Latin Bible printed by the celebrated Nicolas Jenson, formerly mint engraver to Charles VII. of France, who sent him to Maintz, to take cognisance of the new discoveries in printing. Jenson then established himself at Venice from 1470 to 1481. P. A. L.

It would be as well, in a discussion of this kind, if MR. HOLT were not so fond of expressing his feelings. In another place he supposes he ought to thank me for kind intention, and to-day he is obliged to laugh or smile three times. This manner of showing, one is almost tempted to say, contempt for those who hold opinions differing from him will surely not help the discussion.

As to the dates of the books in question, I copied them from the ordinarily received authorities. I do not vouch for the dates any farther than that the undated preceded the dated editions; but it is quite enough for my purpose to take the Mazarine Bible, whose date is scarcely to be disputed, though none is given in the book itself. This coupled with the fact that books in MS. had in the west of Europe hardly ever been dated or inscribed with the writer's name, it follows almost as a certainty that the earlier printed books, which imitated MSS. in all things, should be without printers' names or dates-in fact, that it would never have occurred to the first printers to affix either. If this almost certain fact is to be impugned, the proof rests with those who oppose the received opinion, not with us. But as I showed before, it is not only in books that there was, as a rule, an entire absence of dates or names, but in buildings and works of art of all kinds. If MR. HOLT can prove, as he alleges, that the absence of a date from the Block Books proves their date, his original query in your columns seems rather unnecessary.

Of this at least I am quite certain, that the art question can no more be shut out from this subject than from that of the Fairford windows. In absence of positive proof, both of these questions must, if at all, be decided by that delicate instinct, as it were of art discrimination, which appears to be a natural gift quite independent of education or book-learning.

In conclusion, I should like to know upon what grounds MR. HOLT says, at p. 314, that Krismer knew that the date 1423 did not refer to the date of the cut, when he himself never thought of such a thing till his other theory broke down.

2. Why does he say that the document in the archives of Venice, dated 1441, is valueless? Has he seen it, and would he favour us with the text? 3. One would like to know why the registers of Nuremberg, &c., are rejected as worthless. Do they not exist, or is there no mention in them of printing and engraving?

Lastly, does the "St. Christopher" appear to

have been printed from two separate blocks-one of the legend, and one of the picture? Or does MR. HOLT mean that, though there is one block, the legend and its date do not belong especially to that picture? J. C. J.

KATTERN'S DAY.

(4th S. ii. 201, 233, 333.)

Of the two queens mentioned, the one (if either) who had most to do with the lacemakers was probably Katherine Parr, who, according to Miss Agnes Strickland (Lives of the Queens of England), was a great embroideress, specimens of her needlework being preserved at Sizergh Castle, "which could scarcely have been surpassed by the far-famed stitcheries of the sisters of Athelstane." But Katherine Parr was born, not, as MR. PLUMMER assumes, at her father's stately residence at Grafton, co. Northampton, but at Kendal Castle, Westmoreland, where Sir Thomas Parr was performing his feudal suit and service with the Lord Warden of the Marches; and at Kendal Castle Katherine was educated under the watchful eye of her mother Dame Maud Parr, née Green. Katherine Parr died at Sudely Castle, Gloucestershire. The year of her birth was either 1510 or 1513; the day of the month is quite unknown. It may, however, have been November 25, which is St. Catherine's Day, and she may have been christened accordingly. Katherine of Arragon was born at Alcalá de Henares on December 15, 1485, and her connection with the lacemaking districts of England must have been of the slightest. She made distinct objections to the counties of Huntingdonshire, Nottinghamshire, or Northamptonshire as a residence after her divorce. told Sir Thomas Vaux that "she had no mind to go to Fotheringay," and she was speedily removed from that gloomy mansion to Kimbolton Castle, where she died. It is just possible that during her brief sojourn at Fotheringay she may have befriended any lacemakers there may have been in the neighbourhood.

She

My own theory is, that Kattern's Day has nothing whatever to do with any of Henry VIII.'s wives. The 25th of November is observed, more or less, all over Catholic Christendom as the Festival of St. Catherine. That saint is said to have been a most erudite and accomplished lady, but such prodigious legendary lies have been told concerning her, that even the learned Baronius shakes his head at them. Alban Butler, in his Lives of the Saints, says that St. Catherine was beheaded in the reign of the Emperor Maxentius or in that of Maximinus II. A more cruel mode of death had been devised for her. "She was put upon an engine made of four wheels joined together and stuck with sharp-pointed spikes, so that when the wheels moved her body might be torn

a

to pieces." By miraculous interposition, however, the cords with which the martyr was tied broke asunder, the engine fell to pieces, and she escaped that particular mode of death. Still, from a legendary point of view, St. Catherine is inseparable from her wheel. She is the patroness of wheelwrights everywhere. We are all familiar with the pyrotechnic device called "Catherine wheel." And she is likewise the patroness of spinsters. Now a spinster is (or rather was) not of prime necessity a maid. Virgins are under the more especial care of St. Agnes. The real meaning of spinster is that of a woman who uses a spinningwheel. From Catherine's wheel to the spinning-wheel, and thence to the lace-pillow or the bones, seems a very easy transition indeed-as easy as that in the case of St. Barbara, who, prior to the invention of gunpowder, was merely the patroness of miners, but who has since extended her good offices to artillerymen. Thus, to sum up, I hold that Kattern's Day is celebrated by lacemakers for the simple reason that St. Catherine is supposed to hold lacemakers in particular favour.

I must conclude this note in reply to MR. PLUMMER with a little query on my own account. In a recent number of the French Petit Journal pour rire, I met with a drawing representing a little imp of a girl-a regular enfant terrible-who is saying to an old concierge, "C'est aujourd'hui que maman coiffe donc sainte Cathérine. Elle l'a dit... et bisque donc." I am a tolerable French scholar, but I confess that the coiffeur of St. Catherine puzzles me. Putney.

GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA.

This day is still kept up by the Buckinghamshire lacemakers. The tradition is that in Henry VIII.'s time there was great distress among the workwomen, who petitioned Catherine of Arragon for assistance, and that the queen not only threw all her own lace into the fire and ordered new, but compelled all the ladies of the court to do the same. If my remembrance is correct, a life of this queen was published about two years ago, and this story narrated therein. I have no access to any library where I am, and am compelled unhappily to trust wholly to memory. A. A.

(Of) Poets' Corner.

ST. WOOLLOS, NEWPORT.

(4th S. ii. 298.)

SIR THOMAS WINNINGTON will find in Professor Willis's History of Glastonbury Abbey a complete refutation of the popular opinion that the elegant and large chapel of the Transitional period, situated at the west end of the abbey church, was originally dedicated to St. Joseph of Arimathea. He proves clearly by quotations from William of

Malmesbury, William of Worcester, Leland, and others, confirmed by internal evidence derived from the structure itself, that it was originally dedicated to St. Mary, and retained the designation of St. Mary's Chapel down to at least the year 1478. Whether the similar structure at the west end of Durham Cathedral, also of the Transitional period, was also a Lady Chapel, as is probable, I cannot say. We only know that it was built by Bishop Pudsey for the use of women, who were excluded from the cathedral. But to the name Galilee, which it has, I believe in modern times, acquired, it appears to have as little title as the entrance porch at the west end of Ely Cathedral, or that on the west side of the south transept of Lincoln Cathedral, both of which have acquired the same designation: the derivation of which, although applicable to the first of these structures, which bears to the east end of the church, or Holy of Holies, the same relation that Galilee does to Calvary, is wholly inapplicable to the second.

The probability is, either that this term is the corruption of some other word, as Bentham suggests, or that its application to the structures in question is comparatively modern.

What is remarkable, however, in regard to these two striking structures at Glastonbury and Durham, is, first, that they are similarly situated; secondly, that they both belong to the Transitional period, and in regard to style and date of construction are identical; and thirdly, that they have no western entrance, and were evidently chapels. I have never seen the church of St. Woollos, Newport; and SIR THOMAS WINNINGTON does not enter into any description of its western entrance, porch, or chapel; but I should incline strongly to the belief that it is another of these western Lady Chapels, of which we have an undoubted example at Glastonbury, and a probable one at Durham; and this belief is almost rendered certain by the fact of its being known at the present time as St. Mary's Chapel. Can he give us an idea of its probable date?"

EDMUND SHARPE.

RICHARD DE BURY'S "PHILO BIBLON" (4th S. ii. 132.) A second edition of this book, which was translated into English for the first time in 1832 by John Bellingham Inglis, Esq., and published by the late Mr. F. Rodd, is now in preparation.

Mr. Samuel Hand of Albany, in America, thought proper to pirate the work, the copyright of which still belongs to Mr. Inglis, In the eyes of an American publisher this is no doubt but a venial sin; yet, what aggravates it is to cry down in his preface Mr. Inglis's translation when helping himself with it, and very likely being unable to find a better translator in America. J. PH. B.

"apologies," which MR. R. W. DIXON can add to his anthology:

"Old woman! old woman! wilt thee gang a-shearin'? Speak a little louder! I am very hard o' hearin'. Old woman! old woman! wilt thee gang a gleanin'? Speak a little louder! I canna tell the meanin'. Old woman! old woman! wilt thee gang a walkin'? Speak a little louder, or what's the use o' tawkin'? Old woman! old woman! wilt thee let me kiss thee? Yes, kind Sir! and the Lord i' heav'n bless thee!" When the above is sung in the nursery, the finale is always accompanied by a kiss all rounda jolly bit of fun! STEPHEN JACKSON.

The Flatts, Maltham Moor, Craven.

ELECTION COLOURS (4th S. ii. 295.)—When the late Duke of Marlborough, then Marquis of Blandford, successfully opposed Lord John Churchill at Woodstock, the Oxford undergraduates, and many graduates too, turned out, nearly all mounted, to show their Tory zeal. The colours of the Marquis were Oxford blue and green. I have my rosette still. Those of Lord John, the Radical candidate, were pink, and I think two Oxford men wore them.

W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

"A MIRROUR FOR SAINTS AND SINNERS" (4th S. ii. 252.)—The author of this singular collection of anecdotes, true and false, was the Rev. Samuel Clarke, "sometime pastor of the church of Christ in Bennet Finck, London." He was born at Woolston in Warwickshire, in 1599, and died in London, 1682. Some further particulars of his history are given in The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography, i. p. 1050. "The Mirrour" is in two volumes, folio; and to my edition (the fourth, 1671) is appended by the same author,

"A Geographicall Description of all the Covntries in the knowne World, as also of the Chiefest Cittyes, Famousest Structures, Greatest Rivers, Strangest Fountains, &c. Together with the rarest Beasts, Birds, Fishes, &c., which are Least knowne amongst vs." An exceedingly quaint and curious work, full of interesting, antiquarian, and legendary notes. J. S. G.

"O happy Christians be not loth
To have a poorer fare;

Saints that have had no table-cloth
Had Christ to supper there."

Much of the so-called "revival" trash of the

present day belongs to a very "rough" order of piety-if it be piety at all, and not profanity. One can only hope that it does good where more tasteful compositions would be useless. H. BOWER.

"WHAT THE DEVIL SAID WHEN HE LOOKED following prophecy is what your correspondent OVER LINCOLN" (4th S. ii. 298.)- Whether the seeks, or whether the Devil originated it, I cannot tell, but in Allen's History of the County of Lincoln (1833), vol. i. p. 198, it states:

"The prophecy above alluded to was, from the earliest times, current in Lincoln

The first crown'd head that enters Lincoln's walls, His reign proves stormy, and his kingdom falls.' "Stephen, in defiance of this prediction, even in that superstitious age, entered Lincoln with his crown on his head; and the events of his reign amply verified the prophecy."

If the prophecy be ascribed to the Devil's malevolence, I suppose it must be explained that, as he calculated on having one chapel for every church, the interference of a third head would, as he foresaw, thwart his machinations.

Spittlegate, Grantham.

J. BEALE.

LOCAL TERMINATIONS (4th S. ii. 309.)—In corroboration of MR. BARKLEY'S explanation of the word end in the composition of names, I would cite the two neighbouring villages of Ponders-end and Enfield. On the side of the River Lea there is a wide level space, which any geologist would at once pronounce to be an old lake silted up before the bed of the Lea had been lowered by natural or by artificial means. At the northern extremity of this old lake or pond, and exactly at its margin, stands the village of Ponders-end (the corresponding word in Flanders, I believe, is Polder); and to the south, also exactly on the margin of the old lake, stands Enfield, which I cannot doubt was End-field, the field ending where the swamp began.

I am aware that Mr. Isaac Taylor derives Audley End from Audley Inn, but he gives no reason for supposing the name corrupt. Mr. Isaac Taylor also supposes Gravesend to be a corruption of Gravesham, but gives no reason. Now grave, grabe, and grübe are all good Teutonic words for a quarry; and the town of Gravesend stands exactly at the end of immense chalk quarries. I have not access to Domesday-Book or any old authorities. If it shall appear that the name was originally written Gravesham, that of course is decisive. J. C. M.

A SCOTCH PEER BY COURTESY (4th S. ii. 270.) The arrangements preparatory to the marriage of the Duke of Monmouth were a subject of repeated and anxious consultations between King Charles and his council. The Lauderdale collection in the British Museum contains a most interesting series of letters from Sir Robert Moray to Lauderdale giving an account of these. My transcripts of them are in the hands of Messrs. Edmonstone & Douglas; and if J. M. calls upon these gentlemen, I have no doubt they will have great pleasure in showing them to him.

GEORGE VERE IRVING.

"The cathedral church was first founded and endowed by Kingil or Kinegilsus, the first Christian king of the West Saxons, who gave unto it all the land within seven miles of Winchester. Kinelwalchin, son unto this Kingil, went forwards with his father's fabrick, ratified his donation, and added to it, among other things, the manors of Alresford, Dowaten, and Worthy. The church now standing was begun by Bishop Walkin, the work pursued by his successors, but yet not finish'd till the time of William de Wickam, who built the greatest part of the west end thereof. The chappels in the east end beyond the

quire had their several founders. The whole church was dedicated first to Saint Amphibalus, then to Saint Peter, after to Saint Swithin, once Bishop here; and last of all to the blessed Trinity, as it still continues."

Bede's account is different: for, unless I read him wrong, he assigns the foundation of the see of Winchester, not to Cynegils, but to Coinualch his son; for, speaking of the bishopric of Dorchester (lib. iii. ch. vii.), he says, "dividensque in duas parochias provinciam, huic in Civitate Venta, quæ a gente Saxonum Vintancaester appellatur, sedem episcopalem tribuit." From whom also we learn that the church over which he (Vini) presided was dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. For in a former part of the same (chap. vii.), speaking of the death of Borinus and the subsequent translation of his remains, he writes:

"Ubi (i. e. Dorcic.) factis dedicatisque ecclesiis, multisque ad Dominum pio ejus labore populis advocatis, migravit ad Dominum, sepultus est in eadem civitate, et post annos multos, Haedde episcopatum agente, translatus inde in Ventam civitatem, atque in ecclesiâ beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli positus est."

Now, if R. F. W. S. has a copy of Cave's Lives of the Apostles, he will find that St. Peter and St. Paul have for their respective cognizances or emblems a pair of keys and a drawn sword. These placed as he describes them, form the arms of the see of Winchester at the present day, and have an undoubted reference to the two apostles above mentioned, to whom the church was dedicated at its foundation. Had either of the Jameses-the Greater or the Less-been associated with St. Peter, the sword would not have done: the cognizance of the former being a long staff, that of the latter a heavy club. How the church is now designated I cannot say, but should be very glad of information. Of the correctness of Heylin's statement I entertain very grave doubts indeed. EDMUND TEW, M.A.

In his Cathedral Antiquities, Britton states that the cathedral of Winchester was dedicated, A.D. 648, to the Holy Trinity and Saints Peter and Paul, which no doubt explains the sculptures alluded to, the badges of these saints being respectively the keys and a sword.

24, Old Bond Street, W.

P. E. MASEY.

"WHISTLE, DAUGHTER, WHISTLE" (4th S. ii. 274.)-I have heard another version:"Whistle, daughter, whistle, and you shall have a sheep. Mother, I cannot whistle, neither can I sleep. Whistle, daughter, whistle, and you shall have a cow. Mother, I cannot whistle, neither know I how. Whistle, daughter, whistle, and you shall have a man. Mother, I cannot whistle, but I'll do the best I can." [Whistles.]

"I am glad to find that the folio of Percy has proved to be no myth, and that it has met with a competent editor. I hope that it will be printed verbatim, and that even its orthographical blunders will be carefully preserved, and

that the editor will not adopt for his motto

'Virginibus puerisque canto,' and so give us a school edition."

Now I am not so fastidious as to use Mitchell's school Aristophanes and Bowdler's Shakspere in preference to the entire editions, but I think we have quite enough dirt in print, and that what is in manuscript should be left there. If printed, I recommend to editors the following direction from She Stoops to Conquer:

"Marlow (reading the bill of fare). Item. A calf's tongue and brains. Let your brains be knocked out, my good fellow. I don't like them.

"Hastings. Or you may put them on a plate by themselves. I do."

However the sewage of reprints may be stowed, I trust that none of it will be allowed to leak