SPEECHES This Day, in 2 vols. 8vo, price 25s. OF JOHN BRIGHT, M.P., On Various Questions of Public Policy. With Portrait engraved by JEENS, from a Photograph by LUCAS and Box. MACMILLAN & CO., LONDON. No. I. on SATURDAY, October 3. A NEW WEEKLY NEWSPAPER. HE PALL MALL BUDGET. T Being a Weekly Collection of Articles printed in the PILL MATE GAZETTE from day to day: with a Summary of News. Price Sixpence; Stamped, Sevenpence. For the convenience of persons resident in the remoter districts of Great Britain, on the Continent, in America. India, Australia, and other distant places, it has been determined to issue a Weekly Publication, which shall be a collection of all the Original Articles printed in the PALL MALL GAZETTE from day to day. This Publication is to be called the PALL MALL BUDGET. The First Number will appear on Saturday, the 3rd of October. Each number will be composed of at least Forty Pages in size and appearance like those of the PALL MALL GAZETTE. 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Just published, price one shilling, the 110th Thousand of the MOR ORISONIANA; or, Family Adviser of the British College of Health. By JAMES MORISON, the Hygeist. Comprising Origin of Life and true Cause of Diseases explained, forming a complete manual for individuals and families for everything that regards preserving them in health and curing their diseases. The whole tried and proved by the members of the British College of Health during the last forty-five years. May be had at the British College of Health, Euston Road. London, and of all the Hygeian Agents for the sale of Morison's Vegetable Universal Medicines throughout the world. No vaccination, no bleeding, no poisons. Remember that the blood is the life, and that vaccine lymph is nothing but putridity leading to disease and death. Whereas there are counterfeits of Morison's Vegetable Universal Medicines on the Continent, the public are hereby cautioned to purchase only of the accredited agents to the British College of Health, Euston Road, London. THE SCIENTIFIC WONDER. This Instrument has a clear magnifying power of 32,000 times, shows all kinds of Animalcula in Water, Circulation of the Blood, &c. &c., Adulteration of Food, Milk, &c., and is just the Microscope that every Surgeon, Dentist, Schoolmaster, Student, and Working Man should have. It is pronounced by the Press (and all scientific men who have seen it), to be the best, cheapest, and most simple microscope ever invented. It has twenty times the power of the Coddington or Stanhope Microscope, and is twice as good as the celebrated Rae Microscope (which has been awarded so many prize medals), as may be inferred from the following letter received from Mr. Rae himself: "CARLISLE, DECEMBER 12th, 1867. "To Mr. McCulloch, Philosophical Instrument Maker. "Sir, Having seen some of your Diamond-Plate Lenses, I write to ask your terms for supplying me with the same per 20 gross, as I consider them superior to mine. Yours, &c., "RAE & CO., Opticians, Carlisle." I beg to inform the public that I have no Agent anywhere, and all pretended Agents are impostors. The above instrument can only be had from me, in Birmingham. Those at a distance who care for instruction and amusement, can have it safe and free by sample post, with book of full instructions, on receipt of 32 Postage Stamps. Samples sent abroad 2 extra Stamps. All persons wishing further particulars and testimonials, must send stamped and addressed envelop. Address, A. McCULLOCH, Philosophical Instrument Maker, 18, Blucher Street, Birmingham. PAINLESS DENTISTRY. MESSRS. GABRIEL. (ESTABLISHED 1815.) NEW PAMPHLET, Price 3d. Free by Post Four Stamps. "Messrs. 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Remember that the blood is the life, and that vaccine lymph is nothing but putridity leading to disease and death. Whereas there are counterfeits of Morison's Vegetable Universal Medicines on the Continent, the public are hereby cautioned to purchase only of the accredited agents to the British College of Health, Euston Road, London. THE PRETTIESTER, for LADENTLEMAN, PRETTIEST GIFT for a LADY is one of one at 107. 10s. Rewarded at the International Exhibition for "Cheapness of Production." Manufactory, 338, Strand, opposite Somerset House. TEETH. MR. WARD, S.M.D., 188, Oxford Street, respectfully intimates that over twenty years' practical experience enables him to insert FALSE TEETH without the least pain, on the most improved and scientific principles, whereby a correct articulation, perfect mastication, and a firm attachment to the mouth are insured, defying detection, without the use of injurious and unsightly wires. False tooth on vulcanite from 58., complete set from 57.; on platinised silver 78. 6d., complete set 67.; on platina 108., complete set 91.; on gold from 15s., complete set from 121.: filling 58. Old sets refitted or bought.-N.B. Practical dentist to the profession many years. Testimonials undeniable. Consultation free. "Messrs. Gabriel are particularly successful in their system of Artificial Teeth, which they fix firmly in the mouth by means of an Elastic Gum without springs, painlessly, and without any operation."-Herald. "Invaluable to clergymen, public orators, and invalids." Court Journal. Charges: Tooth from 5s.; Set from 4 to 20 guineas. London: 56, Harley Street, W. London: 64, Ludgate Hill, E.C. Liverpool: 134, Duke Street. Brighton 38, North Street. ATTENDANCE DAILY. Vol. I. now ready. Vol. 2 shortly. 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OBSERVATIONS ON EARLY ENGRAVING AND Having stated in a previous number some of the reasons which induced me to deny the presumed authority of the "St. Christopher of 1423" as an engraving of that date, and to expose the false position in which the error of Heinecken had placed it, I now commence my observations upon the " History of Early Engraving and Printing"; but in so doing I feel called upon to state, in the first instance, under what guise it is that I venture in 1868 to intrude my opinion on subjects long since considered to have been thoroughly exhausted, or which system it is I am prepared to advocate out of the many already before the public. I therefore frankly avow, that I am not only independent of every one hitherto announced, but that I am opposed to them all, as being, without any exception, needlessly shrouded in mystery, inconsistent with common sense, absolutely antagonistic to truth and reason, and consequently mischievous and delusive. and I will then attempt, first to expose, and afterwards to destroy, those which I dare to call "existing fallacies"; and, in the second part of my observations, to replace them with such a theory as I venture to hope may be found more reasonable, simple, consistent, and truthful than any which have preceded it. The attempt, I admit, is bold, and the more so as I fight my battle singlehanded. Nevertheless the old adage, "Magna est veritas," &c. is still fresh in my recollection; and relying on its moral support, I enter upon my task not only undismayed by the array of talent which will doubtless be brought against me, but tolerably confident that when the public are in possession of both sides of the case, I shall not have much to fear as to the result. For the purposes of my theory it will be needless to waste time in considering whether the honour of what is commonly called "the invention of printing, &c." is to be awarded to "Coster of Haerlem," "Gutenburg of Mayence," or "Mentelin of Strasburg." Suffice it to say, that all the literary world are tout d'accord in believing that the art of printing with moveable types was invented circa 1440, and that the first book printed according to that system, viz. the Psalmorum Codex, in fol., was published in 1457. Here, then, we have the standard universally recognised and adopted, up to, or from which, events have either led or flowed. According to the notions promulgated by all existing systems, "engraving on wood" was extensively practised for many years prior to printing with moveable types; as illustrated by two grand and distinctive land-marks, namely, certain works generally described as "The Block Books," published without date, place, printer, publisher, or artist's name-and the "St. Christopher of 1423," hitherto fallaciously styled as "the oldest known engraving with a date." Every other artistic or literary production supposed to have existed prior to 1440-such as the falsely-dated things mentioned in my remarks upon "St. Christopher," and the series of woodcuts in the Spirituale Pomerium, now to be found in the Royal Library at Brussels, is, under any circumstances, so trivial and unimportant, as to be unworthy the waste of a thought upon them-at all events for the immediate purposes now under consideration. In like manner every writer on "early printing and engraving" concurs in declaring that the gradations which led to printing with moveable types were, first, the printing of playing cards in the fourteenth century; secondly, the "Block Books," or, as they are sometimes called, "Books of With this explanation I will now endeavour to Images," with or without text, and supposed to impartially and succinctly set forth those which have been published between 1380 and 1420; are generally imagined to be the facts from which and lastly, the oft-mentioned "St. Christopher every deduction connected with the history of of 1423." Some authors, however, finding the early engraving hitherto indulged in has emanated;" vacuum" between 1423 and 1446 somewhat inconvenient, have ascribed a portion of the "Block Books" to that period, and others even a few years later. According to their several systems, the "invention of printing" is practically reduced to nothing more than the notable discovery that, by separating the letters long previously, as they state, cut or engraved in relief in the Block Books, "words, sentences, or discourses could be printed at will." Having thus shortly, but, I hope, fairly stated the case set up by those I may, without offence, call my opponents, in order that the real issue between us may be broadly stated, and as clearly comprehended, I at once declare that the argument or system I shall endeavour to successfully maintain is exactly the converse of that I have already described viz. I utterly deny the real existence of either printed playing-cards or "Block-Books," with or without text, images of saints, or Donatuses, prior to the invention of printing with moveable types; and I submit that, so far from their having induced that invention, they were all, without any exception, the direct and immediate consequences which resulted from it. The question between us being thus divested of all ambiguity, the point to arrive at is on which side those unerring tests on which I so implicity rely-viz. "truth and reason are to be found? In entering upon this important inquiry, the first question which seems to naturally present itself for consideration is-what account do the advocates of the "existing systems" give us of the "origin of engraving on wood in Europe," and to whom do they attribute it? I give their answer textually, copied from one of the leading authorities on the subject, who utters the recorded opinion .of all previous writers; viz. : "The truth is that we have no evidence whatever of wood-engraving having been invented in Europe." After this frank avowal that they know nothing whatever about it, it becomes desirable to ascertain from them the period at which, according to their notions, engraving on wood was first known with certainty to exist in Europe. In answer to that inquiry, as a consequence of their not having any reliable fact to fall back upon, they are driven to adopt conjecture and assumption of the wildest and most inconclusive description, and armed therewith, boldly reply — "There cannot be a doubt that the principle on which wood-engraving is founded was known in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; and towards the end of the fourteenth or the beginning of the fifteenth century there is reason to believe that the principle was adopted by the German cardmakers," &c. All this is unhesitatingly stated, be it observed, without any evidence whatever to justify either the absence of a doubt or the existence of a reason to believe; the very ideas upon which such declar ations were founded being of no earlier date than the latter part of the eighteenth century, and therefore, per se, valueless for any practical deduction whatever. Following up their wholesale assertions, the advocates of the "old systems" then seized upon the "St. Christopher of 1423" as the Kohinoor of the position, and insisted upon it as conclusively proving not only the excellence the art of engraving on wood had attained at that period, but that, before such a progress could have been possible, engraving on wood must necessarily have been practised for many years. I hope I may be excused for here mentioning (par parenthèse) that I have often smiled at the manner in which the clever librarian Krismer permitted Heinecken to revel in the enjoyment of his imaginary "treasure trove." Whilst in his eyes "1423" decided the date at which the "St. Christopher" was engraved, the cunning monk-who of course knew better, and that it merely formed an adjunct to the legend,-took great care not to undeceive him. A premature disclosure of the truth would have spoiled Krismer's market, and deprived him of the reward of his reticence. By means of his silence all literary Europe were thoroughly taken in by the print, or rather by the interpretation Heinecken put upon it; and what is still more surprising, the deception has thenceforth been carefully maintained and cherished, and even now the struggle will doubtless be hard ere the fallacy will be given up and the date abandoned. By Heinecken's folly, "Krismer, Von Mürr, and Co." at once became the leading dealers in the literary deceptions of the day; and "by hook or by crook" their wares have managed to pass current as the "genuine article " for nearly one hundred years: beyond all doubt a most extraordinary run of good luck, which (considering the high class of intellect under the continuous supervision of which the deception was successfully carried on) may be almost styled "marvellous." The unlooked-for capture of the date "1423," by Heinecken in 1769, was vigorously seconded by Th. Temanza (1705-1789), an architect of Venice, who, a few years after Heinecken had set every body crazy after dated engravings, had, it is said (circa 1775), the good fortune to discover amongst the archives of the company of Venetian "painters" a certain document relating to "printing," dated Oct. 11, 1441? (MCCCCXLI), wherein on the feeblest conceivable grounds he ventured to interpret certain words said to exist in that document as relating to "cards and printed figures," which trade he declared was therein stated to have "fallen into total decay;" from which assumed expressions it was eagerly sought to deduce the proposition, that "printed cards" must have been long previously known in "Venice." |