the University of California did more perhaps than any other one man to popularize geology in America and hasten its translation into the everyday life and thought of people.

James Dwight Dana, professor of natural history at Yale, was a member of the Wilkes exploring exposition sent by the National Government to little-known parts of the Pacific Ocean and later gave 13 years to almost constant study of the materials collected. He wrote several texts on geology and mineralogy, and his discussions of the origin of the continents, mountain building, and volcanoes are among the most valuable contributions to scientific literature.

Benjamin Silliman, for 62 years a professor of natural science at Yale, was one of the foremost lecturers of the world, especially on geology. He, with Doctor Hare, constructed the compound blowpipe. He established the American Journal of Science, and members of his family held the editorship of it for years.

Geology the Handmaid of Mineral Develop

ment

John Branner, professor of geology at the University of Indiana, and later vice president of Stanford University, was for six years State geologist of Arkansas and did an important work in developing the mineral wealth of the State. He directed two geological expeditions to Brazil and

was special assistant in a geological survey of that country.

Organized Effort Essential in Medical
Advance

Though many of the important early discoveries in medicine were made by individuals working independently, the great continuous advance in medical science in the past 90 years has been made by organized laboratory effort, most of it carried on in the universities of Europe and America. Individuals as a rule have not the means or equipment to do research in medicine. They must work in the universities or with some of the various foundations. The latter have excited the rivalry and stimulated the effort of the medical schools; States and cities have always felt at liberty to call on universities for help in medical problems; and the public demands university leadership and advice in the health affairs of the community. Out of the universities have come discoveries in medicine that have removed some of the greatest obstacles to higher and more prosperous civilization.

The story of Professor Pasteur's brilliant discoveries has no parallel in any science. He studied tartaric acid and opened a new field of crystallography; demonstrated the reasons for fermentation of alcohol, vinegar, lactic acid, and butyric acid, found the causes of disease by germ infection, and explained the principle of cure or prevention by vaccination. He saved the silk industry of France by overcoming a germ disease of the silkworms, put its wine industry on a scientific basis by Pasteurization, and through vaccination for anthrax is credited with a money value saving in the livestock of France sufficient to cover the war indemnity paid by France to Germany in 1879. All canning and preserving is based on his discoveries. Civilization's debt to this professor of chemistry at Lille is almost beyond imagination.

Modern Surgery Originated in University Laboratory

Another professor, Joseph Lister, of Edinburgh University, taking his idea from Pasteur's theory of germ infection, conceived the plan of keeping wounds free from infection by applying antiseptics. He is known as the founder of modern surgery, and the British Medical Journal said he saved more lives by the introduction of his system than all the wars of the nineteenth century together had sacrificed.

Emil Behring, a professor at the University of Halle, discovered the diphtheria antitoxin. By its use fatalities from diphtheria have been reduced from 45 per cent to less than 10 per cent, and one of the most dreaded diseases of childhood has been practically conquered.

Robert Koch, professor in the University of Berlin, discovered the tubercle ba

cillus and the cholera spirillum. His work has done much to aid in the control of these and other diseases.

Among the more recent very valuable offerings of university professors is the prone-pressure method of artificial respiration developed by Prof. E. A. Schafer, of the University of Edinburgh. It is the best method known for reviving persons near death from drowning, electric shock, or asphyxiation, and has been the means of saving many lives.

Stimulated Breathing Saves Many Lives

For the treatment of these and related

cases, Prof. Yandell Henderson, of Yale, has lately announced the plan of stimulating breathing by inhalation of a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. It is known to be of great value in carbon monoxide or methyl alcohol poisoning and in hastening recovery from the effects of anesthetics.

When Dr. F. G. Banting wished to work out his theories regarding diabetes, he turned to his alma mater, the University of Toronto, and was given the help he needed in extracting insulin and proving its efficiency. Diabetes caused about 12 per cent of all the deaths in the United States in 1921. It has been increasing rapidly in recent years, and its victims are usually young adults. Before the discovery of insulin by Doctors Banting and McLeod the only hope for the sufferer lay in a most rigid course of dieting. These two university men have already saved thousands of lives and returned many thousands more of invalids and semiinvalid's to comparative health and usefulness. Here again is a contribution so great that there is no way of estimating it.

In the field of chemistry a single instance will serve to show something of university leadership and the debt we owe to it. Joseph Liebig, professor of chemistry at Giessen, made chemistry a real science and was the founder of organic chemistry. He discovered chloroform, chloral, and aldehyde. He was first to trace the transformation of inorganic to organic substances. Most of our work in soil study and fertilization is directly attributable to the results of his research. Investigators of Only Five Classes Cited

It is not possible to compute in dollars and cents, pounds and pence, or in any other mere metal measure of value the wealth that has been produced because the few university professors mentioned lived and worked and gave freely to the world the best of their thought. And remember that these are only a very few names chosen more or less at random out of the very long list of high-grade university workers in only five fields of endeavor. If we were to try to tell all that the uni

be an attempt at multiplying the immeasurable.

Set aside for a minute consideration of

what these great men of the universities have done and consider the value of education in the more ordinary walks of life. A study made at Cornell University shows that farmers with high-school training are tenants two years younger and farm owners four years younger than men trained only in elementary schools. Of 1,237 farmers in Kansas, those with a commonschool education earned yearly $422; those with high-school education, $554; partial college education, $859; complete college, $1,452. The results of studies in

The

nine other States were the same. educated farmer earned more and lived better than the uneducated one.

Education Adds Greatly to Earning Power A former president of the American Society of Engineers was authority for the statement some 10 years ago that 100,000 common laborers in Alabama

were worth as producers about one million dollars; if trained in shops, more than one schools, two and one-half millions; and if and one-half millions; if trained in trade trained in technical colleges, nearly four and one-half millions. The Brooklyn Teachers' Association calculated in 1909 that for each day spent in school there was an added life income of between $9 and $10. Each day in school is now considered to be worth $16 or $17.

There is no use to argue further that education pays. Of course, it costs-all good things do-but it pays such enormous dividends in all sorts of ways that the wonder is we do not invest more money in it.

The United States Bureau of Education has been asked to conduct home economics conferences at the Bay section and at the Southern section of the California State Teachers' Association.

All-year schools have been discontinued in Newark, N. J. The attendance at summer sessions does not warrant the additional expense.

EDUCATION, to accomplish the

ends of good government, should be universally diffused. Open the doors of the schoolhouse to all the children in the land. Let no man have the excuse of poverty for not educating his own offspring. Place the means of education within his reach, and if they remain in ignorance, be it his own reproach. . . On the diffusion of education among the people rests the preservation and perpetuation of our free institutions. -Daniel Webster.

tively One-Third Less

Notwithstanding Rapidly Mounting Costs, Other Expenditures Have Surpassed Those for Education

IN

N SPITE of its rapidly mounting cost, education is receiving a noticeably smaller proportion of total governmental declares expenditures than formerly, Mabel Newcomer, of the Educational Finance Inquiry Commission, in "Financial Statistics of Public Education in the United States."

The percentage of total governmental expenditures devoted to education decreased from 17.6 per cent in 1910 to 11.8 per cent in 1920, or about one-third, Miss Newcomer states. The percentage

of national governmental expenditures devoted to education decreased from 1.3 per cent to 1 per cent, or about onefourth. In the same period the percentage of State governmental expenditures devoted to education decreased one-fifth. Only in the case of total local governmental expenditures did the percentage for education increase and then only one-ninth.

Highways Absorb Increasing Proportion of Expense

The best (because the largest) single item for comparison with the increasing educational costs is the cost of highways, says the author. The costs of education and highways, although increasing rapidly in amounts, together comprised only 19.8 per cent of the total governmental budget in 1920, as against 28.6 per cent in 1910 and 31.6 per cent in 1915. The cost for highways was increasing at a far greater rate than the cost for education. Of total State governmental expenditures, the percentage for education in 1920 had decreased to only four-fifths of what it had been in 1910, while the percentage for highways in 1920 had increased to five times what it was in 1910. Of total local governmental expenditures, the percentage for education increased about oneninth from 1910 to 1920, while the percentage for highways increased only about one-thirtieth.

Of the per capita governmental expenditures, those for education and for highways in the country as a whole approximately doubled between 1910 and 1920, as did also State expenditures for education, local expenditures for education, and local expenditures for highways. The per capitas for national expenditures for education and for highways, and for State expenditures for highways, increased at a much faster rate, the item for highways in both instances being far ahead of the corresponding item for education.

Land of Wholesome Enjoyment and Perennial Gladness

I want to see all Americans have a reasonable amount of leisure. Then I want to see them educated to use such leisure for their own enjoyment and betterment, and the strengthening of the quality of their citizenship. We can go a long way in that direction by getting them out of doors and really interested in nature. We can make still further progress by engaging them in games and sports. Our country is a land of cultured men and women. It is a land of agriculture, of industries, of schools, and of places of religious worship. It is a land of varied climes and scenery, of mountain and plain, of lake and river. It is the American heritage. We must make it a land of vision, a land of work, of sincere striving for the good, but we must add to all these, in order to round out the full stature of the people, an ample effort to make it a land of wholesome enjoyment and perennial gladness.-At National Conference on Outdoor Recreation, Washington, May 22, 1924.

Obligation of Reasonableness and Moderation

If we accept this postulate of the eternal mutability of institutions, then we will be able to realize how great a service is that of the men and women who would train the youth of the Nation to understanding of and to interest in these institutions of ours. There is no greater obligation upon the community than that of properly educating its youth, of training its future citizens for the duties which in their time they must assume. The world has always contained a dangerously large proportion of people who have

believed that the way of progress was by way of destruction. They are com

monly in a minority, but a distressingly active and determined minority. They would begin the reconstruction of human affairs by tearing down everything that has thus far been erected. It seems as if well-nigh every generation in modern times is destined to try some of these experiments in reorganization by the process of utter disorganization. The eagerness of the extremists, the revolutionists, is unquenchable. The only assurance against their machinations is to be found in the inculcation among the people of sound ideals of government. If we, in our generation, shall succeed in establishing among those who are to come after us the full conception of the obligation to reasonableness and to moderation, the next generation may find reason to thank us for making its way of life easier than ours has been. That, I take it, is the greatest collective wish of humanity in every generation, as it looks to the generations that are to follow. At the National Oratorical Contest, Washington, June 6, 1924.

Greater Spirit of Loyalty an Urgent Need

We have all known people who were disposed to view with concern the rapid

advance of education. They fear that when everybody is assured a measure of general education nobody will be left to look after the less agreeable tasks which must always be performed. Fortunately

such misgivings have never been justified by the event. The advancement of intelligence has been marked by a continual elimination or amelioration of the more undesirable tasks. Just about the time when it is found that there is a shortage of workers willing to do unpleasant things somebody with a trained intelligence discovers a process or invents a machine that performs the task more efficiently, or makes its performance unnecessary. This has happened so many times that it seems safe to assume it will keep on happening. If there remain some undesirable tasks that neither science nor invention can eliminate, a more productive society will at least be able to pay more liberally-in fact, is now doing so and thus get them done.

ness.

Such a continuing elimination of the uncomfortable tasks of course means a corresponding increase in human happiBut this will not be possible unless intellectual progress keeps step with the demand for higher technical, scientific, and social capabilities. That is why the progress of education must always be a

primary concern to us. The market for trained intelligence will never be overstocked. We hear of a possible saturation point in the demand for particular products; but there will never be a sat

uration point, a danger of overproduction, in good, working, capable brains. It may be that our educational methods are not so far perfected as to give us full returns on all our investments in them. No doubt some expensive college educations are invested in people incapable of making them return a going rate of interest. But that need not greatly worry us. The world keeps on increasing its wealth despite a deal of bad investments and sheer waste. No doubt it will keep on growing wiser if it continues to extend its educational processes, even though some mistakes mark the effort. * *

*

I would not venture to say what our country needs most from its educated young men and women, but one of its urgent needs is a greater spirit of loyalty, which can only come from reverence for constituted authority, from faith in the things that are. There must be loyalty to the family; loyalty to the various civic organizations of society; loyalty to the Government, which means first of all the observance of its laws; and loyalty to religion. These are fundamental virtues. They are the chief characteristics of faith. If education has not given that clearer insight into all that touches our life, whether

it come from our relationship to the physical world or our relationship to mankind, it will be a disappointment and a failure. If it has given that insight, it will be a success; it will be the source of that power

through which alone has been, and can be, "wrought many wonderful works."At Georgetown University commencement, Washington, June 9, 1924.

Eyesight of school children is neglected, according to a report of the Eye Sight Conservation Council of America, which states that only 4,227,702 of the 24,000,000 school children of the United States received eye tests in 1923. Children in city schools are receiving more attention than those in the rural districts.

The attorney general of New Mexico has ruled that the section in the new school code providing for appointment of county superintendents by the county boards of education is unconstitutional.